ISO Vehicle axis

ISO Vehicle axis

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VEHICLE MODELS

• Quarter Car Model • Two Degree-of- Freedom System

• Half Car Model • Two/Four Degree-of-Freedom System

• Full car Model • Seven Degrees of Freedom system

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 Quarter Car Model

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 Half Car Model

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 Full Car Model

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• Vibration-is an oscillation of body or repetitive motion of an
object about a static equilibrium position.

• Degrees of Freedom The number of independent coordinates

one has to use to determine the position of a mechanical system
is called number of degrees of freedom

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 Fixed point

Spring

Mass

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 Cycle
Cycle is the series of actions in sequence of a periodic quantity or
regularly repeated in similar manner that occur during a period

Frequency
The frequency is the periodic function of time and it is the
reciprocal of the period. It is measured in term of cycles per time.
Cycles per second is termed as hertz and denoted as Hz.

Period
The interval of time between successive occurrences of the same
state in an oscillatory or cyclic phenomenon, such as a mechanical
vibration, an alternating current, or an electromagnetic wave.

Amplitude
The maximum value of sinusoidal quantity
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 Fixed point

Damper

Spring

Mass

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 Sprung Mass Vibration
Displacement

Unsprung Mass Vibration

Time

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 • The vibration of systems causes unwanted loss of
energy, reduction of efficiency, wear, noise and harmful or
dangerous oscillations.

• For example, in ground vehicles (automobiles) the

passenger ride comfort is greatly affected by the vibrations
caused by external disturbances, such as poor road
conditions and aero dynamic effects.

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Causes of Steering Wheel Vibrations
Vehicle Isolating Brake Pulsations
Vibrations Tire and Wheel Problems
Wheel Alignment, Loose
Suspension Parts
Vibrations at Idle, Engine
Mounts
Unburned fuel particle
Gas forces in cylinders
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Road irregularities
Torsional force
Mass imbalances due to
rotations or oscillations
Whirling of shafts
Excessive tyre pressure
Rear Wheel Drive Vibrations
Driveline Vibrations
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 External Vibration
• In ground vehicle the tyre contact patch is always in
contact with road surface. Uneven irregularities of
road surface are the major source of external
vibration.

• Vibration is developed from road surface and transfer

to tyre due to tyre tread through the suspension and
seating system to the passenger.

• This excitation depends on the road profile, vehicle

speed, tyre pressure, tyre stiffness and tyre contact
patch.

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 Road Profile

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 • Whole-body vibration (WBV) is a common
occupational risk for workers using heavy
construction machinery such as bulldozers, tractors,
and forklifts as well as transportation drivers of buses,
trains, helicopters, and trucks.

• Regular exposure to excessive vibration can lead to a

number of physical health effects to the body’s spinal,
nervous, digestive, reproductive, and visual systems.

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Whole-body vibration Analysis

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Controlled suspension analysis

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 Internal Vibration

The internal vibration is developed from the

• prime mover (IC Engine) excitations
• Transmission system
• Driveline excitations (propeller shaft, Final Drive)
• Induction system and exhaust system vibrations.

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Vibration
 • Based on the excitation the vibration further
classified into two groups. Classification of vibrations
according to whether an outside force is present:

Free vibration
force is applied once and allowed to vibrate freely

Forced vibration

• force another adjoining or interconnected object

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 • Natural Frequency (𝝎𝒏 )
 The frequency at which a system oscillates
when not subjected to a continuous or repeated
external force.

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 • Free vibration

• Free vibration is a type of vibration in which a force is

applied (𝝎𝒅 ) once and the structure or part is allowed to
vibrate at its natural frequency.
• Example: A plucked guitar string is an example of free
vibration. Free vibration occurs when a mechanical system
is set off with an initial input and then allowed to vibrate
freely

• Free vibrations are oscillations where the total energy

stays the same over time. This means that the amplitude of
the vibration stays the same

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 Oscillation amplitude is same it depends on the
stiffness of the spring

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  Oscillation amplitude is not same it depends on the damping
coefficient of the damper
 Oscillation died out after certain amount of time

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  In free vibration, a system is primarily oscillated at
initial condition, and then is allowed to vibrate freely
without any additional forces.
 This particular system not affected by any external
forces.
 A mechanical system in free vibration will oscillate with
its natural frequency and eventually settle down to zero
due to damping effects.
 The system has some displacement, velocity or
accelerations. The oscillation of a simple pendulum is
an example of free vibration.
 After initial force the system start to oscillate (due to
stiffness) and settled own with their damping

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 Free Vibration Oscillations

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