Pangasinan State University

College of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Architecture

COLLEGE/DEPARTMENT: CEA/DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

SUBJECT: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1
TIME SCHEDULE: 8:00 P.M.

RESEARCH WORK NO.: FN-01

RESEARCH WORK TITLE: MODULE 6: DOORS AND WINDOWS
RESEARCH WORK DUE: MARCH 27, 2024, 8:00 P.M.

STUDENT: OFRANCIA, ACE YLMAR C.

BS ARCHITECTURE 1B

INSTRUCTOR: Ar. JYAN M. DELOS REYES

 Pangasinan State University
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Architecture

Doors and Accessories

Doors are important for access and security in buildings. Accessories like handles and locks
add to their functionality. In this overview, we'll explore different types of doors and
accessories used in modern buildings. Let's dive into the world of Doors & Accessories, where
we find both style and practicality. Here are some examples or types of doors that are
commonly used.

Panel Doors

A panel door is arguably the most common type of wood door. This door type is crafted by
putting separate panels together, again usually made of wood, as an embellishment for a
solid piece of door.

1. One-Panel

A one- or single-panel door comprises top and bottom rails and two stiles.
While they are popular as front and side entry doors, they are also commonly
used as interior doors for rooms or house partitions, thanks to the single
panel door’s simplicity and clean lines.

2. Two-Panel

A two-panel or double panel door is composed of two parts by putting two

panels together using a middle stile or rail. The two-panel design is one of
the most popular door styles that makes it feel at home in almost any
dwelling.

3. Three-Panel

A three-panel door has three panels separated by two stiles or rails. While
many three-panel doors have equally sized panels, some have at least one
panel that’s either shallower or wider than the other two, usually the topmost.
Other door styles, like the bifold, may also use a three-panel system.

4. Four-Panel

The four-panel design uses panels that are taller than they are wide. The top
two panels are positioned side by side above the lower two. Four-panel doors
look great when the building is bigger or wider.
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5. Five-Panel

These doors have five equally sized horizontal panels positioned one on top of
another. Its Victorian roots make five-panel doors ideal for classic bungalow
styles, such as Craftsman, Arts and Crafts, and Mission.

6. Six-Panel

Six-panel doors can have equally sized panels, with three panels lining the left
side of the door and the other three positioned right next to them. However,
some six-panel doors have four panels of equal size and two smaller panels.

7. Eight-Panel

Eight-panel doors have smaller panels than their fewer-panel cousins. Eight-
panel doors are typically big, heavy, and imposing, especially if they are made
of real hardwood. They are perfect as front doors, particularly if you prefer
the appeal of a large, old-school knocker over a modern doorbell button.

8. Eight-Panel with Glass

Eight-panel doors have variants that include several or all panels equipped
with glass. They come in wood, steel, and other materials. Eight-panel doors
with only two glass panels typically have those glass panels at the top. This
allows light entry while also protecting privacy, as the glass panels are often
too high for prying eyes.

9. Roman

Roman doors typically have two panels: a square one at the bottom and an
arched one at the top. Traditionally, Roman doors are pivot doors made of
stone.
 Pangasinan State University
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Department of Architecture

Sliding Doors

Opening and closing sliding doors are simple because they use a sliding track (either set on
the ceiling or floor). This mechanism makes them useful in tight settings and interiors that
don’t have space for a door to swing in either direction. That said, any type of sliding door will
need wall clearance since they are “tucked” into these walls when open.

10. Pocket

A pocket door hangs from the top and slides along a track, where it guides the
door into a wall where it slips into when opened. Most modern pocket doors slide
into the wall with hardly any space left on either side. This flush look provides
clean lines and takes up a lot less space.

11. Bypass

The bypass door mechanism allows one door to slide in front of the door
next to it. A bypass door can be designed with two doors or three,
depending on the width of the opening, the width of the doors, or the
owner's preferences.

12. Farm

Farm-style doors are direct descendants of barn doors. Like barn doors, they
are simple devices that consist of planks of wood (battens) laid side by side and
framed or reinforced by rails and a muntin. Some modern farm doors have a
rail-and-style arrangement. Farm doors come in varieties like battened and
ledged doors or simply just battens without a ledge.

