From Cells to Systems

Nguyen Van Thuan Ph.D.

Department of Biotechnology
International University
nvthuan@hcmiu.edu.vn
Nguyen Van Thuan, DVM, Ph.D
Telephone : 08-37244270 (Ext. 3488)
HP : 0707-344-522
E-mail : nvthuan@hcmiu.edu.vn
Room number: A1 713
 Nguyen Van Thuan, DVM, Ph.D
Education
1985-1990: Doctor Veterinary Medicine, HoChiMinh University,
Vietnam.
1997-1999: Master course in Reproductive Biotechnology,
Kobe University, Japan.
1999-2002: Ph.D. course in Biosystem Application, Kobe, Japan.
Work positions
1990-1996: Assistant Professor
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, HoChiMinh Uni.
2002-2007: Research Scientist
Center for Developmental Biology (CDB)
RIKEN Institute, Japan.
2007- 2013: Professor
Department of Animal Biotechnology
Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.
2013- present: Associate Professor
Dean of School of Biotechnology
Department of Biotechnology
International University, Hochiminh City.
Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
 Stem Cell & Regenerative
Biomedicine LAB (Konkuk Uni. Seoul)
Cellular Reprogramming LAB BT-IU (A1.710)
Cellular Reprogramming LAB BT-IU (A1.710)
Research in Cellular Reprogramming LAB
1. Genomic Reprogramming
2. Animals Cloning & Applications
3. Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine
4. Transgenic Animals & Applications
5. Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)
Research in Cellular Reprogramming LAB
Research in Cellular Reprogramming LAB
PGD
IVF-ART
Human drugs

Genomic
Reprogramming
Human bio-organ

Genome preservation Gene and Cell therapy

Highest qualit
y meat and m
Class rooms: A2-401
Time: Friday 13:00 15:30
http://blackboard.hcmiu.edu.vn/
 Examinations
Present citric acid cycle

The two systems concerned with the

control of body functioning are:
(a) nervous and respiratory
(b) nervous and endocrine
(c) endocrine and respiratory
(d) endocrine and lymphatic
(e) circulatory and endocrine
 What is physiology? Study of the
functions of living systems and focuses
on mechanisms of action.
Human physiology attempts to explain
why and how our body function
Why do I shiver when I am cold?
How do muscles contractions?
What is homeostasis? A system that
regulates and keeps the balance in body internal
environment.
Physiology is closely related to Anatomy
From cell to human (levels of organization)
Chemical level
A review of the organ systems Cellular level

Introduction of the concept of

homeostasis Tissue level

Themes in Physiology Organ level

The Science of Physiology

Body system
Applications of Physiology level

Organism
Experimental design level

data and scientific papers

Physiology is:
The study of the function of all animal in their normal state
an integrative science

Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organ Organisms Populations of Ecosystem of Biospheres
Systems one species different species

Oxygen (O2)
Carbon (C) Preoteins DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
Hydrogen (H) DNA
nitrogen
Levels of organization in the body
Oxygen, carbon,
hydrogen, nitrogen.
96% of the total
body chemistry

The stomach.
(Multi cells) The digestive
system

Cells are the basic

units of life.

The whole body

The chemical level: Various atoms and
molecules make up the body
Atoms:
Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N): 96%
Molecules:

The Cellular level: Cells are the basic units

of life
Cells: Cell Structure & physiology (Chapter 2-3)
Organisms: unicellular or multicellular
Basic Cell Functions
1. Obtain nutrients and oxygen from surrounding
environment.
2. Performing chemical reactions that nutrients
and O2 to provide energy for the cell.
Food + O2 = CO2 + H2O + Energy
3. Eliminate carbon dioxide and other wastes
to surrounding environment.
4. Synthesizing proteins and other components
needed for cell structure, growth and cell
functions.
Basic Cell Functions
5. Control exchange of materials between
cell and its surrounding environment.
6. Sensing and responding to changes in
surrounding environment
7. Reproduction
Exception
Nerve cells and muscle cells lose
their ability to reproduce during
their early development
The tissues level
Groups of cells with similar structure
and specialized function
Four primary types of tissues
Muscle tissue (Moverment0)
Nervous tissue (Communication,
coordination & control)
Epithelial tissue (Protection,
secretion, & absorption)
Connective tissue (structural support)
The tissues level
Muscle tissue
Specialized for contracting which generate
tension and produce movement
Three types of muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle
Moves the skeleton
Cardiac muscle
Pumps blood out of the heart
Smooth muscle
Encloses and controls movement of
contents through hollow tubes and
organs
The tissues level
Nervous tissue
Consists of cells specialized for initiating and transmitting
electrical impulses
Found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Classification of neurons
- Multipolar Neurons: common neuron type in
humans (> 99% of neurons belong to this class)
- Bipolar Neurons: Bipolar neurons can be found in the
light-sensitive retina of the eye.
- Unipolar Neurons: Sensory neurons have only a single
process or fibre which divides close to the cell body into
two main branches (axon and dendrite).
 Epithelial tissue
Consists of cells specialized for exchanging
materials between the cell and its environment
Organized into two general types of structures
Epithelial sheets: outer layer of the skin or
lining of the digestive tract.
Secretory glands: Exocrine glands and
endocrine glands

Sweet glands or glands Hormones, internally into the blood.

