Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings Example

● Between teachers and students

LOCAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS ● Judges and Lawyers
- Local communication in multicultural settings involves effective interaction and ● Doctors and Patients
understanding among individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds within a specific ● Between a superior and a subordinate
geographic area. 4. CASUAL – The language used in conversation with friends. A casual register is
GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS characterized by 400 to 500 word vocabulary,broken sentence, and interruptions are
- Global communication refers to the exchange of information, ideas, and messages common.
across international boundaries and among people from different parts of the world. Example
CULTURAL ISSUES ● Between you and friends
● Language ● Between you and family members
● Religion INTIMATE – This communication is private. It is reserved for close family members or
● Prejudice intimate relations.
● Ethnocentrism Example
● Stereotyping ● Made-up words/Scrambled words
GLOBAL ISSUES ● Secrets words
● Different time zone ● Nicknames
● Language barriers DIVERSE COMMUNITY/COUNTRY
● Technological challenges - A diverse country refers to a nation with a wide variety of people from different
LANGUAGE REGISTER backgrounds, including race, ethnicity, religion, and more, contributing to the
- Describes the way a person speaks in relation to their audience. A speaker modifies their country's overall composition
language register to signal levels of formality according to their relationship to their ● Sex & Gender
audience and intended purpose of speech. ○ Male
TYPES OF LANGUAGE REGISTER ○ Female
1. FROZEN – This style of communication rarely or never changes. It is "frozen" in time ○ LGBTQ+
and content ● Religion
Example ○ Christianity
● Preamble ○ Buddhism
● National Anthem ○ Islam
● Laws ○ Hinduism
2. FORMAL/ACADEMIC – This language is used in formal setting and is one-way. This ● Disabilities
use of language usually follows a commonly accepted format. It is generally impersonal ○ Intellectual Disability
and formal. ○ Learning Disability
Example ○ Physical Disability
● Business Letters ○ Cerebral Palsy
● Letters of complaint ● Ages
● Some essays ○ Newborn
● Official speeches ○ Infants
● Announcements ○ Children
● Professional emails ○ Adolescents
3. CONSULTATIVE – It is a standard form of communications. Users engage in a ● Nationalities
mutually accepted structure of interfaces. It is formal and societal expectations ○ American
accompany the users of speech. ○ Filipino
○ Chinese
○ Albanian
 ● Languages Example : Chavacano in the Philippines and Bislama, a language spoken in Vanuatu.
○ French 2. Creole
○ Spanich - It's pidgin that becomes the first language of the children, or the mother
○ Portuguese tongue of certain community.
○ Engslih - A stable natural language that develops from the simplifying and mixing
● Ethnicity of different languages of time .
○ Indian Example : The Gullah and the Patwa, is a creole in Jamaica.
○ Arab 3. Regional Dialect
○ Chinese - It is not a language that is not distinct from a national language, but rather
○ Korean a variety of a language spoken in a particular area of a country.
"Society is unity in diversity.” Example : Cebuano, waray, ilocano, and hiligaynon in the Philippines.
-George Herbert Mead 4. Minority Dialect
- This is a variety used as a marker of identity, usually alongside a standard
MULTICULTURAL, INTERCULTURAL AND CROSS-CULTURAL variety, by the members of a particular minority ethnic group.
1. Multicultural - People live alongside one another, but each culture group does not Example : Sinama of the Badjaos in the Philippines and the London-Jamaican variety in
necessarily have engaging interactions with each other Britain.
2. Intercultural - It focuses on the mutual exchange of ideas and cultural norms and the 5. Indigenized Varieties
development of deep relationships. - These are spoken mainly as the second languages in former colonies with
3. Cross-Cultural - It focuses on comparing and contrasting communication styles, multilingual populations.
norms, and behaviors between different cultures. Example : Singlish(Singaporean-English), Taglish(Tagalog-English).

