MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(MUMBAI)

A
Micro Project Report
On

“Prepare Report on Recent Trends in Smart Grid”

Submitted by-

 Sanket Dilip Mhaske

 Rushikesh Gopal Bhavsar
 Darshan Yallapa Khaire
 Yash Pravin Ladhe

Guided by – Mr. P. M. Mohan

K. K. WAGH POLYTECHNIC, NASHIK

Departmentof Electrical Engg,
2023-2024
 K. K. WAGH POLYTECHNIC, NASHIK
Hirabai Haridas Vidyanagari, Amruthdham,
Panchavati, Nashik-004003, Maharashtra, India

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the micro project entitled: - “Prepare Report on Recent Trends in
Smart Grid” is submitted by:
Class: TYEE- Tesla

Roll Enrollment Exam Seat Name of Student

No. No. No.
02 2100780765 Sanket Dilip Mhaske

04 2100780532 Rushikesh Gopal Bhavsar

10 2100780554 Darshan Yallapa Khaire

11 2100780557 Yash Pravin Ladhe

In the prescribed format of the board for the course Emerging Trends in Electrical
Engineering (22628) as partial fulfillment of Diploma Programme in Electrical Engineering under the
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai during the academic year 2023-24.
The said work has been assessed by us and we are satisfied that the same is up to the standard
envisaged for the level of the course.

Mr. P. M. Mohan Mr. S. B. Pawar Prof. P. T. Kadave

Project Guide HOD-Electrical Dept. Principal

 Annexure – I
K. K. Wagh Polytechnic, Nashik-03
Micro-Project Proposal
PART A - Plan

Title of Micro Project: Prepare Report on Recent Trends in Smart Grid

Academic Year: 2023-24 Semester: Sixth Scheme: I

Programme: Electrical Engineering Course & Code: ETE (22628)
Class: TYEE-Tesla

1.0 Aim of the Micro-Project:

This Micro-Project aims at:
1. Get a reliable knowledge of energy consumption.
2. Optimize power supply.
3. Improve recruitment of electricity and fuel.
4. Identify energy costs.
5. Eliminate energy losses.
6. Reducing emissions per unit of production.
7. Assess opportunities for energy diversification and its impact on energy costs.

2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed:

1. Suggest the relevant components for implementing a smart grid.
2. Suggest different electrical systems for a smart city.

Proposed Methodology:
1. Firstly, we formed a group of three students as per instructions of our project guide.
2. Then we selected a micro-project topic from the given list by our guide Mr. P. M. Mohan.
3. When the topic was allotted to our group then we firstly discussed about that topic and
started collecting the information about topic which is Need of Energy Audit.
4. We gathered all the information about the public roads. We took this complete information from
different online platforms (like Google, Research Papers) and some of books related to our
syllabus.
5. Then we started discussing about the collected information and sorted some information which
needs to insert in our project.
6. We prepared a rough proposal and report firstly and then we took an overview and inserted
more important information in our project.
7. And finally, we submitted our project report with viva.
4.0 Action Plan
Sr. Planned Planned No. Name of Responsible
No. Details of activity
Start Finish of Team Members
date date Hour
1. Discussion of topics and finalizing 1/01/2024 12/01/2024 Sanket Dilip Mhaske
one Rushikesh Gopal Bhavsar
02
Darshan Yallapa Khaire
Yash Pravin Ladhe
2. Submitting project proposal 12/1/2024 19/01/2024 Sanket Dilip Mhaske
02 Rushikesh Gopal Bhavsar
Darshan Yallapa Khaire
Yash Pravin Ladhe
3. Gathering information from 9/01/2024 02/02/2024 Sanket Dilip Mhaske
resource 02 Rushikesh Gopal Bhavsar
Darshan Yallapa Khaire
Yash Pravin Ladhe
4. Discussing with guide regarding 2/02/2024 09/02/2024 Sanket Dilip Mhaske
02 Rushikesh Gopal Bhavsar
the information collected
Darshan Yallapa Khaire
Yash Pravin Ladhe
5. Preparing chart 9/02/2024 16/02/2024 Sanket Dilip Mhaske
02 Rushikesh Gopal Bhavsar
Darshan Yallapa Khaire
Yash Pravin Ladhe
6. Preparing rough report 16/2/2024 01/03/2024 Sanket Dilip Mhaske
02 Rushikesh Gopal Bhavsar
Darshan Yallapa Khaire
Yash Pravin Ladhe
7. Preparing final project report 1/03/2024 15/03/2024 Sanket Dilip Mhaske
02 Rushikesh Gopal Bhavsar
Darshan Yallapa Khaire
Yash Pravin Ladhe
8. Submitting project along with viva 4/04/2024 04/04/2024 Sanket Dilip Mhaske
02 Rushikesh Gopal Bhavsar
Darshan Yallapa Khaire
Yash Pravin Ladhe
 5.0 Resources Required
Sr. No. Name of Resource/material Specifications Qty. Remarks
https://www.google.com/searc
h?q=emerging+trends+in+tgh
Google e+smart+grid&rlz=1C1ONGR
_enIN994IN994&oq=emergin
1 01
g+trends+in+tghe+smart+grid
&aqs=chrome..69i57j0i22i30j
0i10i22i30j0i390l4.8767j0j7&
sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
2 IEEE Papers https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/doc 02
ument/8066569
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/doc
ument/6281648
3 Manual Electrical trends in electrical 01
energy (22628)

