Potential Earthquake Hazards

a) Ground Shaking

-The vibration of the ground during an earthquake.

-Caused by body waves and surface waves.
-The severity of ground shaking increases as magnitude increases.
-The severity of ground shaking decreases as distance from the causative fault increases.

b) Ground Rupture

-Also called Surface Rupture or Ground Displacement.

-The visible offset of the ground surface during an earthquake.
-Affects the Earth’s surface.

c) Liquefaction

-Takes place when loosely packed, water-logged sediments at or near the ground surface lose their
strength in response to strong ground shaking.
-Causes major damage when occurring beneath structures, during earthquakes.
-The ground becomes something like quicksand.

Destructive Earthquakes in the Philippines

 1968 August 02 Casiguran Earthquake
-Date of Event, August 02, 1968, 4:19 am (20:19 GMT)
-Epicenter: 16.3 N Latitude 122.11 E Longitude or approximately.
-Magnitude: 7.3 Ms 5.9 Mb (ISC)
-Depth approximately 31 km from the surface.
-Casualties:
# of persons killed – 270
# of persons injured – 261
-Experienced landslides and ground rupture.

 1973 March 17 Ragay Gulf Earthquake

-Date of Event, March 17, 1973
-Epicenter: Around 17 km East Northeast of San Andres in Ragay Gulf.
-Magnitude: 7.0 Ms
-Depth: 33 km (20.5 mi).
-Ground rupture, Sandboils, and Mudboils were observed.
-One of the resulting depressions was 225 meters long while the other was 95 meters long. The longer
depression was 2 kms. NW from the first.

 1983 August 17 Laoag Earthquake

-Date of Event, August 17, 1983, 8:17 pm (12:17 GMT)
-Epicenter: 18.231 N Latitude 120.860 E Longitude or approximately 30 aerial kilometers east-northeast of
Laoag City.
-Magnitude: 6.5 Ms ( 5.3 Ml on the Richter Scale), Intensity of VII
-Depth approximately 42 km from the surface.
-Casualties:
# of persons killed – 16
# of persons injured – 47
-Landslides, Sandboils/Sandblows, Differential Settlement, and Shear Fractures were observed.
  1976 August 17 Moro Gulf Earthquake
-Date of Event, August 17, 1976, 12:11 A.M. (Local)
-Epicenter: 06.3° N, 124.0° E
-Magnitude: 8.1
-Depth: 20 km
-Casualties:
Region 9 Region 12
# of persons killed – 909 # of persons killed – 1 379
# of persons missing – 7 701 # of persons missing – 2 227
# of persons injured – 49 848 # of persons injured – 43 534
-Tsunami and Aftershocks were observed.

 1990 February 08 Bohol Earthquake

-Date of Event, February 8, 1990, 3:15 P.M.
-Epicenter: 17 km East of Tagbilaran City
-Magnitude: 6.8, Intensity of VIII
-Depth: 25.9 km (16 mi)
-Casualties:
# of persons injured – 200+
# of persons displaced – ~46 000
# of persons homeless – 7 000<
-Observed geologic phenomena related to this event include ground fissures, landslides, rockfalls, ground
subsidence and collapse, sand/mud fountaining and sudden increase on the sea level.

 1990 June 14 Panay Earthquake

-Date of Event, June 14, 1990, 3:41 P.M.
-Epicenter: 11.34°North latitude; 122.10° East longitude, in the vicinity of Culasi, Antique.
-Magnitude: 7.1
-Depth: 15 km
-Casualties:
# of persons killed – 8
# of persons injured – 41
-Ground fissures were observed.

 1999 June 07 Earthquakes in Agusan del Sur, Philippines

-Date of Event, June 7, 1999, 3:45 P.M. (local)
-Epicenter: 8.575 N lat, 125.754 E long or about 20 km south of the town of Bayugan.
-Magnitude: 5.1
-Depth: ~7km
-Experienced aftershocks

 1996 May 27 Bohol Earthquake

-Date of Event, May 27, 1996, 1:45 p.m. (05:45 GMT)
-Epicenter: 09.98 N Latitude 124.10 E Longitude or In between Clarin and Inabanga, Bohol
-Magnitude: 5.6 Ms
-Depth: ~4km
-Damage to poorly built structures caused by ground shaking.
Scale used in the Philippines in measuring the Intensity and Magnitude of the
Earthquake
 PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS)
-Panukat ng Pagyanig ng Lindol
-Is a seismic scale used and developed by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
to measure the intensity of earthquakes.
-Developed as upon a specific response to the 1990 Luzon earthquake.