CULTURAL AWARENESS – refers to the recognition and understanding of different Varieties of English
cultures, including their values, customs, beliefs, and traditions. 1.) American English – The English language as spoken and written in the US.
CULTURAL SENSITIVITY – goes beyond awareness; it involves being attuned to and Examples:
respectful of the cultural differences of others. - pants - apartment
- vacation - store
VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE - soccer - mailbox
Language – is the principal method of communication, consisting of words used in a 2.) British English – English as used in Great Britain, as distinct from that used
structured and conventional way, and conveyed by speech, writing, or gesture. elsewhere.
Language Varieties – used to refer to any variant of a language which can be sufficiently Examples:
delimited from another one. The grounds for such differentiation may be social, historical, - trousers - flat
spatial or combination of these. - holiday - shop
- football - postbox
Varieties of Spoken and Written Language 3.) Australian English – Australian English is the set of varieties of the English
● Language varies when communicating with people within inside (local) and outside language native to Australia.
(global) our community. Examples:
● Language varies in speaking and in writing. - G’day (Good day)
● Language varies in everyday and specialized discourses. - Smoko (cigarette break)
Additionally, Language varies may also be grouped into the following classifications: - Aussie (Australian)
1. Pidgin 4.) New Zealand English – New Zealand English is the dialect of the English language
- it refers to a new language that develops into situations where speakers of spoken and written by most English-speaking New Zealanders. Its language code in
different languages need to communicate but not share a common ISO and Internet standards is en-NZ.
language. Example:
- also a mixture of words from different languages, and feature a simples - Muppet – Idiot
grammatical structure and smaller vocabulary. (Muppet is basically a non-offensive way of saying idiot if used among friends.)
 5.) Black English – African-American Vernacular English or Black English is the 4) Frozen
variety of English natively spoken, particularly in urban communities, by most - refers to language that is intended to remain unchanged and does not
working- and middle-class African Americans and some Black Canadians. require any feedback.
Example - it's often learned and repeated by rote.
- Wildin’ (To say or do something crazy.) Examples : The holy bible, the united states constitution, the bhagavad gita, and Romeo and
- GOAT (Acronym that stands for Greatest Of All Time. Typically used to describe an icon.) Juliet.
6.) Singaporean English – Singapore English or Singlish is the set of varieties of the 5) Intimate
English language native to Singapore and Malaysia. - are reserved for special occasions, usually between only two people and
Example: often in private.
- Shiok (she-oak) / very good! - private and interpersonal.
- Tompang (tohm-pung) / hitch a ride Examples: An inside joke between two college friends or a word whispered in a lovers ear.
- Chope (joh-pe) / reserve Language register can be classified as:
7.) Philippines English – Philippine English is any variety of English native to the
Philippines, including those used by the media and the vast majority of educated ● Formal language register
Filipinos and English learners in the Philippines from adjacent Asian countries. – is more appropriate for professional writing and letters to a boss or a stranger
Example: – is impersonal, meaning it is not written for a specific person and without emotion
- Trip (vibe) Examples:
- Crocodile ( corrupt politician) a. Business letters e. Official speeches
- Nosebleed (Same literal meaning, but idiomatically, it means to be overwhelmed and perhaps b. Letters of complaint f. Announcements
confused [usually with complex English]) c. Some essays g. Professional e-mails
d. Reports
Language Register
- how speech is used appropriately according to the situation and with who you speak Rules in formal writing:
to. 1.) Do not use constructions.
- the variety of a language used in a particular social setting, using certain words, Examples:
phrases, and contractions that are not normally used in other settings—or if they did, "cannot" instead of "can't"
they may sound strange or out of place. "have not" instead of "haven't"
5 Distinct of Language register 2.) Spell out numbers less than one hundred.
Examples:
1) Formal - used in professional, academic, or legal settings where communication is "Nineteen" instead of "19"
expected to be respectful, uninterrupted, and restrained. Slang is never used and "Twenty-five" instead of "25"
constructions are rare. 3.) Write in the third person point of view. Avoid using the I, You, We, Us.
