1 s2.0 S2214509523007052 Main

Case Studies in Construction Materials 19 (2023) e02525
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Case Studies in Construction Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cscm
A review study on sustainable utilisation of waste in bituminous

layers of flexible pavement
Mohit Nandal a, *, Hemant Sood a, Pardeep Kumar Gupta b
a
Civil Engineering Department, NITTTR, Chandigarh, India
b
Civil Engineering Department, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, India
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Keywords: The development of a new road has a variety of ramifications for the environment, using
Sustainability considerable quantity of materials and energy. Also, the cost of crude oil, which is the principal
Bituminous mixture source of bituminous binder, has substantially grown in recent years. This has resulted to a rise in
Recycled materials
the overall price of bituminous blends. Developing innovative materials and technology to
Flexible pavement
incorporate greener material, waste and recycled materials into the manufacturing cycle of
bituminous mixes is a solution that enhances both sustainability and cost-efficiency of the bitu
minous pavement industries. Sustainable materials have increasingly been adopted in construc
tion of roads nowadays because people are more concerned about its ramifications towards
surroundings. However, people keep seeking to discover the most appropriate sustainable ma
terials to be utilised in developing road pavement. In the current research, the two primary
components of bituminous mixture i.e. bitumen and aggregates are focused and reviewed.
Furthermore, the study presents a brief outline of several recycled materials which have been
effectively used into bituminous layers of flexible pavement. Review findings suggest that the
usage of secondary material not only offers an effective waste disposal approach but also mini
mise requirement for traditional material and lowers the total building cost. An effective and
appropriate system of transportation is crucial for the development of any nation. The purpose of
this review study is to establish the applicability and effectiveness of the waste material that has
been used in the bituminous layers of flexible pavement.
1. Introduction
Sustainable roadway pavements are planned and developed to assure conservation and preservation of natural resource base as
well as mitigation against the ecological problems inherent with hazardous solid waste disposal. Utilisation of natural aggregates for
the immense amount of pavement constructions and maintenance around the world breaches the fundamental purpose of sustainable
infrastructure development [1–3]. Global warming, depletion and near exertion of non-renewable natural resources, as well as in
crease in greenhouse gas emission associated problems are some effects of such negligence [4]. Implementation of sustainability goals
is important for all kinds of pavement, but the flexible pavement which is more extensively employed for Indian roads and around the
globe is of interest in this research. A green highway is constructed by employing sustainable material that are safe to environment [5].
The development of green pavement includes of six areas which are ecological, waste reduction, landscaping, water conservation,
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mohitnandal15@gmail.com (M. Nandal).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02525
Received 30 March 2023; Received in revised form 16 September 2023; Accepted 1 October 2023
Available online 2 October 2023
2214-5095/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
M. Nandal et al. Case Studies in Construction Materials 19 (2023) e02525
materials, and energy efficiency [6]. The pavement material plays a large part in road building thus the use of sustainable material in
pavement intends not only to alleviate environmental issue but also lowering the gas emissions and hazardous substances [7]. Some
pavement materials such as regional material, waste material, and recycled material may lessen the gas emission that is emitted from
the development of new road material. The Table 1 presents the summary of sustainable materials.
Conventional stone aggregates are nowadays sparse and expensive because of significant infrastructural projects going on over
previous three decades in India [8,9]. On the other hand, trash such as arising from industrial, agriculture, ancient building and road
projects are widely accessible [10,11]. For development and improvement of bituminous pavements there is enormous demand of
aggregates which are generally extracted from natural stone deposits. As these resources are gradually decreasing and consequently
getting expensive, highway engineers and researchers are exploring for waste and locally accessible materials to substitute the natural
stone aggregates to the great extent feasible [12,13]. Four new implementations i.e. alternative methods, emerging technologies,
advanced materials, and new equipment are continuously being preferred and utilised in highway engineering design [14], mainte
nance and construction. Recycling of aggregates addresses the problem of dangerous waste disposal as well as exhausting natural
aggregate utilization [15,16]. Hence, usage of such recycled materials for highway pavement construction provides substantial
environmental and economic advantages. Therefore, it should be done in such a manner that will not impair the structural perfor
mance and integrity of the pavement.
Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) mixes which are commonly utilised in road pavements are a blend of aggregate and bituminous binder in
which the aggregate functions as a structural skeleton and bituminous binder as a glue. Flexible pavements are meant to have a 20
years design life but in today’s contemporary world, the development of large vehicles with greater axial loads and intense urban and
rural traffic have led bituminous pavements to fail way earlier than predicted [17]. The environmental effect and large energy con
sumption resulting from the development of a new road as well as an increase in oil costs have driven pavement engineers to devise a
way to alleviate the service life of bituminous pavements [18,19]. For this objective, series of techniques have been examined such as
enhancing the process of design and construction of pavements, employing better quality materials, and altering bituminous binders
and aggregates in mixes [20,21]. For the purpose of enhancing the mechanical qualities of bituminous pavement, such as rutting
resistance at high temperature, fatigue resistance at intermediate temperature, and fracture resistance at low temperature, several
materials have been utilized as modifiers [22–24]. Furthermore, reusing and recycling by-products materials may lower the pro
duction cost that helps the industrial management if their attributes have partly the same values and utilisation with the developed
material. Also, partial binder substitution by bio derived materials has been a new emphasis on various research projects to further
boost the sustainability of bituminous pavements and minimise paving costs.
2. Essential parameters for waste to be employed in bituminous layer of flexible pavement
Every nation has guidelines and criteria for a material to be utilised in pavement construction. Any recycled material to be utilised
for building purpose should always be subjected to property test applicable to that of traditional material [25,26]. The end product
generated with the waste material (used either as partial or complete substitution of virgin material) should also meet the minimum
standards for strength, durability, stability, and other relevant characteristics [27,28]. The main material criterion is that it must be
freed from any contaminated ingredient, organic pollutants, and harmful component. Tables 2, 3 outline the required characteristics
upon which materials to be utilised in the flexible pavement are examined for their viability.
3. Previous research studies incorporating waste for binder modification in flexible pavement
3.1. Bituminous Binder-a binding component of flexible pavement
A petrochemical product solid at room temperature and very viscous at a temperature over 1000 C, bitumen also functions as a
primary element in flexible pavement construction. Bitumen acts as a bonding agent for aggregates in bituminous mixes, which make
up between four and eight percent of HMA and contributes for 25–30% of value of an HMA pavement construction depending upon the
kind and amount [38,39]. The quality attributes of binder are investigated by rheological testing, chemical analyses, and
performance-based test in the laboratory [36,40,41]. Engineers may improve asphalt mixture design and pavement durability by
learning more about the material’s molecular structure and performance characteristics. The modern investigation of bituminous
binders drives improvements in long-lasting and eco-friendly pavement options.
Table 1
Sustainable Materials.
Materials Material Details
Regional/Local material Minimize the energy consumption, transportation, value of project, and gas emission.
Waste material Reduce wastage at dumpsite and being utilised as soil stabilisation.
Alternative binder Help to preserve natural resources and minimize energy utilisation functioning.
Recycled/reclaimed material Lowers the energy usage, transit, and gas emission.
2
Table 2
Physical property test for aggregates. [29].
Test Name Evaluated Property Procedural Code Ref.
Grain Size Analysis Cleanliness IS:2386 Part 1 [30]

Los Angles Abrasion Value Hardness IS: 2386 Part IV [31]
Combined Flakiness and Elongation Index Particle shape IS:2386 Part 1 [30]
Soundness Test Durability IS: 2386 Part V [32]
Aggregate Impact Value Toughness IS: 2386 Part IV [31]
Water absorption Test Water Absorption IS: 2386 Part III [33]
Specific Gravity Density of aggregates IS: 2386 Part III [33]
3.2. Several challenges that necessitate the improvement in conventional binders
The use of traditional bituminous binders in pavement construction presents a number of difficulties that need for more scientific
investigation and creative solutions. Some of them are discussed below:
3.2.1. Temperature susceptibility

Conventional binders have a high degree of temperature sensitivity, and changes in temperature have a considerable impact on
their stiffness and viscosity. This may exacerbate rutting in hot weather and cracking in cold weather, both of which weaken the
pavement.
3.2.2. Aging and oxidation

Over time, conventional binders undergo aging and oxidation processes, leading to the loss of desirable properties. As a conse
quence, the pavement’s performance and its viability may suffer from less binder durability, increased stiffness, and lower suscep
tibility to cracking.
3.2.3. Environmental concerns

Traditional binders are made from crude oil, which is a finite resource. Greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and reliance on
fossil fuels are all exacerbated by their manufacture and use. These ecological considerations call for the exploration of viable
substitutes.
3.2.4. Rutting and fatigue cracking

Rutting and fatigue cracking, which are frequent distresses in pavement systems, are difficult for conventional binders to withstand.
This may cause the pavement to collapse early, leading to higher maintenance expenses and a shorter lifespan.
3.2.5. Limited recyclability