13. Slider

A slider is a patio door that slides on tracks, no different from

standard sliding door. Sliders are categorized depending on how
they open. Sliding patio doors come in singles or in pairs and can
slide into and behind a wall (pocket style) or slide to the center
(bypass style). Sliders are a great choice for smaller yards and
exteriors.
 Pangasinan State University
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Folding Doors

Folding doors are like sliding doors; these doors open along a track, but they don’t “disappear”
behind or into a wall when opened. Instead, these doors are segmented into vertical panels
that allow them to be folded (like pleats on a curtain) when opened and pushed to one side.

14. Accordion

Accordion doors are a simpler and lighter version of bifold doors. They have
narrower, thinner, and flatter panels usually made of composite wood or plastic.
You can find accordion doors in indoor areas.

Their biggest advantage is that they need little space to operate, but they’re
useful in either wide or narrow spaces. This makes them equally functional for
both room dividers and closet doors.

15. Bifold

Bifold doors, also known as folding or concertina doors, are folded

in sections or panels, usually in two sections (although some with
more sections are still called bifold). One of their other names is
the concertina door because they resemble the instrument.

Bifold doors are typically installed in areas with an opening that’s

too wide for any door to be practical. They can even be used in
rooms where sliding doors can be used to minimize space, but
there is insufficient wall clearance for the door to slide into or
behind when opened.

Colonial Doors

Colonial doors are a distinctly European design that our American forefathers took with them
when they colonized the New World (hence the name). Colonial doors are largely symmetrical
and come in pairs, with one or several recessed panels framed by stiles and rails. Some panel
doors (like the ones discussed above) are sometimes even called Colonial or Colonial panels.

16. Colonial

Standard Colonial doors are straightforward, with their often-rectangular

recessed panel/s. Traditional Colonials are big and heavy, though. This is why a
modern take on colonial doors often cuts weight by replacing panels with glass
and flanking the door with transoms and sidelites.
 Pangasinan State University
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17. Dutch

A Dutch door is horizontally divided into two parts, usually with the top part
bigger than the bottom. You might see this door in some restaurants and other
food establishments that separate the kitchen from the dining area. Dutch
doors are generally classified as swing doors. The Dutch door emphasizes
function over form since you can open either part independently of the other.

18. Colonial Shaker

Shaker doors are so-called because of the Shakers, a colonial religious sect in
the 18th century. Their Puritan values and simplicity show in their
craftsmanship.

Most Shaker doors have a simple square indent in the middle as if there is
nothing, but a completely flat door framed with raised flat boards.
Traditionally, shaker doors used to have mortise and tenon joints, making
them stronger but heavier. Colonial Shaker doors and their subtypes are also
popular as closet doors.

19. Corner-V Shaker

The corner-V shaker door is a variant of the classic Shaker door, only that its
frame’s corners meet each other in recessed V lines.

20. Square Shaker

A square Shaker is like the classic Shaker, only that the inner panel is flat and
smooth, unlike the farmhouse-style inner panel of the former. In addition, its
rails and stiles have no visible seams, even in the corners.

21. V-Groove Shaker

The V-groove Shaker features a style that is as tall as the door, reaching to
the top and bottom sides of the door itself so together they look like two
columns framing the central panel. Its rails are therefore less wide than the
width of the door and connect the two stiles at right angles, with the
boundaries between them recessed in the shape of a V (hence the name)
 Pangasinan State University
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22. Dog Leg

A dog leg is a variation of the V-groove Shaker, only that instead of two full-
length stiles, they are offset so that the rail can be connected below or above it.
As a result, the stiles and the rails meet at right angles, hence the “dog leg.”
However, unlike the V-groove Shaker, there is no such decoration on the dog
leg.

Louver Doors

A louver (or louver) is a set of horizontal slats angled to admit air and light, but not direct
sunlight or the other elements, like rain. A louver door is a regular door that uses these
features.

23. Full Louver

The full louver door has louvers in the middle to allow ventilation and light
penetration. In louvered doors, fixed slats are positioned downwards, one
slat overlapping the next, for privacy. Some versions of the louvered door are
also equipped with movable slats.

24. Half-Louver

As the name suggests, the half louver door is half solid and half louvered, but
in many cases, the louvered area isn’t always half the door but a fraction of it.
Examples of a half-louver door are a restroom door, a maintenance door, or a
locker door.

25. Ya Louver

YA louver doors are almost like full louver doors, except there are two
louvered sections separated by a stile or rail. The solid area is much smaller
than the louvered areas, which take up most of the door. The lower louvered
section is commonly smaller than the top louvered section.

