HUMAN BIOLOGY UNIT 1 2023

Semester One
Examination, 2023
Booklet 1: Multiple choice
& Short Answer

HUMAN BIOLOGY
UNIT 1
Student Name: _______________________________________________________

Teacher: ___________________________________________________

Time allowed for this paper

Reading time before commencing work: ten minutes
Working time for the paper: two hours

Materials required/recommended for this paper

To be provided by the supervisor
This Question/Answer booklet
Multiple-choice answer sheet

To be provided by the candidate

Standard items: pens (blue/black preferred), pencils (including coloured), sharpener,
correction fluid/tape, eraser, ruler, highlighters

Special items: up to three calculators, which do not have the capacity to create or store
programmes or text, are permitted in this ATAR course examination

Important notice to candidates

No other items may be taken into the examination room. It is your responsibility to ensure that you
do not have any unauthorised material. If you have any unauthorised material with you, hand it to
the supervisor before reading any further.
Structure of this paper
Section Number of Number of Suggested Marks Percentage
questions questions to working time available of
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available be answered (minutes) examination

Section One
Multiple-choice 20 20 20 20 20

Section Two
Short answer 6 6 60 80 60

Section Three
Extended Answer 3 2 40 30 20

Total 100

Instructions to candidates
1. The rules for the conduct of Western Australian external examinations are detailed in the
Year 12 Information Handbook 2023: Part II Examinations. Sitting this examination
implies that you agree to abide by these rules.

2. Write your answers in this Question/Answer booklet preferably using a blue/black pen.
Do not use erasable or gel pens.

3. Answer the questions according to the following instructions.

Section One: Answer all questions on the separate Multiple-choice answer sheet
provided. For each question, shade the circle to indicate your answer. Use only a blue
or black pen to shade the circles. Do not use erasable or gel pens. If you make a
mistake, place a cross through that circle, then shade your new answer. Do not erase or
use correction fluid/tape. Marks will not be deducted for incorrect answers. No marks
will be given if more than one answer is completed for any question.

Section Two: Write your answers in this Question/Answer booklet. Wherever possible,
confine your answers to the line spaces provided.

Section Three: Consists of three questions. You must answer two questions from this
section. Tick the box next to the question you are answering. Write your answers in the
separate extended response Question/Answer booklet.

4. You must be careful to confine your responses to the specific questions asked and follow
any instructions that are specific to a particular question.

5. Supplementary pages for planning/continuing your answers to questions are provided at

the end of this Question/Answer booklet. If you use these pages to continue an answer,
indicate at the original answer where the answer is continued, i.e. give the page
number.

Section One: Multiple Choice 20% (20

Marks)
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This section has 20 questions. Answer all questions on the separate Multiple-choice answer
sheet provided. For each question, shade the circle to indicate your answer. Use only a blue or
black pen to shade the circles. Do not use erasable or gel pens. If you make a mistake, place a
cross through that circle, then shade your new answer. Do not erase or use correction
fluid/tape. Marks will not be deducted for incorrect answers. No marks will be given if more than
one answer is completed for any question.

Suggested working time: 20 minutes.

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1. Where is the energy from cellular respiration stored within the adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) molecule?

(a) within the high energy electrons surrounding the atoms of the molecule
(b) in the phosphate bond between ADP and the third phosphate group
(c) in the cytoplasm of cells within the liver and muscle
(d) within the covalent bonds holding the atoms together within the molecule

2. A Year 11 Human Biology student is wanting to speed up the reaction rate of pepsin - a
gastric enzyme in the human body. Which of the following should she do?

(a) raise the temperature of the solution to 50°C

(b) ensure the pH of the solution is 7.0
(c) add more substrate to the mixture
(d) increase the enzyme concentration

3. The London Marathon sees over 42 000 people run 42.2 km. Which of the following
would most likely be occurring in the muscles of the runners as they finish the race?

(a) anaerobic respiration

(b) reduction in oxygen debt
(c) aerobic respiration
(d) decrease in lactic acid

4. A blood sample is drawn from a patient experiencing a sore throat and runny nose.
Which of the following blood cells would you expect to be elevated in number?