6.0 Name of Team Members with roll numbers:

Roll No. Name Signature

02 Sanket Dilip Mhaske

04 Rushikesh Gopal Bhavsar

10 Darshan Yallapa Khaire
11 Yash Pravin Ladhe

Name & Signature of Guide: Mr. P. M. Mohan

 Annexure – II

Micro-Project Report
Title of Micro-Project: “Prepare Report on Recent Trends in Smart Grid”

Rationale:

Every technological area is developing at an exponential rate. New applications are coming up and it's
mandatory for all technologists to be well versed in these areas to survive and provide satisfactory and
quality services to the society in respect of such technologies. This course aims to prepare the diploma
graduates to be conversant with such emerging trends for staying in the race. The main areas in which
such developments are in, encompass smart systems, intelligent motor controls, tariff and digitization
beyond automation. The course gives a decent introduction of these areas and helps the students to be in a
state of preparedness.

1.0 Aims /Benefits of the Micro Project: -

1. Get a reliable knowledge of energy consumption.
2. Optimize power supply.
3. Improve recruitment of electricity and fuel.
4. Identify energy costs.
5. Eliminate energy losses.
6. Reducing emissions per unit of production.
7. Assess opportunities for energy diversification and its impact on energy costs.
8. Analyse the possibility of using renewable energy.

Course Outcomes Achieved: -

1) Suggest the relevant components for implementing a smart grid.
2) Suggest different electrical systems for a smart city.
3.0 Literature Review: -
Electrical energy is now the biggest driving force on earth. The dependence and widespread use of
electricity has its equivalent pros and cons. Thus modernization of the traditional grid system in order to
overcome the major setbacks is the need of hour. Making use of advanced tools and development of
various applications for evolution of conventional system is the major lead for smart grid. Demand
responses, optimization of grid usage, reduction of affected users in case of a fault are some of the major
contributors in the implementation of smart grid. The several features of smart grid include induction of
the renewable energy, best utilization of system resources reducing costs, effective generation and
demand balance, highest system reliability, consumer participation in energy management, onsite
generation, use of electric vehicle reducing the harmful pollution, minimum down time, boost in energy
security and quality power to users.
It provides high quality and reliable energy supply to critical loads and provides easy integration with
existing grid system. It provides support to the main grid in the form of export of real power and reactive
power. Besides, the consumer supplier two-way communication, data transport and utilization of
networking techniques like Field Area Networking helps in maintaining transparency and improving
reliability and availability of the power system. The smart metering using Advanced Metering
Infrastructure sustains the bidirectional data transfer and also reduction in the environmental effects. With
this resilience and reliability of power utility network can be enhanced effectively. This paper describes
the current development and technology advancement in smart grid infrastructure. The present issues and
concerns related to smart grid need to be taken into account to help improvise the system efficiency. Case
studies are involved to understand the real time analysis to address few concerns in smart grid
implementation.