26. Double Louver

A double louver has two louvered sections, but the louvered sections are
often smaller than the non-louvered sections. The upper louvers are found at
the top half of the door, and the bottom louvers are almost at the foot of the
door. The louvered sections are often of the same dimensions.
 Pangasinan State University
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Department of Architecture

27. Louver Panel

The louver panel door is a door that consists of two panels—one a solid panel
and the other louvered. More decorative than the half louver door, a louver
panel door typically has the louvered portion at the top three-quarters of the
door and the raised rectangular panel in the lower half within the frame.

Door Lites

Some doors have panels that use glass instead of wood. These panels are called “lites.” These
lites emit illumination and are often frosted or decorated for privacy.

28. Two-Panel Half-Lite

A two-panel half-lite door is so-called because it generally has two and a half
panels. One is a lite (usually the top panel), and the two half-panels are solid
wood beneath it.

Since it’s popular as an entry door thanks to its daylighting, some homeowners
frost the lite or even put a curtain or window treatment on the lite itself. Old-
school clinics usually have two-panel half-lites, with the lite characteristically
obscured

29. Two-Panel Three-Quarter Lite

A two-panel three-quarter lite door is like a two-panel half-lite, but the lite is
much bigger, taking up three-quarters of the door (hence the name).

30. Nine-Lite

The nine-lite door is effectively a half-lite door, with the top half of the door in
a lite. But what sets them apart is that muntins divide the glass into nine
equally sized sections, creating a grid pattern. The bottom half of a nine-lite
door may or may not be decorated with paneling.

31. Fifteen-Lite

Like the nine-lite door, the fifteen-lite door has its glass broken up into equally
sized sections (15 of them, in fact) with muntins, creating a grid pattern. What
makes it different is that while nine-lites only occupy the top half, fifteen-lites
take up a huge portion of the door, almost the entire central assembly.
 Pangasinan State University
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32. Narrow Lite

A narrow lite door is a regular door with one exception: it has a narrow and
rectangular fixed lite. The lite is usually positioned right above or near the
knob or lock, and it allows you to peer outside while the door is closed. You
can find narrow lite doors in many offices, research centers, and hospitals.

33. Half Glass

A half-glass (or half-lite) door is like a two-panel half-lite, only without the solid
wood panels beneath the top lite.

34. Full Glass

A full glass (or full-lite) door takes daylighting to a whole new level, with twice
the illuminating potential as that of a half-lite door. However, because of
vulnerability and privacy concerns, most homeowners use a full glass door as a
back or side door that leads to an outdoor area, like a deck or a patio.

35. Vision Lite

Vision lite doors are commonly found in areas where privacy is a concern.
They are simple doors with a hole cut into them, usually at the top half and
centered. This hole can be fitted with a small glass panel. To add security in
commercial or industrial applications, most vision lites and narrow lites use an
automatic door closer.

36. Decorative Window

Different types of doors utilize glass, but a decorative window door introduces
an artistic flair that emphasizes form over function. For the homeowner who
wishes to dress up their front door while also letting in more light, a decorative
window door can be a great solution.

37. Tudor

Tudors are commonly used as entryway doors, usually as a set of double

doors. Tudors have an imposing character, generally adorned with elaborate
panels, grooves, and glass panels. Most Tudors have arched tops and a narrow
lite in the middle, often embellished, that follow the general outline of the
molding or the paneling (i.e., arched tops). Tudors are traditionally massive,
thanks to their hardwood making.
 Pangasinan State University
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38. Four-Panel Half-Moon Window

A four-panel half-moon window door is like a four-panel door. The obvious

difference is the addition of the half-moon window at the top. The glass
window allows for added illumination during the day, and it can be clear or
glazed for privacy. In many cases, the glass is abstracted for decoration
and added appeal.

39. Four-Panel Half-Moon

The four-panel half-moon door is almost exactly like the above, only that there
is no glass; the half-moon on top of the four panels are purely for decoration,
usually carved into the wood.

Functional Doors

Functional doors are more than just entryways. While there are various types of doors for
every conceivable need, these two below are the most found in American homes.