(a) erythrocytes
(b) plasma
(c) thrombocytes
(d) leucocytes

5. Which of the following sets of joints allows both abduction and adduction movement?

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(a) vertebrae and knuckle

(b) hip and shoulder
(c) knee and elbow
(d) ankle and wrist

6. The heart is associated with the major blood vessels listed below:

I. pulmonary artery
II. superior vena cava
III. pulmonary vein
IV. inferior vena cava
V. aorta

Which of the following best identify the vessels associated with the heart that transport
oxygenated blood?

(a) V only
(b) I and V
(c) III and V
(d) II, III and IV

Question 7 refers to the diagram below showing the response of erythrocytes in three separate
solutions.

7. Which of the following identifies the type of solution that the erythrocytes have been
exposed to in solution X, Y, and Z?

X Y Z
(a) isotonic hypertonic hypotonic
(b) hypotonic isotonic hypertonic
(c) hypertonic isotonic hypotonic
(d) hypertonic hypotonic isotonic

8. Diffusion can be distinguished as either simple or facilitated. The best description of

these two types of diffusion is
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(a) simple occurs at any location on the membrane, whilst facilitated occurs via
channels.
(b) facilitated is an active process, whilst simple is passive.
(c) simple works down the concentration gradient, whilst facilitated works up the
gradient.
(d) facilitated always involves the cell membrane, whilst simple does not.

Question 9 refers to the diagram of the digestive system below.

9. Which of the following are accessory organs of the digestive system?

(a) A, L, and J
(b) B, E and G
(c) E, I, and J
(d) I, J and G

10. Strength training of the arm muscles often includes bicep curls, which involves repeated
flexion and extension at the elbow joint. During the process of extension, the biceps
relax whilst the triceps contracts. Which of the following identifies the role of the muscles
in this movement?

(a) the tricep is the antagonist and the bicep is the agonist
(b) the bicep is the synergist and the tricep is the antagonist
(c) the bicep is the antagonist and the tricep is the agonist
(d) the tricep is the stabiliser and the bicep is the synergist

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11. Injury to the skull often results in the fracture of the bone well before any damage to the
joints found there. The best reason for this is that skull joints are

(a) slightly moveable, allowing the plates of the skull to slide past each other.
(b) fibrous, which are very difficult to damage.
(c) cartilaginous, that cushions the bones during impact.
(d) synovial joints, limited in movement by the ligaments in the skull.

Question 12 and 13 refer to the microscopic structure of compact bone shown below.

12. The Haversian canal, identified by the letter B, contains

(a) capillaries and nerve fibres.

(b) osteocytes embedded with a collagen matrix.
(c) yellow bone marrow and stored fat.
(d) stores of calcium and phosphorous.

13. What is the function of the components labelled D?

(a) increase the strength of the bone by connecting the cells

(b) allow transport of materials between cells
(c) house the osteocytes allowing bone integrity to be maintained
(d) allow blood vessels and nerves to pass through the bone
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14. Following a broken bone, which of the following cell types would be most common in the
immediate area surrounding the break?

(a) osteocyte
(b) osteoblast
(c) osteoclast
(d) osteon

15. Leukaemia is a cancer of the tissue that forms blood, with patients often receiving
platelet transfusions as part of their care. Which of the following symptoms would be
associated with a low platelet count?

(a) recurrent nosebleeds

(b) swollen lymph nodes and an enlarged liver
(c) high body temperatures and chills
(d) loss of weight without trying

16. Elimination and excretion are often used interchangeably; however, biologically, they
are quite different. All the following are excreted from the body except for

(a) carbon dioxide.

(b) urea.
(c) bile.
(d) undigested food.

17. Metabolic processes that break down materials, such as in the digestion of food are
known as

(a) aerobic reactions.

(b) anaerobic reactions.
(c) anabolic reactions.
(d) catabolic reactions.

18. Researchers were testing the impact of exercise on heart rate in adolescent males.
Which of the following would be the dependent variable in this investigation?

(a) exercise
(b) heart rate
(c) age of the participants
(d) gender of participants

19. The lymphatic vessels found in the villi of the lining of the small intestine absorb which
of the following?

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(a) amino acids

(b) monosaccharides
(c) vitamins and minerals
(d) lipids

20. Digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid are produced in the stomach, but these do
not digest the wall of the stomach because

(a) the wall of the stomach does not react with the type of enzymes produced in
the stomach.
(b) the membranes lining the stomach neutralise the acid.
(c) the mucus lining the stomach protects the cells of the stomach wall from the
enzyme activity.
(d) the enzymes and acid only work on the partly digested food entering the
stomach.