5.0 Actual Methodology followed: -

a) We finalize the topic and collect information about Prepare A Report On Smart Grid from various
books and with the help of internet. (like- :- Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering and
www.google.com
b) We discuss with our guide how to make Report and Proposal.
c) We show our rough report and proposal to our guide and make correction in it as per guideline given
by them.
d) Then we finalize the Report and.
e) At last, we submit our micro project along with viva and presentation.
 6.0 Actual Resources Used: -
Sr. No. Name of Resource/material Specifications Qty. Remarks
https://www.google.com/searc
h?q=emerging+trends+in+tgh
e+smart+grid&rlz=1C1ONGR
_enIN994IN994&oq=emergin
1 Google 01
g+trends+in+tghe+smart+grid
&aqs=chrome..69i57j0i22i30j
0i10i22i30j0i390l4.8767j0j7&
sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/doc
2 IEEE Papers ument/8066569 02
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/doc
ument/6281648
3 Manual Emerging trends in Electrical 01
Engineering (22628)

7.0 Outputs of the Micro-Projects:

From this Report we studied the recent trends and the future of the smart Grid. We collected the
following information related to Smart Grid.
 Title of Micro-Project:

“Prepare Report on Recent Trends in Smart Grid”

1. Introduction

A smart grid could is a trendy power generation, transmission and distribution system which will
automatise and manage the increasing quality and desires of electricity within the twenty first century.
The technology aims to; integrate and support renewable energy sources like star, wind and hydro,
empower shoppers with time period data regarding their energy consumption and assist utility firms to cut
back outages. There was one time when the world generated power at the individual level, small amount,
and scattered energy production. But with time, this scattered generation of electricity got unified with the
evolvement of power grids, where generation, transmission, and distribution were connected together
under the national grid. It was done specifically for proficient distribution and use of energy. Now with
the new end need of present era, for proper distribution of this electrical energy, without stealing,
corruption, over- exploitation of existing resources; Smart Grid like a saviour has come into the frame. In
a few words, Smart grid, is the integration of generators, consumers or both together under one unit with
the proper objects to guarantee a monetarily proficient power framework with low losses and high
efficiency. In the report, we have discussed the importance of Smart Grid and why it is necessary in
today's world. The comparison between the old grid and Smart Grid is debated here. There are many
features which make Smart Grid. Smart Meter is one of the most integral parts of Smart Grid. Its
importance in the 21st century is being discussed. Moreover, Smart Meter characteristics are being told.
Other important parts Smart Sensor and Smart protection are also being discussed below. Since Smart
Grid is a new and recent technology, it has some disadvantages which are also being stated. The future
scope for Smart Grid is bright.

2. What Makes up a smart Grid?

Just like traditional grids, good grids have variety of moving parts. However, good grids have elements
that are a lot of economical in terms of style and practicality. for example, there are intelligent appliances
that are capable of deciding once to consume power supported the pre-set user preferences. There are
good substations that control crucial and non-critical operational knowledge, like power issue
performance, breaker, battery and transformer standing.

Another crucial element of {a smart a sensible a wise} grid is that the smart meter that's capable of two-
way communication between the buyer and power supplier. This makes detection of power outages,
billing, knowledge assortment and dispatching of repair crews easier and quicker. there's additionally
good distribution characterized by machine-controlled observation and analysis tools, superconducting
cables for long-distance transmission, self-healing, self-optimization and self-levelling.

Smart generation is another key element of a sensible grid. The system is capable of “learning” the
distinctive behavior of power generation resources to optimize energy production and to mechanically
maintain voltage, frequency and power issue standards supported feedback from multiple points within
the grid. there's additionally universal access to cheap, low-carbon power generation and storage
solutions.