40. French

French doors are what most people think of when they encounter
the term “patio door.” Unlike sliders, French doors are hinged
doors, which means they operate via hinges, like a casement
window. However, like slider doors, they are also commonly used
as exterior doors. Most French doors are also more elaborate
than sliders and are more appropriate with adequate swing
space. The classic Art Deco look of most French doors is a great
fit for classic-style dwellings. Mere door pictures don't give the
best-looking French doors justice.

41. Storm

A storm door is another layer of protection over your front door. True to its
name, a storm door is like armor, enabling it to resist bad weather and the
elements. Some storm doors emphasize protection, like all-steel doors and
hardwood doors, but some may use a screen panel for ventilation and light and
instead use sturdier frames for additional strength. Lighter storm doors, like
aluminum doors that cover the front door, are more decorative than functional.
Some homeowners also use a storm door to deter break-ins. These storm
doors offer additional protective features like locks or bolts.
 Pangasinan State University
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Architecture

42. Flush

A flush door consists of different materials, but generally, it’s composed of a

“core” sandwiched between two layers of plywood. These plywood layers are
cut so they cover the entire core material from edge to edge, hence the name
since they’re flush to the edges of the core. There are no additional
decorations on the flush door.

Flush doors generally fulfill two needs—reducing the weight of the door or
giving the door additional protection. To lessen weight, the core usually
employs a honeycomb structure. To reinforce the door, the core uses an
insulating material.

Windows and Accessories

1. Single-Hung Window

Single-hung windows feature two sashes: a fixed one at the top and a
movable one at the bottom, allowing vertical sliding. They are ideal for areas
with limited space outside and are commonly used in new constructions,
offices, and homes. Single-hung windows are part of a category known as
"sash windows," originating from Georgian and Victorian architecture in
England.

2. Double-Hung Window

Double-hung windows are like single-hung windows, but both the top and
bottom sashes are movable, offering superior ventilation. They can be tilted
inward for cleaning and are suitable for areas requiring good airflow like
bathrooms, kitchens, and bedrooms. Double-hung windows are versatile and
can be crafted from various materials such as wood or vinyl. They have been
popular for centuries, complementing architectural styles from traditional to
contemporary.

3. Hopper Window

Hopper windows resemble awning windows, featuring hinges either at the top
or bottom for inward opening, ranging from 45 to 90 degrees. Typically installed
in basements or near ceiling-wall junctions, caution is advised when fully
opening due to safety concerns.

With a horizontal rectangular shape and sturdy construction to withstand strong

winds, they're common in small bathrooms, kitchens, and basements, enhancing ventilation.
Their large opening panels facilitate easy access and improved air circulation. The name
"hopper" derives from their resemblance to a hopper or chute when opened.
 Pangasinan State University
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Department of Architecture

4. Casement Window

Casement windows, favored by many U.S. homeowners, are hinged at the

side, swinging outward like a door. They are operated by a handle or lever,
often at arm level, with a fold-away mechanism called a casement stay or
crank at the bottom to secure them in an open position.
These windows are popular for their ability to bring in ample sunlight and
fresh air. They are also highly energy-efficient, as the flush sash prevents
air leakage when closed. Ideal for challenging spaces such as over kitchen
sinks or in cramped corners, casement windows come in various materials,
including wood, fiberglass, and vinyl.

5. Center Pivot Window

True to their name, center pivot windows feature sashes that pivot at the center of the
frame when opened, projecting halfway into and out of the room. This design allows
ample light and fresh air into the space. Some modern double-hung windows have also
adopted this mechanism into their panels.

Equipped with top-operated panels, center pivot windows are easy to open and access.
Whether standing or seated, users can enjoy excellent views with this window type.

6. Transom Window

Transom windows, also known as transom lights, are typically installed above
doors or large windows.

Originating in the medieval ages, particularly in the 1300s, they were

designed to allow daylight into a space above a door while maintaining some
privacy due to their height.

Traditionally rectangular, modern transom windows now come in various shapes and sizes.
While they usually remain fixed, some manufacturers offer operable transom windows for
enhanced ventilation. Fanlights or lunette/half-moon windows are decorative subtypes of
transom windows, characterized by their arched shape.

7. Bay Window

Bay windows extend outward from the wall, akin to bow windows, typically
comprising three panels: two flanking units and one central unit. Originating
from Renaissance architecture, they were often found in noble residences' great
halls, opposite the room's entrance. On a second story, they're known as oriel
windows.