Examples: a TED talk, a business presentation, the Encyclopedia Brittanica. 4.) Avoid use too much passive verbs.
2) Casual Examples:
- used when communicating with friends , close acquaintances, colleagues, Passive: The bone was eaten by the dog.
and family members. Active : The dog ate the bone.
- informal and relaxed. 5.) Avoid using slang, idioms, exaggeration (hyperboles) and cliches.
Examples: These are used in birthday parties, family gatherings, picnic. Examples: Awesome/cool, Check it out, Ok/okay.
3) Consultative 6.) Avoid abbreviation and acronyms.
- used in conversations when people are speaking with someone who has Examples:
specialized knowledge or is offering advice. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
- tone is often respectful, such as the use of honorifics or courtesy titles. Department of Education (DepEd)
Examples: a patient seek medical advice from a healthcare professional. Philippine Pesos (PhP)
 7.) Do not start sentences with words like, and, so, but, also. Here are some good FORMS of Multimodal Texts
transition words and phrases to use in formal writing: Paper- is print-based e.g. books, posters, comics, magazines
Examples: Nevertheless, however, as a result of, Additionally, In addition, although. Digital- computer-based like slides presentations, emails, web-pages, social-media
8.) Always write in complete sentences. Live- an actual performance or an event.
9.) Write longer, more complex sentences. 2. Semiotic - is the study of meaning-making. It explores signs and symbols as
important components of communication.
● Informal language register – is conversational and appropriate when writing to SEMIOTIC SYSTEMS:
friends and people you know very well. a. Linguistic System - refers to the linguistic components.
Examples: b. Visual - pertains to the color, vectors and viewpoint in still and moving images.
a. Personal e-mails d. Friendly letters c. Audio - refers to the volume, pitch and rhythm of music and sound effects of a
b. Phone texts e. Most blogs presentation.
c. Short notes f. Diaries and journals d. Gestural - it denotes the movement of facial expression, and body language of the
There are no major rules to informal writing butyou can include things such as: characters.
Slang and cliches Figurative language e. Spatial - it indicates proximity, direction, position of layout and organization of
Symbols and abbreviation Acronyms objects in space.
Incomplete sentence Short sentences
First person,second person POV Paragraphs or no paragraphs B. LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPES
Jokes Personal opinions - things that you can actually see and do not necessarily need words to express a
Extra punctuation Positive and active voice thought.
Example: billboards, signage, street names, traffic regulations, or graffiti.
● Neutral language register – It is necessarily formal or informal but it's used to - Linguists consider signs to express symbolic meaning and messages. It is both a
deliver facts. language and medium of communication on its own. Researchers tend to analyze the
Examples: purpose of the author/writer, how these signs and symbols are produced, and to
a. Reviews c. Some letters whom they are directed to.
b. Articles d. Technical writing
C. KINDS OF SIGNS
EVALUATING MESSAGES AND/OR IMAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXTS 1. Regulatory - if it indicates authority and is official or legal prohibitions,
REFLECTING DIFFERENT CULTURES 2. Infrastructural - if it labels things or directs for the maintenance of a building or
TEXTS - provide the means for communicating and form an important study in any given any infrastructure,
course. 3. Commercial - which advertises or promotes a product, an event, or a service in
Pardo (2004) explained that the types of texts share characteristics thatmay include an commerce, or
understanding of the following: 4. Transgressive - if it violates (intentionally or accidentally) the conventional
a. author’s intent e. vocabulary semiotics or is in wrong place, like graffiti. (In English, graffiti is used both as
b. the social purpose of the text f. language choices singular and plural noun. In Italian, though, the singular form is graffito.)
c. how it is structured g. the reading level
d. the subject matter h. other surface features D. ONLINE LANDSCAPES
- People who go online are called netizens – an abstraction of the worlds Internet and
A. TYPES OF TEXTS citizen. Netizens are metaphorically considered as the citizens of the virtual world.
1. Multimodal Texts - refer to those types of texts that use a combination of two or 1. YouTube
more communication modes. 2. Twitter
Example: print, image and spoken texts as in film or computer presentations. 3. Memes
- when a text combines two or more semiotic systems (linguistic, visual, audio,
gestural, spatial) WHAT ARE MEDIA MESSAGES?
