● ENKINDLE
EUROPEAN LITERATURE
● HURLYBURLY
○ A disorderly outburst or tumult
(disturbance, commotion or
disruption)
● TEMPEST
○ A violent windy storm; a
disturbance of the atmosphere
accompanied by wind and often
by precipitation (as rain or
snow)
● THANE
○ (in England at the time of the
Anglo-Saxons) a man who was
given land by the king or a
military ruler and who held a
rank above that of the common
people; (in Scotland in the past)
a man who controlled an area
of land given by the king and
who held the rank of a noble (=
person of the highest social
rank)
● RAPT
○ Completely fascinated by what
one is seeing or hearing.
● HEATH
○ An extensive area of rather
level open uncultivated land
usually with poor coarse soil,
inferior drainage, and a surface
rich in peat or peaty humus.
● CORPORAL
○ A noncommissioned officer
ranking in the army above a
private first class and below a
sergeant and in the marine
corps above a lance corporal
and below a sergeant.
○ Arouse or inspire (an emotion)
● TRIFLES
○ A thing of little value or
importance
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
● The most influential English writer who has
ever lived.
● Married to Anne Hathaway
● Bard of Avon or Swan of Avon
● English poet, dramatist, and actor often
called the English national poet and
considered by many to be the greatest
dramatist of all time.
POSITION PAPER
● Position paper presents one side of an
arguable opinion about an issue.
● The goal of a position paper is to
convince the audience that your
opinion is valid and defensible .
● Ideas that you are considering need to
be carefully examined in choosing a
topic , developing your argument , and
organizing your paper.
● It is important to support your
argument with evidence to ensure the
validity of your claims, as well as to
refute the counter claims to show you
are well informed about both sides.
METHODS OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT
● Paragraph Development
○ Way we construct our
paragraph in a way that the
topic is sufficiently discussed.
○ Makes use of a variety of
techniques that aid the readers
 in understanding the topic of a
paragraph. DEFINITION
● Narration - The action or process of stating the
○ Telling a story meaning of a word or word group
○ Freytag pyramid
● Description INFORMAL
○ As a writer, we sometimes seek - Substituting more familiar words for
unfamiliar terms
to present something that our
readers cannot perceive so that FORMAL
they would have an idea about ● Species
that particular thing. ○ The term to be defined
○ We usually want to appeal to ● Genus
the five senses. ○ The group the term belongs to
● Analogy ● Differentia
○ Comparison between two ○ What sets the term apart from
things usually aids the readers other members of the group
in understanding something
complex. LISTENING
○ Figures of speech. ● The process of receiving, constructing
● Cause and Effect meaning from, and responding to a
○ Giving the cause/reason and its spoken and/or non-verbal message.
corresponding effects/results.
● Comparison and Contrast STAGES
○ Similarities and differences
between two things.
● Receiving
○ Comparison - Similarities
○ Involves hearing and attending.
○ Contrast - Differences
○ Paired with hearing, attending
● Classification
is the other half.
○ Explaining topics by classifying
● Understanding
them into groups.
○ The audience determines the
● Exemplification
meaning of the message.
○ Example of something.
● Evaluating
○ The one during which listeners
assess the message they
● Presenting Factual Information
received, both qualitatively and
○ Giving specific information such
quantitatively.
as statistical data to prove a
● Remembering
point.
○ The audience categorize and
● Definition
retain the information they’ve
○ Talking about a particular topic
gathered from the speaker.
by describing it – describing its
● Responding
characteristics.
 ○ The listener provides verbal and
non-verbal reactions based on
about or long term memory.
TYPES OF LISTENING
● Appreciative Listening
○ listening for pleasure and enjoyment, as
when we listen to music, to a comedy
routine, or an entertaining speech.
● Emphatic Listening
○ Listening to provide emotional
support for the speaker.
● Comprehensive Listening
○ Listening to understand the
message of the speaker.
● Analytical Listening
○ Listening to evaluate a message
for purposes of accepting or
rejecting it.
ELEMENTS OF FICTION
● Characters
○ People, animals, objects, and
etc. that the story is about.
○ The audience gets to know
more about the characters
based on their characteristics.
A. Protagonist and Antagonist
- Protagonist serves as the main
character of the story.
- Antagonist is the opposite force
of the protagonist.
B. Static and Dynamic
- Static does not change
throughout the story.
- Dynamic changes throughout
the story.
C. Major and Minor
- Major is significant in the
development of the story.
- Minor serves as the support for
major characters.
● Setting
○ Time and place
○ Extends to the general
characteristic of the
atmosphere.
● Plot
○ Refers to the order of events
within a story.
○ Exposition - Rising Action -
Climax - Falling Action -
Catastrophe
● Conflict
○ Main struggle of the story.
○ Common types of conflict are:
■ Man vs Man
■ Man vs Nature
■ Man vs Society
■ Man vs Himself/Herself
■ Man vs Supernatural
■ Man vs Machine
● Point of View
○ Based on whose perspective is
used in the narration of a story.