Polygonal bay windows are most common, featuring multiple flanking units and a fixed central
unit. Their primary advantage lies in the additional interior space they provide, known as the
"bay," commonly used for seating or other purposes such as a cozy nook or reading area.
 Pangasinan State University
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8. Bow Window

Bow windows, larger and wider than bay windows, typically have an arc shape resembling a
bow. They offer similar benefits to bay windows, including
additional interior space and enhanced light penetration
compared to flush wall windows. Some consider bow windows as
variations of bay windows with more window units, creating a
more pronounced curve. Like bay windows, bow
windows feature a ledge inside, suitable for seating and storage.

9. Jalousie Window

Also known as louver windows, jalousie windows derive their name from the French
word for "jealousy," suggesting a screening function. While popular in France in the
1700s, they were patented in 1901.

Comprising multiple glass slats, jalousie windows operate similarly to plantation

shutters, with a crank that tilts and opens the slats simultaneously along a track.

Their distinct advantage lies in their ability to admit cool breezes while shielding from
rain when tilted, and they can be fully opened to enhance room ventilation, particularly in
summer. Versatile in design, they suit various architectural styles but are more prevalent in
tropical climates or buildings lacking air conditioning.

10. Garden Window

Garden windows, a variation of bay windows, are essentially the same concept, with
the added feature of a "bay" large enough to accommodate one or two potted plants.
Shaped like a protruding box from the wall, typically extending 1.5 to 2 feet, they are
enclosed in glass on all sides, enhancing the greenhouse effect. The additional space
provided by garden windows can be utilized as a cozy nook for displaying flowers or
cultivating a miniature garden.

11. Glass Block Window

Glass block windows consist of individual blocks sealed together with mortar,
prized for their privacy-enhancing properties. These translucent, thick glass
blocks allow light into a room while obstructing visibility. Popular since the early
1900s, they provided cost-effective lighting for factories and warehouses when
installed in walls and skylights.

Due to their ability to balance light and privacy, glass block windows are
commonly used in areas like bathrooms. They're also suitable for spaces needing controlled
illumination, such as basements and kitchens. Modern variations come in
diverse styles and dimensions, offering both functionality and aesthetic appeal,
although some interior designers may prefer alternative options for integrating
lighting and privacy.

12. Storm Window

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Storm windows serve as secondary windows typically mounted outside existing primary
windows, although interior installation options are available. Their primary function is weather
protection, creating a secure seal to shield against outdoor elements while helping regulate
indoor temperature. Constructed from durable materials like glass, rigid plastic, and flexible
plastic sheets, storm windows are essential for safeguarding homes from inclement weather.

13. Egress Window

Egress windows, typically required for basements, serve as emergency exits large
enough to accommodate adults. Positioned to open into a small outdoor area, they
provide discreet yet accessible escape routes. Mandated by the International
Residential Code, egress window dimensions ensure safety and consistency,
including minimum width (20 inches), height (24 inches), opening area (5.7 square
feet), and sill height (44 inches from the floor).

15. Round Window

Round windows, also known as rose windows, feature circular frames with wrought
iron arms extending from the center. Originating in Gothic architecture, particularly
in churches, they've been used in homes for generations. Similar to skylights, they
share a historical root with oculi from classical structures like the Pantheon.

Adaptable to various room sizes, round windows offer customization options in color,
pattern, finish, and grille design to suit diverse architectural styles. Their unique
feature lies in establishing a focal point within a room, allowing homeowners to create specific
atmospheres in their spaces.

16. Radius Window

Radius windows feature an arched top half and a vertically oriented

rectangular bottom half, often referred to simply as arched windows. Their
hybrid design allows them to emphasize lines in curved architecture or soften
edges in modern and post-modern homes.

These windows enhance the aesthetic appeal of any building while serving as
uncovered transoms, flooding interior spaces with natural light. Unlike other
window types, radius windows can be made operable for improved ventilation
or fixed solely for light ingress. Alternatively, they can be subdivided with the
top half fixed and the bottom half operable, or vice versa.

17. Lunette (Half-Moon) Window

In architecture, a lunette resembles a crescent or semi-circle shape, commonly

found atop doorways, and used for displaying sculpture or glass, forming lunette
windows (see Transom Window).