- Media messages contain information and ideas that are shared to a large audience of
people.
 - If these are not scrutinized properly, they may become agents of misinformation and ● Image Source
lead people to form wrong judgments and images on the subject of the wrongly How is the image composed?
presented media message. What is in the background and what is in the foreground?
What are the most important visuals?
EVALUATING MESSAGES ● Technical Quality
Why do we evaluate messages? The characteristics of a text/message bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied technical
- The importance of evaluating messages' effectiveness is developing and using needs.
strategic questions to identify strengths and weaknesses. Is the image large enough to suit your purpose?
4 MAIN QUALITIES FOR AN EFFECTIVE MESSAGE Is the image a quality digital image without pixelation or distortion?
1. Simplicity – The message should be clear and direct. ● Contextual info
in order that the message have simplicity, we should ask ourselves two questions: What information accompanies the image?
- is the purpose evident? Does the text change how you see the image?
- is the core message clear? How?
2. Specificity - The choices of language is specific Is the textual information intended to be factual an inform or is intended to influence what and
-is language specific? how you see?
-is language concrete, rather than abstract? What kind of context does the information provide?
-does il use words that have additional meanings and could perhaps be misconstructed? Does it answer the question of where, how, and why?
3. Structure - Ideas should be organized and easy to follow.
Do the messages have structure? WHAT IS CULTURAL TEXT?
Is there a more effective way toarrange the ideas? - Cultural texts are those objects, actions, and behaviors that reveal cultural meanings.
4. Stickiness A photo is an image but is also a cultural text, a picture with cultural information
- The messages should display coherent and unity ideas beyond just the picture itself.
- does the idea of the message flow smoothly? - Food and clothing also suggest cultural information, and it doesn't stop there. The
entire place and space, all of the people and interaction, all of the rituals and rules,
EVALUATING IMAGES and the various forms in which they manifest themselves are "readable" text,
- It is important to critically evaluate the image you use for a research. Study and suitable for observation and analysis by the ethnographer and writer.
presentation should be evaluated like any other sources. DETECTING BIAS IN THE MEDIA
3 Steps of Evaluating an Image - Media bias is ubiquitous (everywhere) and not easy to detect. It is always useful to
1. Identifying the source compare several sources of information and, in doing so, it becomes clear that media
2. Interpret contextual info coverage is never completely objective.
3. Understand implications 1. Ommission – People often evaluate a decision to commit an action more negatively
than a decision to omit an action, given that both decisions have the same negative
ANALYZING THE TEXT/IMAGES consequence.
● Content Analysis 2. Emphasis – The act of calling attention to certain features of a story to influence the
What do you see? reader
What is the image all about? 3. Use of Language – The use of labels such as “terrorist, “revolutionary,” or “freedom
Are their people in the image? fighter" can create completely different impressions of the same person or event.
What are they doing? 4. Photos – Deceiving because it offers just one perspective.
How are they presented? 5. In the Source – Overly positive and does not admit anything negative. The source
Can the image be looked at different ways? fails to mention very important information of which you are aware.
How effective is the image as a visual message? 6. Headlines – Some headlines can be deceptive, as their main purpose is to grab
● Visual Analysis attention. Many people read only the headlines, which can create a distorted sense of
The breakdown of the different elements of a text that communicates primarily with visuals. what is really going on, or turn a non-event into a sensational event.