Due to the difficulties involved in sorting and reusing them, traditional binders have a low recycling potential. This limits the
potential for sustainable and circular economy methods in pavement construction.
Scientific advances and novel techniques in binder modification, mix design, and pavement engineering are needed to meet these
problems. Researchers are looking for ways to improve the performance, the lifespan, and sustainability of binders in flexible pave
ment by adopting various methods like adding additives, modifying polymers, using rejuvenators, and recycling [42,43]. Sustainable
and resilient pavement solutions are the end result of these efforts to minimise temperature susceptibility, improve ageing resistance,
lessen environmental impact, increase rutting and fatigue resistance, and boost recyclability of binders [44,45].
3.3. Some of prominent research where bitumen has been transformed with the usage of Bio Oils are described below
Zhang et al. (2019) [46] carried out research on use of sawdust derived bio-oil as a rejuvenator to revive aged asphalt. The author
used PG58–28 and PG64–22 as base binders. In this study, the percentages of bio-oil that were incorporated into the overall weight of
the binder were 10%, 15%, and 20%. The authors performed rheological property tests like dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), rotational
viscometer (RV), asphalt binder cracking device (ABCD) to explicate attributes of virgin control bitumen and bio rejuvenated bitumen.
Table 3
Physical property test for binders.
Test Name Evaluated Property Procedural Code Ref.
Penetration at 25⁰C, 100 g, 5 s, 0.1 mm, Min. Hardness and Consistency IS:1203 [34]
Absolute viscosity at 60⁰C and 135⁰C, Poises Flow and Performance IS:1206 Part II,III [35]
Ductility at 25⁰C,cm, Min Adhesive and Ductility IS: 1208 [36]
Flash Point (Cleveland Open Cup), ⁰C, Min Temperature Study IS: 1448 [34]
Softening Point (R&B), ⁰C, Min Elevated temperature IS: 1205 [37]
Specific Gravity Density of bitumen IS: 1202 [34]
3
Fig. 1. Merits and demerits of modifying conventional binder using bio-oil.
In order to clarify the extent of regeneration of aged bitumen from the perspective of functional group, the Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR) test was also undertaken. The authors concluded that sawdust derived bio–oil can be utilised to rejuvenate aged
asphalt since it can improve the material’s resilience to cracking at low temperature. Furthermore, it was recommended to use 15%
and 20% of bio rejuvenator to recycled aged binder PG58–28 and PG64–22 respectively. Ingressia et al. (2019) [35] analysed the
rheological and chemical attributes of bio binders on short term and long-term aging by partially substituting 50/70 bitumen with
various ratios of renewable bio-oil induced from paper and wood industries. Bio oil was incorporated at a proportion of 5%, 10%, and
15% of the overall mass of the binder. This research involved five binders which were subjected to traditional tests like penetration and
softening point. Using pressure ageing vessel (PAV) and rolling thin film oven test (RTFOT), respectively, the binders were additionally
subjected to short- and long-term ageing simulations in the lab. The authors further used FTIR spectroscopy to analyse the binders
chemically and a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) to examine the binders’ rheological properties. Additionally, the 2S2P1D rheological
model was employed to visualise the experimental data. The authors concluded that increase in bio-oil content increases penetration
and decreases softening point. Based on chemical and rheological analysis, it was found that bio binder had similar or greater aging
resistance than virgin binder with similar penetration grade.
Xu et al. (2020) [47] investigated the rheological and chemical properties of recycled oils and associated ageing resistance in
bituminous binders. In this investigation, four commercial recycled oils were employed including two bio-oils and two re-refined
engine oil bottom (REOB) oils. The authors evaluated rheological properties using DSR and rotational viscometer (RV) test and
chemical property using FTIR spectroscopy. Moreover, they compared the ageing index values of recycled oils after RTFOT, 20- and
40-hours pressure aging vessel (PAV) ageing. In this study, recycled oils were combined with control binder in two stages. First phase
included bleeding with high ratio (50%) and second phase involved blending with base binders at low ratios (2.9%, 5.7%). According
to the study findings, it was determined that both recycled oils type and content are crucial in ageing resistance of bituminous binder
incorporating recycled oils. Additionally, bio-oils exhibited substantial changes in their chemical and rheological characteristics
following 20 and 40 h of PAV ageing, whereas REOB oils showed little to no change following long term ageing. Wang et al. (2020)
[48] provided a comprehensive overview of the preparation process, performance, and application of bio-oil and bio-asphalt. The
study discussed various methods for preparing bio-oil from biomass, such as fast pyrolysis, and highlights the potential of using bio-oil
as a partial replacement for asphalt binder. The article explored the impact of bio-oil on the performance of asphalt, including im
provements in high-temperature performance and workability. It also discusses the potential applications of bio-asphalt as a road
binder, bitumen modifier, and rejuvenator. Ingrassia et al. (2020) investigated the circular tendency of bio binders acquired by partly
Fig. 2. Different rubber and plastic waste reviewed in study.
4
Table 4
M. Nandal et al.
Summarization of salient reviewed research regarding the use of waste as a binder supplement.
Category of Additive Author Name and Year Waste Replaced as Evaluated Parameters Conclusion Refs.
Bio-Oil Zhang et al. (2019)[53] Bio oil generated from Rejuvenator to Viscosity tests, Rheological Bio oil produced from sawdust is capable of [53]
saw dust reclaim aged property tests, and FTIR reclaiming the low temperature crack resistance of
asphalt spectroscopy aged asphalt.
Ingressia et al. (2019)[54] Bio oil induced paper and Binder additive Physical property tests, aging -Increase in bio oil content increases penetration and [54]
wood industries property tests, Chemical property decreases softening point
tests and rheological property tests. - Bio binder had similar or greater ageing resistance
than virgin binder with similar penetration grade.
Xu et al. (2020)[55] Two re-refined engine oil Binder additive Rheological property tests, Both recycled oils type and content are crucial in [55]
bottom oils and two bio- chemical property tests, and aging ageing resistance of asphalt binder incorporating
oils property tests recycled oils.
Ingrassia et al. (2020)[35] Bio oil generated from Binder additive Rheological property tests, Bio binders are 100% recyclable and effective in hot [35]
wood and paper industry physical property tests, and recycling of reclaimed asphalt, and their utilization in
chemical property tests bituminous pavement may result in substantial
environmental and technical benefits.
Wang et al. (2020)[48] Bio-oil Binder additive Physical and rheological property The study highlights the potential of bio-oil as a [48]
test partial replacement for asphalt binder and discusses
its impact on the performance of asphalt, as well as
the potential applications of bio-asphalt in road
engineering
Guadenzi et al. (2021)[56] Bio oil derived from a by- Binder additive Mechanical property tests like ITS, Bituminous concrete generated with bio-binder had [56]
product of paper industry ITFT etc. mechanical properties comparable to reference
asphalt concrete irrespective of aging and water
conditioning
Rubber and Plastic Jiang et al. (2018)[57] Plasticizer, Rubber oil, Rejuvenator with Rheological property tests, Developed rejuvenator may be used to repair [57]
5
Anti-aging agent aged asphalt Physical property tests and anti- rheological and physical qualities of old bitumen.
aging property tests
Li et al. (2019)[58] WEO, WCO, rubber Rejuvenator with Physical property tests, orthogonal Aged asphalt can be revived by utilising a novel [58]
powder, and organic aged asphalt and test, and rheological property test regeneration agent and it was recommended to use
polymer virgin asphalt rejuvenator content between 3% and 4%.
Liang et al. (2020)[59] Diatomite and crumb Binder additive Visco-elastic property tests, and Diatomite and rubber particles can enhance the [59]
rubber mechanical property tests like viscoelastic, high temperature and low temperature
freeze thaw splitting test, rutting properties of bituminous mixes but their efficacy is
test etc. less than SBS.

Ameri et al. (2020)[60] Styrene butadiene rubber Binder additive Physical property tests, and Both rPET and SBR polymers can enhance [60]
(SBR) and Recycled mechanical property tests like mechanical and physical attributes of base binder and
polyethylene resilient modulus, dynamic creep, suggested to use these modifiers at locations where
terephthalate (RPET) moisture susceptibility etc. there is significant difference between day and night
time temperatures
Abuaddous et al. (2020)[61] Recycled polyethylene Binder additive Morphological property test, 15% of RPET plastic waste is optimum content to be [61]
terephthalate (RPET) Physical property tests and used as modifier, improving the high temperature
rheological property tests operating grade over one grade and decreasing the
low temperature working grade over one grade.
Saqer et al. (2021)[62] Ground tyre rubber, Binder additive Mechanical property tests like The binder type had a substantial impact on cracking [62]
polymer Hamburg wheel tracking device, resistance of tested airport asphalt mixes.
asphalt pavement analyser etc.
P. Santos et al. (2020)[52] Crumb Rubber Binder additive Mechanical properties like The use of asphalt rubber (AR) mixtures, [52]
Thermal cracking and fatigue incorporating crumb rubber (CR) from end-of-life
cracking along with the life cycle tires, offers improved performance, environmental
assessment. benefits, and potential for circular economy
(continued on next page)
M. Nandal et al.
Table 4 (continued )
Category of Additive Author Name and Year Waste Replaced as Evaluated Parameters Conclusion Refs.
techniques. However, the direct costs of AR mixtures

are higher than conventional asphalt mixtures,
highlighting the need for further research and
development to optimize cost-effectiveness.
Other Additives V.H. Nguyen and V.P. Le (2019)[63] Sulfur Binder additive Traditional binder tests, Sulfur modified binder may increase mechanical [63]
Morphological property tests and qualities of asphalt binder along with rutting and
cracking & rutting performance cracking resistance of bituminous pavement.
tests on modified asphalt mixture
Hu et al. (2019)[64] Reclaimed asphalt felt Binder additive Storage stability test, rheological It is conceivable to employ RPAF waste as an [64]
waste (RPAF) property test, physical property bituminous binder modifier to increase the
tests, moisture susceptibility and engineering features of both HMA mixes and
6
Marshall stability test bituminous binder.