Half-moon windows adorn traditional and historical architectures like Victorian and Federal
Colonial houses, neoclassical buildings, cathedrals, and museums.
 Pangasinan State University
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18. Dormer Window

Dormer windows project vertically from a sloping roof, distinctively standing out rather than
being set into the roofing. Originating from the French word "dormeor" meaning sleeping
room, they were initially used as windows for attic-like spaces serving as sleeping quarters in
1500s England. Available in various types such as double-hung, casement, and arched,
dormers not only provide ample daylight but also create additional usable space for
homeowners.

19. Oriel Window

An oriel window is a variation of a bay window commonly found on upper

floors, supported by corbels, brackets, or similar structures. It offers a
panoramic view of the outside and adds elegance to a property, extending
the room's interior space like bay windows, often creating a cozy nook by
the window's interior walls.

Frequently seen on Queen Anne buildings, oriels enhance architectural symmetry, a

characteristic feature of this style.

20. Cottage Window

A subtype of double-hung windows, cottage windows feature an upper sash notably shorter
than the lower one. Both sashes are operable for ventilation and ease of maintenance. What
distinguishes them is their asymmetrically split sashes, with the top sash typically smaller,
often at a 40:60 ratio and may include grilles not found on the bottom sash.

Popular in various architectural styles from traditional Georgian and Tudor homes to modern
and contemporary designs, cottage windows come in wood, vinyl, and aluminum materials,
maintaining their timeless appeal.

21. Two-Panel Slider Window

Two-panel slider windows, also known as double horizontal sliders, consist of two
sashes that slide horizontally for opening. Unlike traditional horizontal slides with
only one operable sash, these windows offer enhanced accessibility and
ventilation. They are space-saving, requiring no clearance space when opened.

Modern two-panel sliders often feature double locks and weatherstripping to

ensure interior safety and protection from harsh elements. With a simple and elegant design,
they complement both classic and modern architectural styles.

22. Three-Panel Slider Window

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Three-panel slider windows are wider than two-panel versions, offering a panoramic outdoor
view and enhanced ventilation when fully opened. Featuring a fixed middle panel, the two side
panels slide toward the center to open. They retain the advantages of two-panel sliders,
including low maintenance, ease of use, and space-saving attributes. Commonly constructed
with PVC or metal framing materials, they combine functionality with durability.

23. Picture Window

Picture windows feature thin frames and expansive glass areas, offering sweeping outdoor
views akin to a large picture frame. They are not operable, making them unsuitable for
small or cramped spaces but ideal for larger areas like living rooms and master bedrooms.

While picture windows lack ventilation, they compensate with energy efficiency, boasting
tight seals to prevent energy leaks. Their vast glass areas allow ample sunlight, reducing
the need for artificial lighting during the day.

24. Fixed Window

Fixed windows encompass all non-operable windows, including picture windows, designed
primarily for light ingress and scenic views in various shapes and sizes. Their distinction
lies in the size of their frames, with fixed windows featuring more exposed frames for a
striking, defined appearance.

Popular in modern, minimalist homes, fixed windows add visual interest to simple
exteriors. While their glass area may be less expensive than picture windows, they still
offer ample light and views compared to other window types.

25. Awning Window

Awning windows tilt outward from the top when opened, resembling an
awning, which shields against rain while enabling fresh air intake. Operated
with a fold-away crank, they are commonly used in basements and near-
roofline positions in warehouses and storage sheds.
Additionally, they are placed above certain window types
like picture windows to maximize lighting.

26. Tilt & Turn Window

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Popular in Europe but less so in the U.S., tilt & turn windows offer exceptional versatility in
operation. Featuring a large sash with thick frames on all sides, these windows can be in three
positions: closed and locked, providing unobstructed outdoor views; open, functioning like a
door from side hinges; and tilt, resembling hoppers with bottom hinges.

This dual functionality combines casement and hopper window features in one unit, typically
operated through a unified mechanism.

27. French Doors

French doors, also referred to as French windows, are operable units typically hinged on the
side, leading to patios, gardens, or building entrances, allowing ample light into any
room.

Originating in 16th century France, French doors were initially crafted from wrought
iron and wood before the advent of glass and other modern materials. Their popularity
quickly spread across Europe and beyond, making them a prevalent choice in homes
today.

28. Palladian Window

Named after its inventor, 16th-century Venetian architect Andrea Palladio,

Palladian windows are distinguished architectural elements divided into three
parts: a large arched window at the center flanked by two smaller rectangular
windows on each side. They adhere to the "Palladian motif," prevalent in
England during the 1600s and 1700s.