secrete digestive juices Pancreas secretes insulin into the blood.
The organs level
Consist of two or more types of primary
tissues that function together to perform
a particular function or functions
Example
Stomach
Inside of stomach lined with epithelial tissue
Wall of stomach contains smooth muscle
Nervous tissue in stomach controls muscle
contraction and gland secretion
Connective tissue binds all the above tissues
together
Organs

Nervous
Muscle tissue
Epithelial Connective tissue
tissue tissue
The stomach as an organ made up of all
four primary tissue types
The Body Systems level
Groups of organs that perform related
functions and interact to accomplish a
common activity essential to survival of
the whole body

Do not act in isolation from one another

Human body has 11 systems
The Body Systems level
Circulatory System Integumentary System
Digestive System Immune System
Respiratory System Nervous System
Urinary System Endocrine System
Skeletal System Reproductive System
Muscular System
The Body Systems level
The Body Systems level
 Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant
internal environment in organisms, for example,
same temperature, same pH, etc.
Homeostasis is essential for survival and
function of all cells
Defined as maintenance of a relatively
stable internal environment
Each cell contributes to maintenance of a
relatively stable internal environment
Does not mean that composition, temperature,
and other characteristics are absolutely
unchanging
Components of the extracelluar fluid
( internal environment)
Homeostasis
Body cells are in contained in watery internal
environment through which life-sustaining
exchanges are made
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Fluid environment in which the cells live
(fluid outside the cells)
Two components
Plasma, interstitial fluid
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Fluid contained within all body cells
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
Factors homeostatically regulated include
Concentration of nutrient molecules
Concentration of O2 and CO2
Concentration of waste products
pH
Concentration of water, salt, and other
electrolytes
Volume and pressure
Temperature
Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis
Circulatory system
Carries materials from one part of the body
to another
Digestive system
Breaks down dietary food into smaller
molecules that can be distributed to body
cells
Transfers water and electrolytes from external
environment to internal environment
Eliminates undigested food residues to
external environment in the feces
Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis
Respiratory system
Gets O2 from and eliminates CO2 to the
external environment
Important in maintenance of proper pH of
internal environment
Urinary system
Removes excess water, salt, acid, and
other electrolytes from plasma and
eliminates them in urine
Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis
Skeletal system
Provides support and protection for soft
tissues and organs
Serves as storage reservoir for calcium
Along with muscular system enables
movement of body and its parts
Bone marrow is ultimate source of all blood
cells
Muscular system
Moves the bones
Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis
Integumentary system
Serves as outer protective barrier
Important in regulating body temperature
Immune system
Defends against foreign invaders and against
body cells that have become cancerous
Paves way for repairing or replacing injured or
worn-out cells
Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis
Nervous system
Controls and coordinates bodily activities that
require rapid responses
Detects and initiates reactions to changes in
external environment
Endocrine system
Secreting glands of endocrine regulate activities
that require duration rather than speed
Controls concentration of nutrients and, by
adjusting kidney function, controls internal
Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis

Reproductive system
Not essential for homeostasis (not essential
for survival of individual)
Is essential for perpetuating the species
Homeostatic Control Systems

In order to maintain homeostasis, control

system must be able to
Detect deviations from normal in the
internal environment that need to be held
within narrow limits
Integrate this information with other
relevant information
Make appropriate adjustments in order to
restore factor to its desired value
 Homeostatic Control Systems

Control systems are grouped into two classes

Intrinsic controls
Local controls that are inherent in an
organ
Extrinsic controls
Regulatory mechanisms initiated outside
an organ
Accomplished by nervous and endocrine
systems
 Homeostatic Control Systems

Feedforward
Term used for responses made in
anticipation of a change
Feedback
Refers to responses made after change has
been detected
Types of feedback systems
Negative
Positive
 Homeostatic Control Systems
Negative feedback system
Primary type of homeostatic control
Opposes initial change
Components
Sensor
Monitors magnitude of a controlled variable
Control center

Effector
Makes a response to produce a desired effect

Chapter 1 Homeostasis: The Foundation of Physiology

Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood ©2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Homeostatic Control Systems

Positive feedback system

Amplifies an initial change
Do not occur as often as negative feedback
system
Example
Uterine contractions become increasingly stronger
until the birth of the baby
Disruptions in Homeostasis
Can lead to illness and death
Pathophysiology
Abnormal functioning of the body associated with
disease
1. Cell Physiology (Chapter 2)
1. The plasma membrane (Chapter 3)
1. Neural and Hormonal Communication
(Chapter 4)
1. The Central Nervous System (Chapter 5)
1. The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent
Division (Chapter 6)
1. The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division
(Chapter 7)
1. Muscle Physiology (Chapter 8)
1. Cardiac Physiology (Chapter 9)
1. The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure
(Chapter 10)
1. Body Defenses (Chapter 12)

The Body Systems level

1. Respiration system (Chapter 13)

The Body Systems level

 The Body Systems level
1. Urinary system (Chapter 14)

Structures of Kidneys, ureters,

urinary bladder, urethra

Functions of kidneys system

 The Body Systems level
1. Fluid and Acid-Base balance (Chapter 15)
 The Body Systems level
1. Digestive system (Chapter 16)

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas
Salivary glands
1. Energy balance & Temperature Regulation
(Chapter 17)

The Body Systems level

 1. Principles of Endocrinology, the Central
Endocrine Glands (Chapter 18)

The Body Systems level

1. The Peripheral Endocrine Glands (Chapter 19)

The Body Systems level

1. The Reproductive System (Chapter 20)

The Body Systems level