How is the image composed? 7. Repetition – The repetition of a particular event or idea can lead people to believe
What do you see in the background? that it is true, very widespread, and much more important than it really is.
 8. Numbers and Statistics – Statistics that don't provide an accurate representation of KINDS OF COMMUNICATION STRATEGY
the population. 1. Verbal strategy- can be in the form of written and oral communication
9. Diversity – It is when the speaker is delivering their words in a way that may offend Eg. written- emails, chat, fax messages, chat messages
someone's identity. It can be their race, culture, or the gender identity itself. oral - phone calls, video chat, video conference, face to face conversation
10. Point of View – When a source is clearly one-sided in its description of the event.
2. Non-verbal strategy- is more on visual cues such as facial reactions, body language,
5 DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXT voice tone and the physical distance between the communicators.
● Narrative - Is a way of presenting connected events in order to tell a good story.
Whether it's a narrative essay, a biography, or a novel, a narrative unites distinct FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN DEVELOPING A COMMUNICATION
events by concept, idea, or plot. Common types of narratives normally contain a STRATEGY
beginning, middle, and an end 1. Objectives- can be individual or organization plan
Example: individual- personal objectives
Novels Myth Short stories Fable organization- vision, mission, goals
● Descriptive – The role of descriptive text is to describe a person, things or an event it can be GENERAL or SPECIFIC
by using adjectives or adverbs to clearly emphasize the description process. 2. Audience- groups and types/kind of people
Example: - different strokes for different folks
A story about the places visited on a family trip, someone giving a very detailed account of an 3. Message- is the content, facts being presented. Organizational pattern is used in
experience they had. organizing the messages.
● Directive – The directive text is used for the reader to do something. It is a text a. chronological
where guidelines and instructions are offered to carry out a certain task. b. spatial
Example: c. topical
Manuals d. cause and effect
Cookbook e. problem-solution
Instructions f. criteria satisfaction
Laws g. comparative advantage
● Expository – The expository text educates the readers by presenting factual h. motivated sequence
information in a meaningful and purposeful manner. The text is fact-based with the Adler, et. al (2012) suggest to develop the thesis statement sometimes called the
purpose of exposing the truth through a reliable source. True and deliberate central idea or key idea, a single idea that summarizes the message.
expository text will focus on educating its reader
Example: 4. Context- influences what the speaker/writer says or how a message is said/written.
Textbooks, news articles, magazine articles, informative websites, self-help books, how-to 5. Tools and activities- identify and choose the most appropriate tools and activities to be
books, history books, and science books. used in communicating the message to the audience.
● Argumentative – It is usually defined as a type of discourse concerned with the a. Visual Aids
presentation and evaluation of arguments, either rhetorical or dialectical, which 1. Objects and models
show the cause-effect relationship established in an event or theory. 2. Photographs
Example: 3. Diagrams
Whether students should have to wear school uniforms. 4. List and tables
5. Charts
COMMUNICATION AIDS AND STRATEGIES USING TOOLS OF TECHNOLOGY 6. Pictograms
COMMUNICATION STRATEGY- is the blueprint or plan. It maps the hows to conveying a 7. Graphs
message. 8. Videos
- is also defined as the choice of the most useful objectives of communication and 9. Posters
recognition of a brand and its strategies 10. Handouts
- can be verbal, non-verbal, visual or a combination of two or all.
b. Presentation software- must avoid Technology-Based Communication Aids
a. poorly conceived messages ● Text Messaging
b. design over content ● Social Media
c. overly complex presentations ● Video Conferencing
● Video Presentation
Adler, et. al(2012) offer the following guidelines in using a presentation software: ● Power Point Presentation
a. Be sure you have a reason for using a visual aid. Communication aid examples:
b. Keep your slide shows brief. 1. PowerPoint - offers users many ways to display information from simple to complex
c. Match the sophistication of your visuals to your audience. multimedia presentations.
