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A Teaching- Learning Package in Mathematics 10

Teacher: Maryland V. Pasilan

Method: Inductive Method

TLP 6: Polynomials and The Polynomial Equations

Objectives: Through the discussion and examples, the student will be able to:
1. illustrate polynomials;
2. discuss polynomial equations.

A. ACTIVATION
Preparation
Present the polynomials below.
From your previous discussions, you have learned what are polynomials.

Based on the examples above, how can you classify a polynomial from not?
What makes the two sets of examples different?
a+b x+ y
Explain what makes polynomial? And not? Explain.
2 2x

Presentation
A polynomial is a special kind of expression where each term is a constant, a variable, or a product of
constants and variables raised to whole number exponents. Thus, an algebraic expression is not a polynomial:
2
 When the variable is in the denominator, e.g., ;
y
1
 When the exponent of the variable is not a whole number, e.g., 3x-1, x 4 ; and
 When the variable is under a radical sign, e.g., √ x .

B. BUILDING – UP
Comparison and Abstraction
Now that you have recall the polynomials, in some expressions below, encircle the polynomial and mark
x the non-polynomial.

There are special names for polynomials with one, two or three terms.
A monomial has one term.
Example 2: 2xy2, 8abc, x, 2a, -5m

A binomial has two terms.

Example 3: x+1, 2a-3b, 7-5m

A trinomial has three terms.

Example 4: x2+2x+1, 3a-2b+c, 7-5m+2n

A multinomial has four or more terms.

Example 5: x3-2x2+x+5
a + 2b -3c +4d +5e

The degree of a polynomial with one variable is the value of the largest exponent of the variable that
appears in any term. In the expression, x5-3x3+x+1, 5 is the degree of the polynomial since it is the highest
exponent of the variables.
The degree of a polynomial with 2 or more variables is the highest degree for a term with nonzero
coefficient. For example, in a polynomial 4x2y3z – 7xyz2+9xyz. The degree of these polynomials is determined
by the term with the highest degree. You find the degree of terms in different variables by simply adding the
exponents of each variable. In the given example, the first term is 4x2y3z, and the sum of the exponents each
variable is 6. The second term is 7xyz2, and the sum of the exponent is 4. The third term is 9xyz, and the sum of
the exponent is 3. Therefore, the degree of the polynomial 4x2y3z – 7xyz2+9xyz is 6, since 6 is the highest sum of
the exponents of each term.
 Polynomials having a degree of 1 is called linear polynomials.
 Polynomials having a degree of 2 is called quadratic polynomials.
 Polynomials having a degree of 3 is called cubic polynomials.
 Polynomials having a degree of 4 is called quartic polynomials.
 Polynomials having a degree of 5 is called quintic polynomials.
The degree of a term is the sum of the powers of each variable in the term.

A polynomial is written in descending order when the highest degree term is written first, the next
highest second, and so on. If the polynomial is in a descending order, it is in the Standard form. If the
polynomial is in standard form the first term is called the leading term, the numerical coefficient of the leading
term is called the leading coefficient and the exponent or the sum of the exponents of the variable in the leading
term is the degree of the polynomial.
The standard form of 2x2-5x5-2x3+3x-10 is -5x5-2x3+2x2=3x-10. The term -5x5 is the leading term, -5 is
its leading coefficient and 5 is its degree. It is quantic polynomial because its degree is 5. It is a multinomial
because it has more than three terms.
Example 6:
Write each in standard form. Identify the leading term and coefficient, degree, kind of polynomial by
Leading
Given Standard Form Leading term Kind of polynomial Degree
coefficient
1. 2x+7 2x+7
2. 4vr 4vr
3. -5x+x2+4 1
4. 3x-x3+2x5-5 multinomial
completing the table below.

Polynomial Functions
An equation involving polynomial expression is referred to as polynomial equation.
A value of the variable which satisfies a polynomial equation is called a root of the equation.

Example 7:
Try This #1
Determine if the given value of c is a root of the given equation.
X3 - 7x2 + 17x – 15 = 0; c = 3
[Students are tasked to this on their own. After, students will be called to explain their answers with the
guidance of the teacher.]

Generalization
What are the kinds of polynomials? Give 2 examples.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Polynomial equations are _____________________________________________________________________
What is a root of polynomials equations? ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
C. CLOSURE
Application
I. Tell whether the algebraic expression is a polynomial or not. If it is a polynomial, classify it according to
number of terms.

1. -7x+y ____________________________ 4. √ x 2 + 1 _________________________

a+6
2. 8mn-1 ____________________________ 5. _________________________
7
1
3. x2-5xy+7y2 ____________________________ 6. x 4 y +3 _________________________

II. Write the polynomial in a standard form.

1. -3x+5x2-6x3+1 ________________________________________
2. x6-2x+4x3-7-x2 ________________________________________
3. 2x3-x5+3x-x4________________________________________

III. Give the degree of each polynomial.

1. y3-2y2+y-3 ________________________________________
2. 4z ________________________________________
3. x2-5x+1 ________________________________________
4. 8x5+3x3+x-5 ________________________________________

IV. Determine if the given value of c is a root of the given equation.

1. x3 – 3x2 + x + 4 = 0; c = 2
2. x4 + x3 – x2 –x –18 = 0 ; c = -2
3. 2x3 + 3x2 – 8x + 3 = 0; c = -3
4. 3x3 + 13x + 9x + 20 = 0; c = -4
5. 6x3 + 4x2 – 14x + 4 = 0; c = -2