END OF SECTION ONE

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Section Two: Short answer 60% (80 Marks)

This section has six questions. Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

Supplementary pages for planning/continuing your answers to questions are provided at the end of
this Question/Answer booklet. If you use these pages to continue an answer, indicate at the original
answer where the answer is continued, i.e. give the page number.

Suggested working time: 60 minutes.

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Question 21 (15 marks)

In a laboratory, it was noted that platelets could promote the growth of cartilage. In 2013, doctors
decided to trial injecting platelet-rich plasma (PRP) into the knee joint of people with osteoarthritis of
the knee. The study included patients between the ages of 60 and 81 years of age. 54% of the
participants were male.
The double-blind study followed patients at 3, 6 and 12 months following the injection of PRP (or
placebo) and recorded the arthritis pain scores of participants at these times.

Trial group (Average Scores on Knee Pain Scale)

Time (Months) Placebo PRP
0 11.1 10.6
3 9.7 7.2
6 10.4 4.0
12 10.7 6.2

(a) Explain why patients receiving the placebo had an improvement in their average knee pain
scores. .
(2 marks)

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(b) State whether the results of this study would be applicable to everyone with knee pain.
Justify your answer.
(1 marks)
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Question 21 (continued)

(c) Graph the results from the 2013 trial on the grid provided below. (6 marks)

A spare grid is provided at the end of this Question/Answer Booklet. If you need to use it, cross out
this attempt and indicate that you have redrawn it on the spare grid
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Question 21 (continued)

(d) Explain a likely reason why sufferers of osteoarthritis noticed a reduction in their knee pain
after PRP injection
(2 marks)

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(e) Describe the role of platelets in circulation.

(2 marks)

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Prior to agreeing to participate, all patients were told of the potential benefit but also that there was a
possibility that microorganisms could enter their joint at the time of injection causing a serious
infection known as septic arthritis. The researchers assured the patients that sterile equipment would
be used and the skin at the injection site would be cleaned using an antibacterial wash prior to
injection.

(f) Name one ethical principle that was underlying the actions of the researchers and describe
how they fulfilled their ethical obligations.
(2 marks)

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Question 22 (15 marks)

The human body is made up of approximately 37.2 trillion cells, each of these with a set of specific
cell organelles that maintain life processes.

(a) Briefly outline the function of the following organelles.

(2 marks)

Organelle Function

Ribosomes

Golgi body

(b) Proteins can become integrated within the cell membrane. In the space below, draw a fully
labelled diagram of the fluid mosaic model to represent the structure of a cell membrane.
(4 marks)
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Question 22 (continued)

The diagram below is a representation of cellular respiration within a cell.

(c) Complete the table below by naming the process involved and identify the amount of ATP
molecules produced at each location.
(6 marks)

Amount of ATP
Process Name of Process molecules
produced per 1
molecule of
glucose

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Question 22 (continued)

Anaerobic respiration plays an important role during certain activities, however, results in an
accumulation of lactic acid which can cause muscle pain.

(d) Describe what is meant by ‘oxygen debt’ and ‘recovery oxygen’.

(3 marks)

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Question 23 (14 marks)

Penicillin was discovered in 1928, with the first patient treated with the antibiotic 20 years later. It
works through the process of enzyme inhibition, stopping bacteria from synthesising a cell wall and
therefore causing it to die.

(a) Explain how the lock and key model of enzyme activity works, and, specify how an enzyme is
inhibited (you may use annotated and labelled diagrams to assist with the explanation).
(5 marks)

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(b) Several other factors can also affect the function of enzymes. Match the appropriate
reactivity graphs to the factors identified below.
(4 marks)

Graph A Graph B Graph C Graph D

(i) Substrate concentration: ___________________

(ii) Temperature: ___________________

(iii) pH: ___________________

(iv) Enzyme concentration: ___________________

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Question 23 (continued)

(c) Pepsinogen is secreted from the cells of the gastric pits and must be converted to its active
form pepsin before it can perform its role as an enzyme. Explain how pepsinogen is converted
to pepsin and why it is important that the cells of the gastric pit don’t secrete it in its active
form.
(3 marks)

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A diagram of the parts of the stomach is shown below.