Barati et al. (2020)[65] Recycled glass powder RGP as fine Mechanical property tests and Incorporation of CNTs and RGP lead to an [65]
(RGP) and Carbon aggregate and CNTs rheological property tests uneconomical design and it is recommended to use
nanotubes (CNTs) as binder additive C1G25 (1% carbon nanotubes, 25% RGP) asphalt mix
design from technical-economical perspective.
Paul et al. (2021)[66] Centrifuged latex Binder additive Storage stability test and CENEX polymer improved fatigue life, rut resistance, [66]
(CENEX) polymer mechanical property tests like and moisture damage resistance.
resilient modulus ratio, tensile CENEX modified mixes are more cost-effective than
strength ratio etc. traditional mixes over the long term based on life

cycle cost analysis (LCCA).
substituting traditional binder with bio-oil created as a by-product of wood and paper enterprise. The authors also aimed to evaluate
the potency of bio-binders in hot recycling of traditional recovered asphalt. In this study, two severely aged binders (one generated in
lab and one RAP binder obtained from recycled asphalt) and two fresh binders (one bitumen and bio-binder) were combined to
recreate four hot recycled binders. The authors compared the ageing susceptibility and mechanical behaviour of these blends with
control virgin binder. This study includes rheological tests, conventional tests, and chemical analysis of binder blends. The results
depicted that hot recycling of reclaimed bio-binder lead to less cracking susceptibility when compared with recycling of conventional
reclaimed asphalt. Finally, the authors suggested that bio binders are 100% recyclable and effective in hot recycling of reclaimed
asphalt, and their utilization in bituminous pavement may result in substantial environmental and technical benefits. Gaudenzi et al.
(2021) [49] studied the performance of bituminous mixture created using bio-based binder derived from a by-product of paper in
dustry [50]. The authors produced asphalt concrete using a plain bitumen and bio binder respectively at some binder content of 5.8%.
The bio binder used in this study is obtained by adding 10% bio-oil to virgin binder of 50/70 penetration grade. The authors prepared
the asphalt concrete (AC) wearing courses according to Italian technical specifications and performed indirect tensile strength test,
indirect tensile fatigue test, indirect tensile stiffness modulus, triaxial cyclic compression (TCC) and semi-circular bending test to
analyse the mechanical attributes of bituminous mixture. According to the experimental data, AC generated with bio-binder had
mechanical properties comparable to reference AC irrespective of aging and water conditioning. Finally, the authors suggested to use
bio binder as a valid alternative to conventional asphalt mixtures. Fig. 1 represents merits and demerits of modifying conventional
binder using bio-oil.
The findings from these papers collectively indicate that incorporating bio-oil as a modifier in bituminous binders offers potential
benefits, including improved resilience to cracking, aging resistance, recyclability, and comparable mechanical properties to con
ventional binders. Further research and standardization efforts are necessary to fully understand the performance, long-term dura
bility, and cost-effectiveness of bio-oil-modified binders in various pavement applications.
3.4. Some of prominent research where bitumen has been transformed with the usage of Rubber and Plastic are described below
Jiang et al. (2018) developed a novel rejuvenator employing plasticizer, rubber oil and anti- aging agent. Also the authors evaluated
the performance of this developed rejuvenator on aged bitumen and made a comparison with other two commercial rejuvenators. The
experimental tests were conducted to assess rheological qualities based on DSR, BBR, multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR), and
Brookfield viscosity tests as well as conventional properties based on softening point, penetration, and ductility tests [51]. The
anti-aging properties of rejuvenated bitumen were then evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The authors
concluded that developed rejuvenator may be utilised to improve rheological and physical qualities of old bitumen. Moreover, thermal
cracking resistance of rejuvenated bitumen improved using developed rejuvenator due to its improved low temperature properties. Li
et al. (2019) developed a novel kind of asphalt rejuvenator utilising waste cooking oil (WCO) and waste engine oil (WEO) as the basis
and other two other additives as supplementary components. For this study, the authors took KLMY Pen 70 # as virgin asphalt which is
produced in western China and aged asphalt (AA) was produced by laboratory simulation on thin film oven test (TFOT) at 1630 C for
11 h. The WEO employed in this investigation was obtained from a nearby local auto repair shop, and the WCO was soya bean oil that
had been repeatedly fried. One of the secondary components was a type of rubber powder (X), while the other was an organic polymer
utilised in the chemical industry (Y). The authors conducted orthogonal test to identify the optimum percentage of each component of
the novel rejuvenator and also some indoor tests like penetration, Brookfield viscosity and softening point to assess the physical at
tributes of rejuvenated binder. Also, the authors examined the feasibility of using new rejuvenator with aged asphalt compared to
virgin asphalt. And further, DSR was performed to evaluate asphalt sample’s temperature sensitivity. The authors concluded that aged
asphalt can be revived by utilising a novel regeneration agent on the account of test findings. And finally, it was advised to use
rejuvenator content between 3% and 4%. Liang et al. (2020) analysed the visco-elastic and mechanical characteristics of asphalt
mixture modified by crumb rubber and diatomite particles. The authors investigated the impact of aggregate gradation and asphalt
type on pavement attributes of diatomite and crumb rubber particles fortified bituminous mixtures (DRPAM) by conducting rutting
test, freeze-thaw splitting test, three point bending test, and uniaxial compression creep test. In addition, the creep and relaxation
properties of DRPAM were examined using the Burgers model, the second-order extensive Maxwell model, the modified Burgers
model, and the Scott-Blair model. The authors observed using diatomite and rubber particles may increase the viscoelastic, high
temperature and low temperature properties of bituminous mixtures but their efficacy is less than styrene-butadine-styrene (SBS).
Ultimately, it was discovered that the performance of the modified bituminous mixture containing diatomite and rubber particles, SBS
binder, and dense gradation, was superior.
Ameri et al. (2020) carried out an analysis to investigate the influence of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) and styrene
butadiene rubber (SBR) on asphalt mixtures against fatigue, rutting and moisture related failure. The authors evaluated both indi
vidual and combinational effects by completing typical bitumen tests like softening point, rotational viscosity, penetration grade and
bituminous mixtures involving dynamic creep, resilient modulus, indirect tensile fatigue and moisture susceptibility. In this investi
gation, the authors used 60/70 PG bitumen acquired from Tehran’s Pasargad oil company and crushed limestone aggregate acquired
from Asbcharan quarry originated near Rudehen, in the province of Tehran’s north east. The authors adopted Marshall Method of mix
design to determine the ideal asphalt binder content in accordance with ASTM D 1599. According to the test results, tensile strength
and rutting resistance of the sample developed with modified binders were higher than those of control specimen. The authors came to
the conclusion that both rPET and SBR polymers can enhance mechanical and physical attributes of base binder and suggested to use
these modifiers at locations where there is significant difference between day and night time temperatures because they can reduce
cracking at low temperature and rutting at high temperature. Abuaddous et al. (2020) carried out research to evaluate the prospective
7
usage of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (RPET) plastic waste as a modifying material for bituminous binder. The authors used
asphalt binder with PG 60/70 as a virgin bituminous binder which was acquired from Jordan petroleum Refinery Company based in
Zaqra, Jordan. For this study, the authors obtained RPET plastic waste from single use water bottles and performed scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) to assess microstructural characteristics of surface structure of RPET. The authors fabricated the specimen by
utilising shear mixture to blend control binder with RPET plastic waste at four different proportions i.e., 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by
overall mass of bituminous binder. The authors carried several laboratory tests like- flash and fire point test, penetration test, softening
point test, and ductility test to assess conventional properties and rotational viscosity (RV), BBR, and DSR to assess rheological
property of asphalt binders. According to the test outcomes, ductility and penetration values decreased by incorporating RPET in
asphalt binders whereas viscosity and softening point of asphalt binder increased. Moreover, the authors observed improved rutting
performance of RPET modified asphalt binder on raising the amount of RPET plastic waste at all experimental temperatures. Finally,
the authors concluded that 15% of RPET plastic waste is optimum content to be used as modifier, improving the high temperature
operating grade by one grade (from 64 oC to 70 oC) and decreasing the low temperature working grade by one grade (from − 22oC to
− 16oC). Saqer et al. (2021) performed research to evaluate the influence of aggregate gradation and binder type on rutting and
cracking resistance of bituminous mixes utilized in construction of airport carriageway. The authors made use of ground tyre rubber
(GTR) modified asphalt binder, polymer modified bituminous binder and a highly polymer modified bituminous binder (HiMA) and
adopted Bailey method of gradation selection. In this study, the authors performed hamburg wheel tracking device (HWTD), asphalt
pavement analyser (APA), flow number, semi-circular bending (SCB) and indirect tensile strength test (IDT) to assess rutting and
cracking performance of bituminous mixture. Moreover, ranking was provided to the evaluated mixtures by conducting statistical
analysis. Considering the test outcomes, Bailey method of gradation was efficient in enhancing the rutting resistance of asphalt mixes.
Also, the binder type had a substantial impact on cracking resistance of tested airport asphalt mixes. P. Santos et. al (2020) examined
the use of crumb rubber (CR) from end-of-life tires in asphalt mixtures. It discusses the different processes of adding CR to produce
asphalt rubber (AR) mixtures, their performance, and their impact on life-cycle assessment, emissions, energy consumption, and costs.
The review highlights the benefits and challenges of using AR mixtures and emphasizes the potential for circular economy techniques.
[52].
The research studies reviewed that the incorporation of modifiers, including crumb rubber, diatomite particles, recycled poly
ethylene terephthalate (rPET), and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), has demonstrated improvements in mechanical attributes,
resistance against fatigue, rutting, and moisture-related failures. Fig. 2 depicts the different rubber and plastic waste incorporated in
the previous research studies.
3.5. Some of prominent research where bitumen has been transformed with the usage of some other additives are described below
V.H. Nguyen and V.P. Le (2019) performed the study on employing sulphur as an alternate binder ingredient in bituminous mixture
to examine cracking and rutting performances at different sulfur contents. To explore the engineering characteristics and morphologies
of sulphur treated asphalt binder, the authors used standard binder tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore the
author performed Marshall Stability test, indirect tensile test (IDT), wheel tracking test (WT), and indirect tensile fatigue test (IDTF) to
investigate cracking and rutting performance of sulfur modified bituminous mixture. Based on the results of the SEM test, it was
determined that adding between 30% and 40% sulphur to the asphalt binder increases the adherence of the asphalt particles. The result
of MEPDG program validated that incorporation of sulfur to asphalt mixture can significantly enhance their bottom-up cracking and
rutting resistance during field circumstances. Finally, the author concluded that sulfur modified binder can enhance mechanical
properties of bituminous binder along with the rutting and cracking resistance of asphalt pavement. Hu et al. (2019) examined the
viability of utilizing reclaimed asphalt felt waste (RPAF) modifier in hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixes and asphalt binders. The RPAF was
pre-treated by the authors in a two-step manner prior to getting employed to alter the virgin bitumen binder. In this study, the authors
used asphalt binder of penetration grade 60/80 and limestone as a filler to develop RPAF modified asphalt mix and binder. The authors
prepared modified binder with four varying percentage of RPAF supplements i.e., 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9% by overall mass of fresh binder
to examine the impact of RPAF on efficiency and attributes of bituminous binder and HMA mixtures. For each RPAF %, test type, and
test condition, the authors fabricated a minimum of three samples of the bituminous binder and HMA mixtures. The authors performed
a series of experimental investigations to explore the effect of RPAF additives which involved physical property, storage stability, and
rheological property test on modified binder and mechanical property tests for evaluating cracking and rutting performance on
modified HMA mixes. In accordance with the test findings, incorporating RPAF enhances viscosity and high temperature efficiency of
bituminous binders. Moreover, RPAF modified HMA mixes performed better than normal HMA mixes in terms of cracking, damage and
rutting resistance. The authors came to the final conclusion that it is conceivable to employ RPAF waste as a bituminous binder
modifier to improve the engineering attributes of both HMA mixture and bituminous binder.
Barati et al. (2020) examined the influence of recycled glass powder (RGP) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on both mechanical and
rheological attributes of bitumen and hot mix asphalt. For this study, the authors took bitumen of grade 60/70 obtained from Isfahan
refinery, a muiti-walled CNTs and RGP is obtained from flaked and broken grains. The incorporation rate for RGP were 25%, 50%, 75%
and 100% of total weight of fine aggregate and for CNTs were 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% of weight of bitumen. The authors prepared
17 types of asphalt mixes and also conducted economic analysis for 3-line road. In this study, Marshall Test was performed on asphalt
concrete samples prepared from CNT and RGP to determine Marshall Flow and stability values. The results of Marshall Test depicted
that stability of samples incorporating CNTs and RGP increased due to more active presence of CNTs as compared to RGP. The authors
concluded that incorporation of CNTs and RGP lead to an uneconomical design and finally recommended use of C1G25 (1% carbon
nanotubes, 25% RGP) asphalt mix design from technical-economical perspective. Paul et al. (2021) examined the impact of centrifuged
8
latex (CENEX) polymer on behaviour of dense bituminous macadam (DBM), and bituminous concrete (BC) of pavement. The present
research employed natural aggregates, VG 30 binder, stone dust as filler and CENEX polymer as modifier. The authors incorporated
CENEX polymer at various weight ratios i.e., 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% to modify VG30 binder. The authors made use of storage stability
test to determine optimum content of CENEX polymer which came out to be 6%. Also, it was observed that modified mixes required
less optimum binder content than control mixes. The authors conducted retained Marshall Stability test, four point bending beam test
(FPBT), resilient modulus ratio (RMR) test, boiling water test (BWT), tensile strength ratio (TSR) test and Hamburg wheel tracking test
(WTT) on bituminous mixtures. According to the test results, using CENEX polymer improved fatigue life, rut resistance, and moisture
damage resistance. Furthermore, it was found that CENEX modified mixes are more cost-effective than traditional mixes over the long
term based on life cycle cost analysis (LCCA). And finally, the authors concluded that CENEX polymer can be used to achieve better
performance and higher pavement service life.
Based on the research studies reviewed, sulphur has shown promise in improving cracking and rutting resistance, while reclaimed
asphalt felt waste (RPAF) has demonstrated its ability to enhance viscosity and high-temperature performance. The incorporation of
