Simplified Equation M −approach Vertical Stress Due ¿ Embankment Loading

Dry condition : σ ={ 1−m ) γ +m γ sat } z cos β

[( ) ]
2
( qo B 1+ B 2 B1
C' tan ∅ ' ∆ σz= ( α 1+α 2 ) − (α 2 )
FS= + μ=mz γ w cos β
2
π B2 B2
γH cos βtanβ tanβ
2
'
τf =c + ( σ−μ ) tan ∅ ' qo=γH
C'
Hcr= 2 '
γ cos β (tanβ −tan ∅ )
τm= {( 1−m ) γ + mγ sat } zsinβcosβ
FS=
τf
α 1(radians)=tan−1 (
B 1+ B 2
z )
Saturated condition :
C
' '
γ tan ∅ '
τm α 2 (radians)=tan−1
B1
z ( )
FS= + , B1
2
γ sat H cos βtanβ γ sat tanβ ∧B 1
z
'
where γ =γ sat−¿ γ ¿ ¿ graph :∆ σz=qo I 2 ; I 2=function of
w z

Buckingham π Theorem 2 :1 method :

Relationship ultimate load on footing qBL
∆ σz=
f ( Pu , L, B , d , cu , ∅ , Ƴ ) ; n=7 (B+ z)(L+ z )
f ( [ F ] , [ L ] , [ L ] , [ L ] , [ FL ] , [ 1 ] , [ FL ] ) ; m=2 Normally Consolidated settlement :
−2 −3

f ( Pu /Ƴ B2 L , L/B , d / B , cu/ƳB , φ ) ; n−m=5 ∆ H=

Ho
1+ e 0
Cc log
σ o'(
σ o '+ ∆ σ
)
Factor of safety of slope
f ( FS , H , cu , θ ,Ƴ , D ) ; n=6 Ho=height of clay
f ( [ 1 ] , [ L ] , [ FL ] , [ 1 ] , [ FL ] , [ L ] ) ; m=2 wGs =Sr x eo Sr =1 if saturated condition
−2 −3

f ( FS , D/ H , θ , cu/ƳH ) ; n−m=4 GsYw

e o= −1
Yd
Linear Failure Plane Circular Slope Failure Defining failure surface for a toe circle
Total stress analyses for cohesive soils (ϕ u=0)
'
Dr Kamarudi n s Approach ƩResisting moments
FS=
1 ¿ Find weight of wedge=γ x area of wedge ƩDriving moments
a b c 1 2 β α1 α2
¿ = = ; Area= absinC Ʃ Cu R θ
FS= 11.32 25 35
sin A sin B sin C 2 ƩWx 18.43 25 35
2 ¿ Try FS ∅=1.0 ; Calculate : kN 26.57 25 35
where cu=cohesion of soil , 2 ; R=radius of arc
∅ r =tan −1
tan ∅
FS ∅ [ ] m
θ=angle of arc ; x= perpendicular distance ¿
33.79
45
60
26
28
29
35
37
40
3 ¿ Determine Cr using force polygon
w
=
Cr centre of ¿˚ centreline of action force
sin(90+ ∅ r ) sin (90−∅ r )
Driving moment include weight of soil ,
c Cr
4 ¿ FS c = where cr= uniformly distributed load , water pressure
cr L
5 ¿ Compare FSc obtained∈ step 4 withassumed Method of Slices Width, b Height, H α W Wsinα C'l' WCosα tanφ
FS∅ ¿ step 2. Slice No o
' (m) (m) () (kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m)
If FSc ≠ FS ∅ repeat step 2 ¿ 4 Felleni us s method
' w= ϒ x bh l = b/cos α
until a curve of FS c against FS ∅ can be plotted Ʃ c n l n + ( W n −un l n) tan ∅ n
FS=
Ʃ W n sinα Total = 1 2 3
FOS = (2+3) /1
'
Simplified Bisho p s Method
FS=Ʃ ¿ ¿ Width, b Height, H α W Wsinα Cnbn Wtanφ ma [Cnbn +Wtanφ]ma
Slice No
(m) (m) (o) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m) FS = 1.0 FS = 1.2 FS = 1.40 FS = 1.0 FS = 1.2 FS = 1.40
secα 1
mα =
tan ∅ n tan α n 2
1+
FS
¿ since FS appear on both sides ,trial∧error needed
¿ Assummed FS−xaxis Calculated FS− y axis plot x= y line
6 ¿ The factor of safety of the slope is when
FSc =FS ∅