(d) Unlike the rest of the alimentary canal, the stomach has a third muscle layer. State the name
of this muscle layer and outline why it is found in the stomach.
(2 marks)

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Question 24 (15 marks)

Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follow.

(a) The pH of the chyme leaving the stomach (location A) changes as it moves to location B.
What is the change in pH and how does this occur? Explain why it is important that this
happens.
(3 marks)

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Question 24 (continued)

(b) Explain how a blockage at the structure C would affect digestion.

(4 marks)

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Most cholesterol in the body is produced by the structure labelled D. Cholesterol is a substance that is
transported into cells through vesicular transport.

(c) Outline the steps that would be involved in the transport of cholesterol.
(3 marks)

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(d) Is the uptake of cholesterol considered to be a passive or active process? Justify your answer.
(2 marks)

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Question 24 (continued)

(e) Gastroenteritis (commonly called ‘gastro’) is a short-term illness triggered by the exposure to a
pathogen such as a bacterium or virus. A common symptom of this illness is diarrhoea.

Describe how the pathogen would impact the function of the digestive system.
(3 marks)

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Question 25 (11 marks)

The image below shows an airway in the respiratory system.

Epithelium

Muscle

Cartilage

(a) Describe the role of the epithelium lining the airways in removing foreign particles from the air
prior to it reaching the alveoli
(3 marks)

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(b) Name and contrast the type of muscle found in the airways with the type of muscle found in
the bicep.
(3 marks)

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Question 25 (continued)

(c) The walls of the airways contain rings of cartilage. Name the type of cartilage found in bronchi
and describe how its structure gives it strength.
(2 marks)

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(d) Asthma is a disorder that affects the small airways. Describe how asthma results in narrowing
of the lumen of the airways.
(3 marks)

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Question 26 (10 marks)

In the year 2015-2016, 12000 Australian cyclists were hospitalised due to minor injuries.

(a) Explain how the coagulation stage of the clotting process stops the cyclist from haemorrhaging
to death.
(4 marks)

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(b) Cyclists achieve a higher cardiac output during exercise. Outline two factors responsible for
increasing cardiac output.
(2 marks)

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(c) Some cyclists do not have regular intake of water to stay hydrated. Describe a disease of the
kidneys that could arise because of low water intake and outline a possible treatment
method.
(2 marks)

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Question 26 (continued)

Scientists have long noticed the phenomenon of the "athlete's heart." Athletes who train hard in
aerobic sports, like cycling, tend to have a bigger heart.

(d) Name the structure that prevents the heart from overexpanding, and state an additional
function of this structure.
(2 marks)

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END OF SECTION TWO

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Spare graph
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Question 7 Cells in solution. OpenStax, CC BY 3.0

<https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.
Accessed on 4th October 2022, at
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/0346_Concentration_of_
Solutions_labeled.jpg

Question 9 Diagram of the Digestive System. Vive la Rosière, CC0, via Wikimedia
Commons. Accessed on 4th October 2022, available at:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_digestive_system-
VOID.png

Question 12 Transverse section of bone. Source digital bitmap graphics: BDBRecreated in

vector format: Nyq, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons. Accessed on 4th October 2022, at:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Transverse_section_of_bone_en.svg

Question 21 “A controlled trial of arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee,” New
England Journal of Medicine. 347 (2): 81-88. 2002, July 11. Available online at:
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa013259

Question 22 Cellular Respiration. BYJU’s

Accessed on 18th May 2023, at
https://byjus.com/biology/cellular-respiration/

Question 23 Effect of factors on enzymes. domdomegg, CC BY 4.0

<https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.
Accessed on 3rd October 2022, at
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Effect_of_temperature_on_enzymes.sv
g

Stomach. NIH / National Cancer Institute, Public domain, via Wikimedia

Commons. Accessed on 3rd October 2022, at
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_stomach2.jpg

Question 24 Anatomy of the Biliary System. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health
Accessed on 18th May 2023, at
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/news/media-library/17493

Question 25 Lungs, simple diagram. Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator, CC BY 2.5

<https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5>, via Wikimedia Commons.
Accessed on 3rd October 2022, at
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lungs_diagram_simple.svg

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