recycled glass powder (RGP) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has shown positive effects on mechanical attributes, and centrifuged latex
(CENEX) polymer has proven to enhance fatigue life and rut resistance. .
3.6. Bibliometric Analysis of research work incorporating binder modification in flexible pavement
For this analysis, web of science data base is incorporated in the study. The study focuses on research landscape of binder
modification in the field of flexible pavement. The analysis covers a time span of 2004–2023 and provides a comprehensive evaluation
of the growth, age, impact and collaboration of research in the field. The results of the analysis can be useful for researchers and
stakeholders in the field of developing bituminous binders to understand the current state of research and plan future research
activities.
The Fig. 3 offers information which pertains to a dataset with a time range of 2004–2023 and a total of 112 documents called from
40 distinct publications like books and journals. The dataset is growing at a pace of 13.45% each year, suggesting that the number of
documents is steadily rising over time. With a mean document age of 5.36 years, the collection likely includes cutting-edge studies. The
average number of citations per document in the dataset is 12.21, which is a strong indicator of the research’s impact and significance
among academics. Additional information on the papers’ contents and topics is provided by the 464 author’s keywords (DE) and 229
keywords plus (ID) that are included in the dataset. There are 379 different authors included in the dataset, with just two papers being
sole authors. This shows that most documents have many writers working together. The average number of authors per document is
4.14, indicating strong levels of cooperation among academics. In this dataset, foreign co-authorship accounts for around 22.32% of all
co-authorships, suggesting that scholars from a variety of nations worked together on studies. There are a total of 98 different cate
gories of publications, 6 different types of early access papers, 1 paper from proceedings, 1 piece of editorial content, and 6 reviews
included in the dataset. This wide variety of file formats indicates that the dataset contains a wide variety of academic contributions.
This dataset is a compilation of research papers written by a variety of writers and drawn from a broad variety of sources. The growing
size of the dataset, the authors’ willingness to work together, and the large number of citations to the work inside it all point to the
dataset’s potential usefulness.
Fig. 4 is showing a three-field plot of web of science database among source, author and main keywords in the form of diagram. It
helps us to understand and give insight of valuable and useful academic journal that can be considered for our research area showing a
relation between the prominent area of research in our field and there expert in the form of authors. It eventually helps us to evolve and
innovate the untouched area of research and keep the track of research in our field of concern.
The Fig. 5 represents the articles dealing with binder modification in flexible pavement. The "International Journal of Pavement
Fig. 3. Main information including authors, documents and sources.
9
Fig. 4. Three Field Plot of Web of Science.
Fig. 5. Most Relevant Source (Web of Science).
Engineering" comes in second with 10 articles, while "Construction and Building Materials" has 26. The "Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering" and the "Road Materials and Pavement Design" each have 9 and 8 papers, respectively, that are also very helpful. These
references stress the relevance of Binder modification research to pavement engineering and transportation studies. The figure depicts
a vibrant and varied research environment, displaying scientific advancement and teamwork in the area. The results highlight the
importance of innovations and testing procedures in resolving issues and propelling the sector forward, reflecting a multidisciplinary
approach.
The Fig. 6 represents the source dynamics of Web of Science database It compiles data on the total number of articles produced each
year across all nations. China’s article production has increased dramatically, from 2 articles in 2006–96 articles in 2023. While output
in Japan, the United States, and France remain largely unchanged, 23 research publications had been produced from India. Production
in Spain is unpredictable, rising to 10 products in 2023. This information is quite helpful for comparing the research output and activity
of different nations in the research topic that help to understand the network diagram of authors country wise.
10
Fig. 6. Source Dynamics of Web of Science database.
4. Previous research studies incorporating waste as an aggregate replacement in flexible pavement
4.1. Aggregate- a strength component of flexible pavement
Aggregates acts as the crucial component of the road structure, possessing stresses due to vehicle load as well as resist wear owing to
abrasive action of traffic [67–69]. Right selection of aggregates together with the suitable proportioning influences the functionality of
pavements [70]. Traditional methods of creating virgin aggregates for use in bituminous layers in flexible pavements lead to sub
stantial energy waste and environmental issues. Energy is used up, greenhouse gases are released, and scarce materials are used up in
the process of removing, processing, and transporting natural aggregates. A lower requirement for new aggregates may be achieved by
the use of alternative methods such RAP recycling and the use of other materials. It is possible to reduce energy waste and encourage
ecologically friendly pavement building by using energy-saving technology and adopting sustainable practises.
4.2. Some of prominent research where natural aggregate has been modified with the help of some other additive are discussed below
Sankarlal et al. (2017) analysed the utilisation of fly ash, scrap plastic, and copper slag in bituminous concrete. In this study, the
author employed waste plastic as a binder, stone dust and fly ash as filler materials, and copper slag in varied percentages (20%, 30%,
and 40%) as fine aggregate. For the purpose of mix design, the author performed a Marshall test and assessed a number of parameters,
including flow value, stability, void filled with mineral aggregate, percent air void, void filled with bitumen, and ideal bitumen
content. Finally the authors concluded that copper slag can substitute stone dust because of improved mechanical and volumetric
properties of mix. Nascimento et al. (2019) provided an overview an industrial waste to be substituted as conventional aggregate in
asphalt pavements. The author discussed studies on incorporation of various industrial waste like foundry sand, steel slag, fly ash and
plastic. The incorporation rate vary from 5% to 15% for foundry sand, 30% for fly ash and 70% for steel slag on the basis of studies
presented. The authors concluded that industrial waste like fly ash, foundry sand and steel slag may be utilised as a substitute of
traditional aggregate in bituminous pavements. Finally the author suggested to perform environmental assessment of the obtained
mixture by performing leaching test, to ensure that incorporation of these industrial waste do not present any unenviable impact in the
surrounding natural habitat. The authors conducted various chemical composition test for these waste like XRF, SEM. Meroni et al.
(2020) applied balance mix design (BMD) approach to enhance surface mixtures with high RAP content. The major goal of this
research was to produce highly recycled surface mixtures that may deliver successful outcomes in the field. The authors made a
comparison between mixes prepared with balanced mix design approach and traditional mixes produced using volumetric mix design
approach. The BMD method used the asphalt pavement analyser (APA) to assess rutting resistance and the indirect tensile cracking test
to assess fracture resistance. This performance-based process makes it possible to create a high recycled content mix (45% RAP)
capable of outperforming conventional mixes overall in lab tests. The authors also performed a life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) to see
how a high recycled content mix would impact production costs and came to the conclusion that this approach was more economical.
Nwakaire et al. (2020) evaluated the efficacy of stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixes by replacing 20%,40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of
11
coarse aggregate and 100% of fine aggregate with recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) for sustainable flexible pavement surface. Under
this research, the authors used simple linear regression technique to determine optimum binder contents (OBCs) of SMA. The authors
incorporated granite aggregates and RCA obtained from Kajang rock quarry and concrete beam wastes from laboratory respectively.
The mixtures investigated in this study are designated as CR20, CR40, CR60, CR80, CR100, and FCR100 which were also compared
with control mix on the basis of test conducted in laboratory. The authors performed Marshall Stability test, moisture susceptibility
test, resilient modulus, ITS, skid resistance, rutting resistance, fatigue resistance and abrasion resistance test for SMA mixtures. The
filler utilized in this study was obtained from sieving of crushed granite and binder of grade 80/100 was used for this study. The
authors selected SMA grade 14 mixture as per the technical requirements for road constructions of the Malaysian department of
transportation [71]. The authors conducted tests at optimal binder concentration of each level of replacement acquired using Marshall
Method of mix formulation. The control mixes showed better performance than RCA mixtures on the account of indirect tensile
strength test and resilient modulus test whereas RCA mixes outperformed control mixes on the basis of certain other tests. The per
formance of mixture with 40% RCA and control mix were comparable on the basis of indirect tensile strength test and resilient modulus
tests. Finally, the authors came to the conclusion that RCA may be successfully employed as a virgin aggregate replacement in flexible
pavement applications and advised a replacement level of 40% for the best results. Zhu et al. (2020) studied the process of mix design
and performance of high modulus bituminous mixture by adjusting the proportion of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP). The authors
proposed and verified a customized regenerating method in this research related to inadequate bonding between aged and stiff virgin
binder. The authors used asphalt binder of low penetration grade #30 for taking the benefit of hardening impact of aged bitumen and
utilized limestone as virgin aggregate. For this study, the authors collected RAP from Jiangsu highway engineering maintenance Co.
Ltd which was pulverized prior laboratory tests. The authors prepared the specimen using traditional and modified regeneration
method with varying RAP proportions of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 70% which were further evaluated to determine optimal RAP content
and validate impact of blending pattern. Furthermore, the authors selected five trial blends for bituminous binder content i.e. 3.8%,
4.3%, 4.8%, 5.3%, and 5.8%. The modified blending pattern and traditional blending pattern for hot recycling is shown in Fig. 7. The
authors conducted various laboratory tests like Marshall Stability and flow value test, bending test, modified lottman test, Marshall
Immersion test, and dynamic modulus test to investigate the performance of mixture. The authors found that mixture produced using
modified approach were much more consistent than conventional method although low temperature performance still falls below
standards. Finally, the authors concluded that mixture with 40% RAP was found best when it comes of moisture damage susceptibility
and dynamic modulus. And result of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test depicted that customized approach enhances the
interaction between RAP and control binder as well as natural aggregate. Also the authors suggested investigation to evaluate this
strategy and the practicability.
Modupe et al. (2020) investigated the suitability of using calcite powder as a filler substitute in bituminous concrete mixes. In this
investigation, the authors used granite chips as coarse aggregate and river bed sand as fine aggregate, asphalt binder of 60/70
penetration grade to prepare both control and calcite powder modified sample. The authors collected the materials from on-going
worksite in Landmark University, Omu Aran, Nigeria. The authors evaluated the samples by partly substituting traditional filler
with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of calcite powder. After fabricating the samples, the authors conducted Marshall Stability and
flow test through which it was found that modified mix performed better than control mix. Moreover, the authors carried X-ray
diffraction (XRD) micrograph and SEM test on modified mixture and observed improved bonding of bitumen, calcite powder, and
aggregates due to presence of calcium. The results depicted that there is possibility of utilizing calcite powder in bituminous mixes
Fig. 7. Comparison of standard and improved regeneration technique.
12
because of cost reduction during construction and best suited for use in parking lots, medium trafficked roads and walkways. Abass
et al. (2020) investigated the effect of different treatment metods of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) on efficacy of sustainable warm
mix asphalt. The authors incorporated 3 types of RCA i.e. hydrated lime (HL) processed RCA, hydrochloric acid (HCL) processed RCA
and untreated RCA at five varying proportions (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) by replacing coarse aggregate fraction of natural
aggregates. For this study, the authors used asphalt binder of performance grade PG 64–16 which was obtained from a refinery of
Doura, natural aggregate was pulverized quartz obtained from Al-Nibaie’s quarry and recycled concrete aggregate brought from
concrete recycling factory in Alrathwanya region. The authors treated RCA using 1.5% of hydrated lime slurry and HCL at low con
centration of 0.1 molarity. The authors produced warm mix asphalt using aspha min (Na2O.Al2O3.2SiO2) powder as a additive and
filler employed in this study was limestone dust. The authors performed SEM analysis to examine surface structure for both treated and
untreated RCA. The authors adopted Marshall Method of mix design to determine optimum binder content. Thereafter, the authors
evaluated the engineering properties of asphalt concrete specimen at optimum binder content by carrying moisture susceptibility test,
resilient modulus test and rutting test. On the basis of study. It was found that untreated RCA mixes possess higher optimum binder
content than that of treated RCA mixes with recycled concrete aggregate content of 100%. The authors observed that moisture sus
ceptibility of HL and HCL processed RCA was improved by 9.09% and 10.34% when compared with the untreated RCA. Although,
mixes with 100% RCA possess lower value of resilient modulus and resistance to permanent deformation than those created using
natural aggregate [72]. The authors also discussed the material cost and energy saving implications and finally concluded that hy
drated lime and hydrochloric acid can be effectively employed to improve RCA’s performance in warm mix asphalt.
Purohit et al. (2020) attempted a simple approach to examine the impact of blending recycled concrete aggregate and recycled
Fig. 8. Streamlined processes for using and disposing of C&D waste.
13
asphalt pavement (RAP) in dense bituminous macadam (DBM) mixtures involving reorientation of gradation of RAP aggregates with
RCA and modification of RAP bitumen by treating with conventional low viscosity grade bitumen i.e., VG10 and VG30 bitumen. This
research focused on designing an optimal mix with RCA, RAP, and low viscosity binder. The authors used penetration test to establish
the best amount of VG10 bitumen or VG30 bitumen and RAP bitumen, resulted in 60:40 and 70:30 respectively. During this study,
Marshall Method of mix design was applied to generate modified mixes corroborated by ITS test and moisture susceptibility test. For
the purpose of comparison, the authors also developed control DBM mix using conventional stone aggregates and VG40 binder. The
authors collected RAP from a road site located in sector-1, Rourkela, India and RCA was obtained from a demolished old building in
NIT Rourkela campus, India. The.
performance of modified RAP bitumen was investigated by conducting both conventional binder test and rheological property
tests. The test results of modified RAP mixes depicted 22% and 28% increase in Marshall Stability as compared to control mix with
VG30 and VG10 binder respectively. Furthermore, the authors found that RAP modified mixes with RCA outperformed conventional