3. The Representation of Smart Grid:

Integratio
n of
renewable
energy
Energy Power
storage system
System Reliability
s
Smar
t
Grid
Self healing
Privacy and
Security

High
power
Quality

4. Factors affecting the Performance of the Existing Grid:

Let us first see what exactly are the problems faced in the conventional grid so that we can better
understand what smart grid is and how it solves most of the problems.
 The requirement for reducing the various losses
 Electricity demands have increased
 The generation systems which are renewable can be put into a function by this.
 An effective measure of global warming
 Electric vehicles can be effectively used
 Improved customer services
 Solving the issues with the meter reading
  Lower grade efficiencies of old power generation systems
 Power network designed life in need of replacement
 Need for a reliable supply of electricity for more critical loads
 Transmission and Distribution lines at its limits
 Reduction in the life of the equipment and increasing incidence of faults
 Voltage and frequency limits
 Uncertainty of RES

5. Features of Smart Grid:

A. Smart metering: The smart meter is a device which gives electricity consumption and sends
this information back to the utility for other purposes. The consumers have greater control over their
energy use. The smart meter has put a conclusion to the assessed bills as it will assist the suppliers with
calculating the ideal bills. In the beginning, Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) systems were acquainted
which lets the utilities to take the readings remotely. From that point forward, electric providers put
resources in Automatic Meter Infrastructure (AMI). It differs from AMR is that two-way communication
is enabled with the meter.
Two-way communications refer to the communication or interaction between electric suppliers
and consumers with the help of either wire or wireless communications. It is one of the important features
that differentiate smart meters from traditional meters. Smart meter usually measures Root Mean Square
Current, Root Mean Square Voltage, Instantaneous Active Power, Instantaneous Reactive Power, Power
Factor, etc. Apart from real-time information, historical and accumulative data, such as consumption,
electricity cost, and CO2 emissions can be recorded. Smart meters can also record information to help
consumers to remember their energy usage. It can also detect the fault and diagnose it Moreover; the
consumers have a decision of choice of selection of tariffs such as at different times of day and night. A
smart meter can help in the detection of electricity theft and it enhances security. One of the most
important features is that the smart meter enables demand-side management. Demand-side management
refers to the management of consumers' behavioral change in energy consumption. In simple ways,
encouraging consumers to reduce energy consumption during peak hours.

B. Smart sensors: Sensors are the devices that take a predefined action on sensing a particular
kind of input. Sensor networks are used for monitoring purposes and as measuring units for the grids.
These are required to provide quality of service, high security and also help in harsh environmental
conditions. Smart sensors are the devices that can be integrated with smart grids so that the lack of energy
and (or) failures in the system can be efficiently managed. Smart sensors are getting to be principle parts
of the systems performing functions that previously could not be performed. Sending systems consist of
transducers, sensors, and actuators. These should have features that help them acquire data and process it
in real time.
That helps in making early decisions as well as safe delivery of electricity during extra demands. The early
decisions help in raising alerts and giving warnings to make the system an improved one.

C. Smart protection: Smart grid requires very different types of protection systems, elements,
and schemes. Here, we talk about how the different elements, zones, and requirements of smart
protection. Elements of smart protection system are:
1. Telecommunication: The telecommunication system has a very important role in the Smart
Grid. Using telecommunications helps us to use more secure and selective protection functions. They
have been mainly used in line differential schemes which is one of the main important applications of
Smart Grid.
2. Adaptively: It ought to likewise be versatile with the goal that the setup of the system and
dynamic components are continually evolving. The arrangement of the radial feeders might be changed to
accomplish minimum losses to avoid congestion situations. The protection systems must be aware of the
open points and generation status of each generator. The latter provides information about the faults in
the various current and voltage sources that are active in the network.
3. Relay software and algorithms: The necessities that are made reference to above states that
the IEDs must utilize the required programming stage to empower simple correspondence and versatile
utilization of several protection schemes. From the point of view to accomplish the required intelligent
system is to properly apply the required corresponding the agent technology. Generally, the multi-systems
of various agents work and communicates together to achieve a goal the desired goal. The agents are
basically autonomous software entities that operate without human assistance, as a result, they are able to
react to the changes in the required environment. One of the interesting features is that most of the time
they remain proactive.
4. Protection zones: There are various zones that are to be protected from various hazards. For
protecting a Smart Grid a protective system along with a protective zone is required. The zone division is
made taking into considerations all the possibilities of self-healing functions. For each protection zone,
there may be one or more circuit breakers enabling the disconnection of a zone in any in zone fault
system. If increasing the number of circuits breakers, the complexity also increases.