Characterized by their grand Renaissance-era design, Palladian windows are

well-suited for equally grand and dramatic structures. They are
also known as Serlian windows or Venetian windows.

Skylights

Skylights are architectural features installed in roofs or ceilings to

introduce natural light into interior spaces. They consist of
transparent or translucent glass or plastic panels, often framed
within the roof structure. Skylights provide several benefits, including increasing daylight,
reducing reliance on artificial lighting, and enhancing the aesthetic appeal of a space. They
come in various shapes and sizes and can be fixed or operable to provide ventilation.
However, improper installation or placement can lead to issues such as heat gain, glare, and
water leakage. Overall, skylights offer a practical and visually pleasing solution to brightening
up indoor environment, here are some types of skylights

1. Flat Roof Skylight

These skylights are designed for installation on flat or low-sloped roofs. They allow natural
light to enter interior spaces, brightening them up and reducing the need for artificial lighting.
 Pangasinan State University
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Architecture

Flat roof skylights can enhance the aesthetics of a building and create an open and airy
atmosphere. They are especially useful in areas where traditional
windows may not be feasible due to limited wall space.

2. Walk-On Roof lights

These skylights are specifically designed to be durable and

strong enough to support foot traffic. They are often installed on flat roofs or terraces to
provide both natural light and a functional outdoor space. Walk-on roof lights can serve as
access points to rooftop terraces or gardens, offering additional usable space while still
allowing light to enter the building below.

3. Roof Lanterns

Roof lanterns are architectural features consisting of a raised

structure with glass panels on multiple sides, typically installed
on flat or pitched roofs. They provide abundant natural light and
can serve as a focal point in a room or a building.

Roof lanterns add height and visual interest to spaces, creating a

sense of openness and grandeur. They are commonly used in conservatories, extensions, or
other areas where a dramatic architectural element is desired.

4. Electric Roof Windows

These skylights are operated electronically, allowing for easy

opening, and closing with the push of a button or remote control.
Electric roof windows provide ventilation as well as natural light,
helping to improve indoor air quality and regulate temperature.
They are particularly convenient for hard-to-reach or high-ceilinged areas where manual
operation may be challenging.

5. Opening Skylight

Similar to electric roof windows, opening skylights can be manually

operated to allow for ventilation and airflow. They can be hinged at
the top, bottom, or side, depending on the design, and may include
mechanisms such as crank handles or remote-controlled motors.
Opening skylights offer the benefits of both natural light and fresh
air, promoting a healthier and more comfortable indoor
environment.

6. Sliding Skylights

Sliding skylights consist of glass panels that can be horizontally

slid open or closed. They provide flexibility in controlling the
amount of light and ventilation entering a space.

Sliding skylights are useful for areas where traditional windows may not be feasible or where
 Pangasinan State University
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Architecture

space constraints prevent the installation of hinged skylights. They offer the benefits of natural
light and fresh air while allowing for customizable airflow and access to outdoor views.

8. Sun Tubes

Sun tubes, also known as tubular skylights or solar tubes, are cylindrical tubes installed
between the roof and ceiling to capture and channel sunlight into interior spaces. Benefits
include:

• Space-efficient: Ideal for rooms without direct roof access or limited ceiling
space, providing natural light where traditional skylights may not be feasible.

• Cost-effective: Lower installation and maintenance costs compared to

traditional skylights, making them an economical daylighting solution.

• Daylight harvesting: Harvests natural light throughout the day, reducing

reliance on electric lighting and energy consumption.

• Flexible installation: Can be installed in various roof types and configurations, offering
versatility in placement and design integration.

9. Domes

• Dome skylights feature a domed shape, often constructed with

acrylic or polycarbonate materials. Benefits include:

• Impact resistance: Durable materials provide protection against

hail, debris, and extreme weather conditions.

• Diffused light: Dome shape disperses sunlight evenly, reducing glare and hot spots while
providing soft, diffused illumination.

• Energy efficiency: High thermal insulation properties help regulate indoor

temperatures and reduce heating and cooling costs.

References

C. (2024, January 15). What is the Difference Between Rooflights or Skylights?

Williams, S. (n.d.). 28 Window Types and Styles (A Helpful Illustrated Guide)

 Pangasinan State University
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Architecture

Williams, S. (n.d.). 42 Door Types and Styles (An Illustrated Guide).