mixes in terms of ITS. The Fig. 8 shows the streamlined processes for using and disposing of C&D waste [73,74].
Table 5
Summarization of relevant reviewed research on usage of waste as an aggregate in bituminous layers.
Author Name Waste Replaced as Test Parameters Conclusion Refs.
and Year
Sankarlal et al. Copper slag, and fly ash Copper slag-fine Marshall stability test Copper slag can be used as a [77]
(2017) aggregate and fly replacement for stone dust because of
[77] ash- filler material improved mechanical and volumetric
properties of mix.
Nascimento Foundry sand, steel slag, and fly Conventional Chemical composition tests Industrial waste like fly ash, foundry [78]
et al. ash aggregate like SEM, XRF etc. sand and steel slag may be utilised as a
(2019) substitute of traditional aggregate in
[78] bituminous pavements.
Meroni et al. Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Natural aggregate Indirect tensile cracking test, It is possible to produce high recycled [79]
(2020) (RAP) Asphalt Pavement Analyser content mix (45% RAP) capable of
[79] test, and Life Cycle Cost attaining better overall laboratory
Analysis performance than traditional mixes.
Nwakaire et al. Recycled Concrete Aggregate Fine and coarse Linear regression technique, RCA may be utilised as a viable [80]
(2020) (RCA) aggregate Marshall stability test, substitute for natural aggregate in
[80] Resilient modulus test, flexible pavement applications and
moisture susceptibility test etc. recommended 40% replacement level
for optimal performance.
Zhu et al. Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Natural aggregate Mechanical property tests and Mixture with 40% RAP was found [81]
(2020) (RAP) chemical composition test optimum in terms of moisture damage
[81] susceptibility and dynamic modulus.
Modupe et al. Calcite powder Filler substitute Chemical composition tests There is possibility of utilizing calcite [82]
(2020) like XRF, SEM and mechanical powder in bituminous mixes because of
[48] property tests like Marshall cost reduction during construction and
stability test best suited for use in parking lots,
medium trafficked roads and
walkways.
Abass et al. Recycled Concrete Aggregate Coarse aggregate Chemical property tests like Untreated RCA mixtures exhibits [83]
(2020) (RCA) SEM and mechanical property greater optimal binder content than
[49] tests like Resilient modulus, that of treated RCA mixtures with
moisture susceptibility etc. recycled concrete aggregate content of
100%.
Purohit et al. RCA, RAP Conventional Rheological property test, RAP modified mixes with RCA [84]
(2020) Aggregate Physical property tests and outperformed conventional mixes in
[50] Mechanical property tests terms of ITS.
Chaudary et al. Agricultural wastes, industrial Fine and Coarse Physical, chemical and The utilization of waste materials as [75]
(2020) wastes, municipal/household/ aggregate Morphological property tests. fillers in asphalt mixes has the
[75] domestic wastes, mining potential to improve the sustainability
wastes, and construction and of pavement construction and reduce
demolition wastes environmental impact. Further
research is needed to explore the
performance and properties of
different waste materials as fillers and
to develop efficient material processing
technologies.
Zhao et al. Recycled concrete aggregates, Fine and Coarse Physical, chemical and The paper emphasized the [76]
(2020) reclaimed asphalt pavement, fly aggregate mechanical property tests environmental and economic benefits
[76] ash, bottom ash, waste rubber, of utilizing solid waste materials in
and waste plastics pavement engineering. Further
research is encouraged to explore the
material properties and
environmental/economic effects of
these waste materials in more detail.
14
Chaudary et al. (2020) focused on investigation of the performance of various waste materials as alternative fillers in asphalt mixes.
The study included more than 20 different types of wastes obtained from various sources in 30 major countries. The literature review
analysed the influence of these waste fillers on the properties of asphalt mastics and mixes. The study also discusses the effect of
physical and chemical modification of waste materials and their potential to fulfill the structural and environmental requirements of
paving projects [75]. Zhao et al. (2020) [76] examined the recent applications of waste solid materials in pavement engineering,
focusing on six popular waste materials: recycled concrete aggregates, reclaimed asphalt pavement, fly ash, bottom ash, waste rubber,
and waste plastics. The article covers the structural properties, treatments, novel research, environmental analysis, and economic
analysis of each material. The findings suggest that these waste materials have both environmental and economic benefits when used
in pavement engineering.
After reviewing these studies, it is concluded that by utilising waste as a replacement for conventional aggregate in bituminous
pavement has improved the functionality of pavement layers. Bituminous mixes with added fly ash, scrap plastic, copper slag, foundry
sand, steel slag, and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) have shown enhanced mechanical and volumetric qualities. These alternatives
help the environment since they lessen the need for traditional aggregates and encourage the use of eco-friendly techniques throughout
the paving process. Bituminous mixture performance may also be improved by the use of specialised regeneration techniques,
balancing mix design strategies, and waste material treatment procedures. This research suggests that resource conservation, cost-
effectiveness, and enhanced sustainability may result from using waste materials in bituminous pavements. .
4.3. Bibliometric analysis of research work incorporating waste as an aggregate replacement in flexible pavement
For this analysis, web of science data base is incorporated in the study. The study focuses on research landscape of incorporating
waste as an aggregate replacement in the field of flexible pavement. The analysis covers a time span of 2004–2023 and provides a
comprehensive evaluation of the growth, age, impact and collaboration of research in the field. The results of the analysis can be useful
for researchers and stakeholders in the field of utilising waste as an alternative to conventional aggregate for understanding the current
state of research and plan future research activities.
A dataset spanning the years 2004–2023 is shown in the Fig. 9 on aggregate replacement study in the flexible pavement. There are
117 papers in all, drawn from 42 periodicals and books. The data set has been consistently expanding over time, with an annual growth
rate of 13.45%. The collection comprises mostly new research as shown by the average document age of 5.31 years. On average, there
are 12.61 citations per paper, which is a strong indicator of its significance among academics. Additional information about the nature
and scope of the papers may be gleaned from the dataset’s 245 keywords plus (ID) and 466 author’s keywords (DE). There are 378
different writers included in the dataset, with just one author contributing to three separate papers. This shows that most documents
have many writers working together. There are 4.02 contributors on average per publication, with 25.64% of writers hailing from
outside the country. Articles (101), early access articles (6), papers from proceedings (1), editorials (1), and reviews (8) are the most
common categories of documents in the collection.
Fig. 10 is showing a three-field plot of web of science database among source, author and main keywords in the form of diagram. It
helps us to understand and give insight of valuable and useful academic journal that can be considered for our research area showing a
relation between the prominent area of research in our field and their expert in the form of authors. It eventually helps us to evolve and
innovate the untouched area of research and keep the track of research in our field of concern.
Fig. 9. Main information including authors, documents and sources.
15
Fig. 10. Three Field Plot of Web of Science.
In terms of aggregate replacement in flexible pavement, the sources shown in the Fig. 11 reflect the most influential and cutting-
edge ones. The most articles (30) can be found in "Construction and Building Materials," making it the go-to source for this topic.
Similarly prestigious periodicals, including "International Journal of Pavement Engineering," "Journal of Materials in Civil Engi
neering," and "Road Materials and Pavement Design," each contribute 7 pieces to the discussion. These materials provide important
Fig. 11. Most Relevant Source (Web of Science).
16
context for the current research and development of alternative aggregates. In addition, several periodicals, including as "Sustain
ability," "Journal of Testing and Evaluation," and others, provide a wide variety of viewpoints and methods for addressing this critical
facet of flexible pavement. Researchers looking for ground-breaking ideas will find these references to be guiding lights; as a result, the
area of pavement engineering will see an increase in creativity and longevity.
An interesting research trip spanning nations and time is shown in the Fig. 12 that focuses on aggregate replacement in flexible
pavement. From only two articles in 2006 to an astounding eighty-seven articles in 2023, China has emerged as a global superpower. In
2023, the United States, a reliable contributor, had written 35 total articles. A new star is born in 2023 as India blossoms with 23
published papers. The more restrained rise of France (25 articles) and Spain (12 articles) in 2023 exemplifies the latter country’s
commitment to consistent expansion. There is a symphony of research being conducted between these nations, bringing together
previously disparate viewpoints and advancing the discipline for aggregate replacement research.
5. Previous research studies incorporating both: binder modification and aggregate replacement in flexible pavement
Kowalski et al. (2016) designed the eco-innovative bituminous pavement with partial replacement of green and sustainable ma
terials into bituminous mixtures: bio binder from vegetable oil, lignin fibre, construction and demolition waste (C&DW) and Reclaimed
Asphalt Pavement (RAP). The authors focused on two primary constituents of bituminous mixture i.e. bitumen and aggregate. In
consonance with bitumen, two techniques are explored to green the virgin binder proportion. The first included fraction of petro-
chemical binder to be substituted with bio based materials and second made use of industrial effluents (bio-derived) to substitute
the crude oil generated polymer in modified bitumen. The authors explored two distinct ways in consonance with aggregate, first was
to use higher percentage of RAP in hot asphalt mixture and second was to use C&DW. The major innovations made by authors are
summarized as:
i. Introduction of green bitumen modifier in surface course as an alternative to polymer in modified bitumen.
ii. Use of bio-fluxing agent for incorporation of higher percentage of RAP in binder and base course.
iii. Use of C&DW in sub-base and subgrade.
This approach is funded by Asphalt pavement for Sustainable environment (ASPE) projects. The author used TRL pavement testing
facility (PTF) to access to combination material used in road structure and ALIZE-LCPC software created by IFSTTAR for design of
analytical bituminous pavements [85,86]. Finally, the author’s concluded binder and recycled materials can be adopted for wide
spread application in road pavement structure. Kowalski et al. (2017) carried out a study on bituminous mixtures with RAP customized
with bio agent of rapeseed source. For this study, the authors took three different bitumen (35/50, 50/70 and 70/100) as per European
specification, and bio agent of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) derived from rapeseed oil. The RAP incorporated in this study was
processed from a bituminous base layer. The asphalt mixing process supported by a bio agent owing to its flexing effect helps in
removing the unfavourable stiffening of asphalt mixture. During the study, the authors performed various bitumen and mixture tests to
Fig. 12. Source Dynamics of Web of Science database.
17
evaluate thermal and fatigue properties like - thermal stress restrained specimen test(TSRST), four point bending test for asphalt
mixture and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) for binder. Depending on bitumen test it was analysed that a small proportion of bio agent
(2.5%) positively affects bitumen quality at low temperature, further more in second phase of process polymerization improved the
bitumen properties at high operating temperature. Based on mixture test, it was demonstrated that bio origin flux functions as reju
venator and permits incorporation of 30% cold RAPE. Finally the authors concluded that the bituminous mixture with RAPE altered
with 2.5% bio agent had increased cracking and fatigue resistance. Also the author suggested to use some vegetables origin material
such as linseed oil, tung oil and sunflower oil to assess its viability as a road bitumen modifiers. Gautam et al. (2018) provided a
summary of recycled material that had been efficiently incorporated in various layers of flexible pavements. The authors had also made
an attempt to determine the reason by which despite having substantial research, their field execution has been restricted and also
suggested remedial measures through the usage of recycled material in different layers of flexible pavements may be encouraged. The
author also discussed recommendation by the several state transportation authorities related to utilisation of waste in flexible
pavements. Finally, the author concluded there are numerous potential waste material which can be utilized in flexible pavements
because they provide a feasible solution for problem of disposal sites and helps in saving energy and decreasing total construction cost.
Farias et al. (2018) performed an experimental study to evaluate the behaviour of hot mix asphalt (HMA) fabricated with recycled
concrete aggregate and crumb rubber. The authors carried out a series of test for characterization of granular materials following
which 4 types asphalt mixtures were prepared:
i. Using virgin binder of penetration grade 50/70% and 100% of limestone as aggregate.
ii. Using virgin binder of penetration grade 50/70% and 100% of RCA as aggregate.
iii. Using crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB) and 100% of limestone as aggregate.
iv. Using CRMB and 100% of RCA as aggregate.
The authors also conducted physical and rheological property tests on bituminous binders and indirect tensile strength, Marshall
Stability test, and cantabro abrasion, and resilient modulus test on bituminous concrete mixtures. The authors collected construction
and demolition waste from a soccer stadium, Brasilia, Brazil. The tests results depicted that mixture with 100% RCA lead to greater
optimal binder content and air voids (Va) although had enhanced mechanical properties except for fatigue life. Finally, the authors
concluded that HMA mixtures with 100% RCA are not suitable. Moreover, the authors suggested to evaluate the impact of RCA on
attributes of HMA by varying dosage of mixture by volume and not by mass. Jonia et al. (2019) [87] examined the possibilities of
utilizing waste engine oil (WEO) and waste vegetable oil (WVO) as a regenerating agent for aged bituminous binder obtained from
reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). For this investigation, the authors obtained RAP from 6 years old pavement which made use of
40/50 asphalt binder at the time of construction and waste oils from various restaurants, residential dwellings and vehicle workshop.
The authors incorporated WEO and WVO separately in three percentages (1%, 2%, 3%) into the aged bitumen by conducting different
laboratory tests for investigating physicochemical characteristics of both aged and regenerated bituminous binders which involves
ductility, penetration, softening point, kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, flash point, loss on heating and fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy tests. Based on tests result, it was concluded that 1% of WVO and 3% of WEO can reclaim the aged (20/30) asphalt to its
original (40/50) penetration grade. Moreover, it was noticed that influence of WVO on characteristics of bituminous binder was better
than that of WEO.
Ali Behnood (2019) [88] provided the comprehensive review of the use of rejuvenators in asphalt pavements to improve their
rheological and mechanical properties. It discussed the advantages and disadvantages of using recycled materials, the aging mecha
nism of asphalt binders, the effects of rejuvenators on binder properties, rejuvenation mechanisms, and methods for determining the
optimum rejuvenator content. The findings suggest that rejuvenators can successfully restore the properties of aged binders, and the
article offers guidelines for pavement engineers and suggestions for future research. Ding et al. (2019) [5] analysed the performance of
recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) with virgin asphalt and stable crumb rubber asphalt (SCRA) individually and then in combination