6. Smart Protection
System:
1. System reliability:
● The ability of parts to perform the required tasks for specified conditions and time intervals
● Local power generation reduces the chances of failure of cascading.
● An Ideal mix of the Smart Grid resources like renewable and demand responses increases
the system reliability.
 2. Failure Protection Mechanism:
● Major blackouts can be prevented by proper predictions.
● Identifying and locating the failure to avoid the various events related to events of cascading.
● The phasor diagram and information can be used for the line detection of output and
identification of errors and other parameters.
● Self-healing can be effective if the power grid is divided into small sections.
● During post-fault conditions, distribution of decision-making authority, procedure,
and knowledge to substations and other devices.

3. Microgrid Protection:
Protection of Microgrid especially when it is islanded is quite challenging. The first and foremost
challenge is to detect the islanding of the microgrid. The second biggest challenge is how to provide fault
protection to the microgrid segments while operating it from the utility.

4. Security and Policy issues:

Cybersecurity is one of the greatest difficulties in Smart Grid. Vulnerabilities may enable an
aggressor to get into the framework, take the client protection, access control programming and so forth.
Smart meters are obvious prey for hackers, as vulnerabilities can without much difficulty, can be gottento
and exploited. Unchecked distribution of estimation and monitoring units (e.g. sensors and PMUs) is the
main cause for network vulnerabilities.

7. Challenges of Smart Grid:

1. Changes in infrastructure:
• New communication infrastructure is needed to be constructed in order to have a smart grid.
• For phase measurement advanced sensor system is needed.
• To secure grid advanced software is to be developed.
• Highly sophisticated components like smart appliances smart meters, Flexible AC
transmission system, etc. are supposed to be developed
2. High-Security Required:
• Any new infrastructure added to the power grid, like smart metering is going to be costly, so
high security is required for that.
• Theft of components is going to increase.
• Critical National infrastructure is responsible for tight security.
3. Quality Power:
• For countries like India, which consumes one-fourth of the total, the big electrical network is
needed.
• Existing grids are needed to be renovated and expanded.
 4. Uncertainty:
• Sustainable development is present demand and for that decarburization is to be limited.
• A smart grid is one step in that direction, but the challenge is to establish it by 2050 all over the
world
.
5. Consumer Support:
• The main challenge of the Smart Grid is consumer unawareness.
• It is needed to promote the generation of distributed renewable energy generation.

8. Smart Grid Vision and Future Research:

Smart grids are advanced, convenient and complex systems that have many technologies
integrated into one single unit, consumer services and information exchange, and decision points. That
makes planning a smart grid's detailed development and deployment scenarios a little complex. Smart
grid technologies are the centre point of the Research and development departments all across the globe.
But deployment needs to be discussed at the national, and to be more precise at the regional level, where
locally distinct important factors such as the age of infrastructure, the rate of growth of demand, make up
of generation, and regulatory and market specifications are varied highly.
 Self-Healing Smart Grid:
Self-healing is the ability of a system to differentiate between normal and abnormal working, with the
goal that it can apply the required settings as indicated by convention with the end goal to hold its typical
instance of the activity.
Hence, the objectives of self-healing smart grids can be condensed as follows:
● Fast and accurate detection of grid faults or failures due to real-time monitoring.
● Redistribution of grid resources to reduce the adverse effects of overcrowded resources
● Under any condition, the continuity of services is assured.
● Service restoration time can be minimized.

9. Existing Grid And Smart Grid Comparison:

Existing grid Smart grid

Mostly electromechanical Digital in nature

One-way communication Two-way communication

Mostly centralized generation Distributed generation

Sensors are not widely used Sensors are widely used

Lack of monitoring; only manual Digital self-monitoring

Failures and blackouts Adaptive and intelligent

Less energy-efficient Energy-efficient

 Lack of control Robust control technology

Usually not possible to integrate RE Possible to integrate large-scale RE

Customers have less scope to modify uses Customers can check uses and modify

10. Applications of a Smart Grid System.

Deployment of Digital Technology in sensible grids ensures the dependability, potency and accessibility
to the customers relating to all utilities that count towards the economic stability of the state. Right at the
beginning of transition time it become unsafe to execute testing, to boost the technology by up gradation,
developing and maintaining standards on a regular threshold and additionally application of those
economical grids serve of these issues

11. Basic applications of Smart Grids:

 They improve the quickness of transmission lines

 Quick recovery once any fast breakage/disturbance in lines and feeders
 Cost Reduction
 Reduction of peak demand
 They possess the power to be integrated with renewable energy sources on massive an outsized
an oversized} level that results in sharing of load and reduction of load on large scale

12. Advantages of Smart Grids:

1. Energy savings through reducing consumption

One of the benefits of sensible grids is that they'll tell us the consumption at an energy meter at any time,
thus users area unit higher advised of their real consumption. Moreover, with higher consumption
watching, contractile power are often adjusted to satisfy the important want of every shopper. These 2
factors lead to users reducing their consumption and trade their contractile power to their real desires.

2. Better client service and additional correct bills

Another key advantage offered by tele management systems is that bills are additional correct. They
continually mirror the important consumption of every month rather than estimates, reducing the price of
the recent system of manual energy meter readings. additionally, to having the ability to access info
regarding the installation remotely, issues become easier to diagnose and solutions will thus be enforced
quicker, rising client service.
Nowadays customers got to inform firms for them to require action. however, with remote management
the system itself mechanically reports all incidents to the electrical company therefore it will respond
quicker to users.

3. Reduced leveling price

Smart Grids will collect far more information than the manual energy meter reading system. this allows
the utilization of knowledge analysis techniques and therefore the preparation of extremely realistic
consumption forecasts as more variables are taken into account.
Utilities will then higher tailor their production to consumption (balances) and cut back energy surpluses.

4. Reduction of carbon emissions

All the advantages higher than involve reducing consumption, that entails a reduction in CO2 emissions.
We can so say that smart Grids result in a a lot of property future. All this can directly contribute to
the longer-term integration of electrical vehicle charging systems on the mains. The readying of
renewable energy systems is additionally created easier as utilities gain bigger management of
their grids.

14. Conclusions `
The smart grid uses technology to boost the communication, automation, and property of the
varied parts of the facility network. this enables as associate example for bulk transmission of power
gathered from multiple generation plants.

15. Skill Developed / learning outcomes of this Micro-Project:

Team work developed in us by doing this micro project. We developed our practical skills while
studying about Uranium. The basic format of report and its construction became more visible through this
microproject. Team work skills developed in us through working and leading the team. We get to know
that how to overcome hard time period of microproject. We also learn how to make report, proposal and
slideshow presentation for our micro project.

Name & Signature of Guide: Mr. P. M. Mohan

 Annexure – III
Micro Project Evaluation
Sheet

Academic Year: 2023-24 Semester: Sixth Scheme: I

Programme: Electrical Engineering Course & Code: ETE (22628)
Class: TYEE-Tesla

Title of the Micro- Project: “Prepare Report on Recent Trends in Smart Grid”

Course Outcomes Achieved:

1. Suggest the relevant components for implementing a smart grid.
2. Suggest different electrical systems for a smart city.

Roll Seat No. Student Name Marks out of 6 Marks out of 4 for Total Marks
No. for performance performance in out of 10
in group activity Oral/Presentation

2 Sanket Dilip Mhaske

4 Rushikesh Gopal Bhavsar

10 Darshan Yallapa Khaire

11 Yash Pravin Ladhe

Comments/Suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal communication (if any)

.........................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................
Name & Designation of the Teacher: Mr. P. M. Mohan
Dated Signature..............................................