with rejuvenator and SCRA. In this study, RAP incorporation rate for both SCRA recycled asphalt mixture were 0%, 30%, 50%. The
authors analysed the behaviour of different mixes on the basis of laboratory tests like low temperature bending beam testing, wheel
tracking testing, Marshall Immersion testing and four point bending beam testing. Based on test results, it was found that that recycled
bituminous mixture with high RAP content had better high temperature stability and worse moisture stability, fatigue life, and low
temperature property with both virgin aggregate (VA) and SCRA. The authors concluded that the SCRA is more efficient than VA for
recycling aged bituminous mixtures with high RAP concentration. Moreover, combination of SCRA and rejuvenator improved the low
temperature performance of bituminous mixtures with RAP content. Shorbagy et al. (2019) focused on the effect of utilising waste
cooking oil (WCO) and waste engine oil (WEO) as a substitute material to aged bitumen extracted from recycled asphalt pavement
(RAP) and also determined optimal proportion of both rejuvenators. The authors compared the characteristics of virgin bitumen with
rejuvenated bitumen by performing standard binder tests such as softening point and penetration test and advance rheological testing
such as dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), bending beam rheometer (BBM), and Brookfield viscosity test. For physical and chemical
property analysis, test like energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) were conducted. And ultimately to examine the influence of rejuvenator on mix characteristics tests like indirect tensile strength
test (ITS), Marshall Stability and flow value were conducted. Based on binder tests, optimum percentage of waste oils were discovered
which ranges between 3.5% and 4% for WCO and between 5.5% and 6% for WEO. Moreover, DSR test confirmed that regenerated
bitumen exhibits reduced propensity to short term ageing. The authors concluded that regenerated 100% RAP mixtures can be used as
a binder course for heavy traffic condition and as a wearing course for medium traffic condition because the test results were found
within specification limits of Egyptian transportation department.
18
Zhu et al. (2020) examined the behaviour of fibre modified bituminous mixture incorporating high proportion of RAP. In this study,
the authors took three types of fibre materials as binder/mixture additive i.e. lignin fibre (LF), basalt fibre (BF), and polyester fibre
(PF). The authors evaluated fibre customized binders and bituminous mixtures with several RAP concentrations (0%, 20%, and 40%)
on the basis of two sets of laboratory tests:
i. Bending beam rheometer (BBR) and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) were carried out to analyse the rheological properties of fibre
customized binders.
ii. Bending creep testing, wheel tracking testing, fatigue testing, moisture susceptibility testing, self-healing fatigue testing were
conducted to explore laboratory characteristics of fibre customized RAP mixes.
The findings of DSR test depicted that basalt fibre had the best high temperature rutting resistance and BBR test depicted that
control binder had superior low temperature behaviour. The authors concluded that BF modified mixes comprising 40% RAP had the
maximum dynamic modulus and least rut depth. Based on moisture susceptibility test, it was found that PF customized bituminous
mixture with 0% RAP had highest resistance to moisture damage. Gopalam et al. (2020) [89] conducted research to study effect of
binder type on behaviour of dense graded asphalt mixes incorporating recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) substituting coarse
aggregate proportion of traditional stone aggregates. Under this research, the authors prepared dense bituminous macadam (DBM)
according to the Indian Standard guidelines utilising three different kinds of asphalt binders i.e. VG30, VG40 and crumb rubber
modified binder (CRMB). The authors collected RCA resulting from specimen casting performed for research and testing purposes in
concrete laboratory of GMR Institute of Technology. The authors used cement as a filler and stone dust as a fine aggregate proportion.
The authors also made a comparison of DBM mixes processed using conventional natural aggregate and recycled concrete aggregate.
The mixtures produced in this research were investigated by means of several tests including Marshall Stability testing, tensile strength
ratio testing, indirect tensile strength testing, retained stability testing, flow number testing, and resilient modulus testing. The authors
noticed that all the mixes prepared in this investigation were suitable in terms of moisture susceptibility and Marshall Characteristics.
The test results depicted that mixture containing CRMB/VG40 bitumen outperformed in either of RCA or natural aggregate (NA),
slightly showing better results for NA as compared to RCA. Finally, the authors concluded that construction and demolition waste i.e.,
RCA in combination with VG40 bitumen or CRMB can be utilized as a replacement to rapidly depleting stone aggregates for sustainable
growth of asphalt road infrastructure. Yousefi et al.(2020) [90] evaluated the performance of asphalt mixtures containing warm mix
asphalt (WMA) additives and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). The study investigated the mechanical and durability performance of
WMA mixtures with different types of additives, including Sasobit, Kaowax, Zeolite, and PAWMA. Various mechanical tests were
conducted to evaluate the properties of the mixtures, including dynamic creep, resilient modulus, indirect tensile strength, and
semi-circular bending fracture. The findings indicate that the mechanical performance of the mixtures depends on the type of WMA
additive used. The incorporation of RAP materials into the mixtures improves resistance to rutting but decreases flexibility and
cracking resistance. The mixtures containing RAP and Kaowax show the highest flow number value, while those containing Zeolite
show the lowest flow number value. The mixtures containing RAP and PAWMA exhibit the highest resistance to moisture damage.
Overall, the study provides insights into the performance of WMA mixtures with RAP materials and different additives Filho et al.
(2020) [91] evaluated the use of cold recycled asphalt mixtures utilizing 100% RAP with an emulsified bitumen recycling agent as a
new pavement base course. For evaluating the mix behaviour in field, a trial section of length 2 km was built in high traffic roadway in
San Paulo, Brazil. The structural behaviour was assessed using falling weight deflectometer (FWD) for 12 months to monitor its ef
ficiency over time. However, during the development of trial section, the authors took the specimens of cold recycled mixes which
were later used in laboratory to assess effect of storage interval (7,14, and 28 days) and curing time (1,3,5,7,26, and 56 days).
Furthermore, the authors performed laboratory tests to investigate the strength and stiffness properties of recycled mixture through
Fig. 13. Proposed pavement layout for trial segment.
19
indirect tensile strength testing and resilient modulus testing. The emulsified bitumen recycling agent incorporated in this research
contains styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) which was developed particularly for the RAP under study. The manufacturing of cold
bituminous recycled mixtures was executed using a stationary recycling plant comprising specific elements to crush and sieve the RAP.
The authors concluded that cold recycled asphalt mixture may be utilised as a replacement to new bituminous pavement courses
because of improved mechanical characteristics while performing the tests. The proposed pavement layout for trial segment is depicted
in Fig. 13.
Wang et al. (2021) explored the use of re-recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) in combination with warm mix asphalt (WMA)
technology. The study examined the performance properties of asphalt mixtures at both the binder and mixture scales. The results
indicate that the WMA mixture with re-recycled RAP exhibits improved low temperature properties and a slight reduction in fatigue
response. The study supports the use of re-recycled RAP up to 40% in asphalt mix designs [92]. Obaid et al. (2022) [93] investigated
the properties of modified warm-mix asphalt mixtures containing different percentages of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). The
study evaluated the mechanical and durable characteristics of the mixtures using various additives and RAP percentages. The results
showed that the additives improve the mechanical properties of the mixtures, and the best properties are achieved with specific
additive percentages and mixing temperatures. The study highlights the potential for using RAP in WMA mixtures to promote waste
recycling in the paving industry. Yousefi et al. (2022) [94] focused on assessing the effect of different additives on the mechanical
properties and durability of asphalt mixtures. Performance interaction diagrams were used to evaluate the resistance against rutting,
cracking, and moisture damage. The authors examined the mechanical and durability properties of asphalt mixtures including
different additives, recycling agents and anti-stripping agents. The paper also includes details on the Superpave mix design process and
the testing methods used to evaluate the performance of the asphalt mixtures. The results indicated that RAP mixtures prepared with
the aromatic extract and tall oil RAs decreased the moisture susceptibility, while triglycerides and fatty acids increased the moisture
susceptibility. .
6. Challenges, suggestions, and recommendations for future studies
6.1. Various challenges faced during utilising of waste in construction
i. Material Compatibility: One of the biggest obstacles is making recycled materials work with the aggregates and binders
already used in pavement. To guarantee the pavement’s performance and longevity, accurate characterisation and testing are
required.
ii. Quality Assurance: It might be difficult to ensure that waste-derived products consistently meet quality and performance
criteria. To lessen the chances of unfavourable outcomes, it’s important to have dependable sources, processing, and quality
control procedures in place.
iii. Environmental effect: Care must be taken in evaluating the environmental effect of waste use. Considerations for the envi
ronment throughout the product’s life cycle must be made, such as the possibility of pollutant leaching and production-related
air emissions.
6.2. Suggestions
i. Comprehensive study: To comprehend the behaviour and long-term performance of waste materials in flexible pavement,
extensive study is necessary. The engineering qualities, durability, and effect on pavement performance under different situ
ations must be investigated.
ii. Material Characterization: It is crucial to fully characterise waste materials to assess their acceptability and compatibility for
pavement applications. To guarantee they are up to par, their physical, mechanical, and chemical characteristics must be tested.
iii. Performance Testing: To evaluate the behaviour and structural integrity of pavement including waste materials, rigorous
performance testing, including laboratory and field assessments, should be performed.
6.3. Recommendations
i. Regulatory Frameworks:
Governments should provide clear norms and standards for the use of waste materials in pavement building. This would
guarantee eco-friendly practises in terms of handling, quality assurance, and regulatory conformity.
ii. Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing:
Stakeholders including researchers, engineers, waste management authorities, and industry professionals should collaborate
to share knowledge and experiences. This would facilitate the adoption of best practices and foster innovation in waste
utilization.
iii. Economic Incentives:
To encourage the use of waste materials in pavement building, governments and financing organisations may provide grants or tax
breaks. As a result, more money would be available for studying, creating, and putting into practise environmentally friendly paving
options.
20
Table 6
Summarization of major reviewed research on usage of waste as a substitute for both aggregate and binder in bituminous layers.
Author Waste Replaced as Test Parameters Conclusion Refs.
Name and
Year
Kowalski Bio binder from Binder additive Accelerated testing using TRL pavement Bio binder and recycled materials can be [95]
et al. vegetable oil, lignin and natural test facility and design analysis using adopted for wide spread application in
(2016) fibre, RAP and C&DW aggregate ALIZE-LCPC software road pavement structure.
[53]
Kowalski Bio agent of rapeseed Binder additive Thermal and fatigue property tests, Bituminous mixture with RAP [96]
et al. origin and RAP and natural Rheological property test customized with 2.5% bio agent had
(2017) aggregate increased cracking and fatigue
[96] resistance.
Gautam Numerous recycled Natural material Recommendation of the several state There are several potential waste [29]
et al. materials in flexible transportation authorities related to material that may be employed in
(2018) pavement usage of waste in flexible pavements. flexible pavements.
[29]
Farias et al. Crumb rubber and RCA Virgin binder and Physical and rheological property tests on HMA mixtures with 100% RCA are not [97]
(2018) natural aggregate binders and mechanical property tests on suitable and it is further suggested to
[97] asphalt concrete mixtures evaluate effect of RCA on properties of
HMA by varying dosage of mixture by
volume and not by mass.
Jonia et al. WEO,WVO, and RAP Binder additive Physical and chemical property tests on 1% of WVO and 3% of WEO can reclaim [98]
(2019) and natural binders the aged (20/30) bitumen to its former
[98] aggregate (40/50) penetration grade.
Ali Behnood RAP, RAS and Binder additive Thermo-mechanical properties The use of rejuvenators in asphalt [88]
(2019) Rejuvenators like bio- and natural pavements can successfully restore the
[88] Oil. aggregate properties of aged binders, improving
their rheological and mechanical
properties, and providing potential
benefits for asphalt mixtures containing
recycled materials.
Ding et al. Stable Crumb Rubber Binder and Mechanical property tests on asphalt SCRA is more efficient than virgin [58]
(2019) Asphalt (SCRA),and natural aggregate mixtures. asphalt for recycling aged asphalt
[58] RAP mixtures with high RAP content.
Shorbagy WCO, WEO, and RAP Binder additive Physical, chemical and rheological Rejuvenated 100% RAP mixes can be [99]
et al. and natural property tests on binder and mechanical used as a binder course for heavy traffic
(2019) aggregate property tests on mixture condition and as a wearing course for
[99] medium traffic condition
Zhu et al. Lignin fibre (LF), Basalt Binder additive Rheological property tests on fibre BF customized mix having 40% RAP [100]
(2020) fibre (BF), Polyester and natural modified binders and mechanical provided the maximum dynamic
[100] fibre (PF) and RAP aggregate property tests on fibre modified RAP modulus and least rut depth.
mixtures
Gopalam Recycled Concrete Coarse aggregate Mechanical property tests on mixtures. RCA in combination with VG40 bitumen [89]
et al. Aggregate (RCA) or CRMB can be utilized as a
(2020) replacement to rapidly depleting stone
[89] aggregates
Yousefi et al. RAP and WMA Natural aggregate Rheological and mechanical property The mixtures containing RAP and [90]
(2020) additives like Sasobit, and binder tests PAWMA showed the highest resistance
[90] Zeolite, Kaowax, and additive to moisture damage. Overall, the
PAWMA findings suggest that the use of WMA
technology and RAP can be beneficial in
pavement construction.
Filho et al. Styrene Butadiene Binder additive Falling Wight Deflectometer test, and Cold recycled asphalt mix may be [91]
(2020) Styrene (SBS) and RAP and natural mechanical property tests utilised as an alternative to new
[91] aggregate bituminous pavement courses.
Wang et al. RAP Conventional Rheological property test like Linear The study supports the use of re-recycled [92]
(2021) aggregate Amplitude Sweep (LAS) test Uniaxial RAP up to 40% in asphalt mix design,
[92] Tension Compression Test (UTCT), combined with WMA technology, to
Temperature-frequency sweep (T-f- achieve climate and economic benefits in
sweep) tests, Binder-Fast- pavement construction. The research
Characterization-Test (BTSV) findings suggest that careful attention
should be given to the aging protocol of
RAP to ensure desired material
performance, and further evaluation and
experimentation are needed to support
the current findings and promote green
and sustainable infrastructure.
Obaid et al. RAP and WMA Natural aggregate Rheological, Physical and mechanical The results showed that the additives [93]
(2022) additives like Sasobit and binder property tests improved the mechanical properties of
[93] additive the mixtures, and the best properties are
(continued on next page)
21
Table 6 (continued )
Author Waste Replaced as Test Parameters Conclusion Refs.
Name and
Year
REDUX, Aspha-Min, achieved with specific additive

and ZycoTherm percentages and mixing temperatures.
Yousefi et al. RAP, Recycling agents, Natural aggregate Rheological, Physical and mechanical The authors concluded that the use of [94]
(2022) Anti-stripping agents and binder property tests anti-stripping agents and modified
[94] and WMA additives additive mixtures can improve the performance
of asphalt mixtures in terms of rutting,
cracking, and moisture damage
resistance. The development of
performance interaction diagrams (PIDs)
provides a useful tool for balanced mix
design and evaluating the performance
of asphalt mixtures.
7. Conclusion
Introduction of various wastes in the lifecycle of the pavement sector not only utilises ash whose formation leads to environmental
challenges but eliminates wastes from the earth’s surface, and also enhances the performance of pavement structure. While exploring a
technique to upgrade the performance and capacities of bituminous road pavements, considering ecological and financial aspects into
account has led many researchers to the concept of utilization of bio-wastes as additives in bituminous pavements. Alternative binder
increases the performance towards the pavement distress because it modifies the rheological characteristics of the asphalt binder. It
may be concluded that prospective measures with strong sustainability characteristics, comprising alternative binders and a large
usage recycled materials can be implemented for extensive applications in the relevant circumstances. Some of the findings obtained
from previous research studies regarding binder modification are mentioned below:
1. The authors concluded that developed rejuvenator using various recycled wastes like WEO, WVO, rubber oil, etc. may be utilised to
improve rheological and physical qualities of old bitumen. Moreover, thermal cracking resistance of rejuvenated bitumen improved
using developed rejuvenator due to its improved low temperature properties.
2. The author concluded that sulfur modified binder can enhance mechanical properties of bituminous binder along with the rutting
and cracking resistance of asphalt pavement.
3. The authors suggested that bio binders are 100% recyclable and effective in hot recycling of reclaimed asphalt, and their utilization
in bituminous pavement may result in substantial environmental and technical benefits.
Aggregates acts as the crucial component of the road structure, possessing stresses due to vehicle load as well as resist wear owing to
abrasive action of traffic. Right selection of aggregates together with the suitable proportioning influences the functionality of
pavements. Some of the findings obtained from previous research studies regarding aggregate replacement are mentioned below:
1. The authors concluded that industrial waste like fly ash, foundry sand and steel slag may be utilised as a substitute of traditional
aggregate in bituminous pavements. Moreover, the author suggested to perform environmental assessment of the obtained mixture
by performing leaching test, to ensure that incorporation of these industrial waste do not present any unenviable impact in the
surrounding natural habitat.
2. The authors has also suggested to perform life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) to see how a high recycled content mix would impact
production costs.
3. The authors concluded that HMA mixtures with 100% RCA are not suitable. Moreover, the authors suggested to evaluate the impact
of RCA on attributes of HMA by varying dosage of mixture by volume and not by mass.
4. The authors concluded that cold recycled asphalt mixture may be utilised as a replacement to new bituminous pavement courses
because of improved mechanical characteristics while performing the tests.
Furthermore, additional investigation involving actual scale verification on trial section and life cycle evaluation of asphalt
pavement with various modifiers will follow.
Funding Information
No Funding was received from any source for the present Study.
Declaration of Competing Interest
We have no conflict of Interest to declare.
22
Data Availability
Data will be made available on request.
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Case Studies in Construction Materials 19 (2023) e02525

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Case Studies in Construction Materials

A review study on sustainable utilisation of waste in bituminous

2. Essential parameters for waste to be employed in bituminous layer of flexible pavement

3.1. Bituminous Binder-a binding component of flexible pavement

Grain Size Analysis Cleanliness IS:2386 Part 1 [30]

3.2. Several challenges that necessitate the improvement in conventional binders

3.2.1. Temperature susceptibility

3.2.2. Aging and oxidation

3.2.3. Environmental concerns

3.2.4. Rutting and fatigue cracking

3.2.5. Limited recyclability

Fig. 1. Merits and demerits of modifying conventional binder using bio-oil.

Fig. 2. Different rubber and plastic waste reviewed in study.

Case Studies in Construction Materials 19 (2023) e02525

techniques. However, the direct costs of AR mixtures

Marshall stability test bituminous binder.

Case Studies in Construction Materials 19 (2023) e02525

Fig. 3. Main information including authors, documents and sources.

Fig. 4. Three Field Plot of Web of Science.

Fig. 5. Most Relevant Source (Web of Science).

Fig. 6. Source Dynamics of Web of Science database.

4. Previous research studies incorporating waste as an aggregate replacement in flexible pavement

4.1. Aggregate- a strength component of flexible pavement

Fig. 7. Comparison of standard and improved regeneration technique.

Fig. 8. Streamlined processes for using and disposing of C&D waste.

Fig. 9. Main information including authors, documents and sources.

Fig. 10. Three Field Plot of Web of Science.

Fig. 11. Most Relevant Source (Web of Science).

Fig. 12. Source Dynamics of Web of Science database.

Fig. 13. Proposed pavement layout for trial segment.

6. Challenges, suggestions, and recommendations for future studies

6.1. Various challenges faced during utilising of waste in construction

REDUX, Aspha-Min, achieved with specific additive

Declaration of Competing Interest

We have no conflict of Interest to declare.

Data will be made available on request.

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