d. Make sure the visualis large enough to be seen 2. Prezi - a visual storytelling software alternative to traditional slide-based
e. Keep the design of your visuals simple. presentation formats.
f. Only use a few words in each slide . 3. Linkedin Slideshare - users can upload files privately or publicly in PPT, Word,
g. Use only horizontal printing PDF, or Open Document format. Content can then be viewed on the site itself, on
h. Label all items for identification. hand held devices or embedded on other sites
i. Display only a visual while discussing about it. 4. Brainshark - provides a web-based applications and products delivered via software as a
j. Practice using the visuals. service to help companies improve sales effectiveness and productivity.
5. TED. com - an American media organization that posts talks online for free distribution
6. Resources and time - ensure the availability of the resources and set an expected under the slogan "ideas worth spreading”.
timescale for the communication strategy.
7. Evaluation - open and appropriate questions What is Communication?
- Communication is the exchange of information between a sender and a receiver.
MAJOR TYPES OF COMMUNICATION AIDS: Types of Communication Strategies
1. Computer-based media ● Verbal communication strategies – involve the use of words to communicate. This
2. Audio-visual media can be done either orally or in writing.
3. Low-Tech media ○ Oral communication strategies include face-to-face conversations, phone
calls, video conferencing, and public speaking.
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION AIDS ○ Written communication strategies include emails, letters, reports, memos,
1. To clarify or emphasize a point. and social media posts.
2. To enhance retention and recall of the message. ● Nonverbal Communication strategies – consist of mostly visual cues, such as body
3. To add variety and interest to one's speech. language, facial expressions, physical distance between communicators, or the tone
4. To enhance one's credibility as a speaker/writer. of your voice.
● Visual Communication strategies – can be seen through signs, web pages, and
What is COMMUNICATION AID? illustrations.
● Communication Aids are visual support used to make presentation interesting and
effective Effective Communication Strategies
● Communication aids are also referred to as AAC devices (Argumentative and - Effective communication strategies are those that allow you to clearly and concisely
Alternative Communication) convey your message to your audience and achieve your desired outcome.

TWO MAIN TYPES OF AAC SYSTEM 1. Be clear and concise

1. Unaided Communication- AAC that does not require a physical aid or tool. E.g. 2. Be active and engaged
facial expressions, body language, gestures, and sign language. 3. Be respectful and empathetic
2. Aided Communication- AAC that requires the use of equipment or tools in addition 4. Be open for feedback
to the person’s body.
E.g. symbol boards, drawings, computers, and speech- generating devices Multimedia is the use of multiple forms of media, such as text, images, audio, and video, to
convey a message or information.
Traditional visual and audio media include: 02 Phone Calls
Visual media: photographs, drawings, paintings, prints, films, videos, and television - Traditional phone calls, whether through landlines or mobile phones, provide
Audio media: music, sound effects, and human speech real-time voice communication over telecommunications networks.
A transparency, also known variously as a view foil, foil, or view graph, is a thin sheet of 03 Email
transparent flexible material, typically cellulose acetate, onto which figures can be drawn. - A widely used tool for sending and receiving messages, documents, and files
Video refers to a visual representation of moving images, typically accompanied by audio, electronically.
which is recorded and displayed electronically through various mediums such as television, 04 Instant Messaging (IM)
computers, and mobile devices. - Real-time messaging platforms like WhatsApp,Facebook Messenger or Microsoft
Sound recording and reproduction refer to the processes and technologies used to capture Teams that allow users to have quick conversations.
and reproduce audio or sound. These processes involve the recording of sound waves and 05 Video Conferencing
their subsequent reproduction through various playback devices. - Platforms such as Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Google Meet facilitate virtual
face-to-face meetings, webinars, and collaboration through video, audio, and screen
THE USE OF TOOLS OF TECHNOLOGY IN COMMUNICATION sharing.
- Tools of technology play a crucial role in communication by enhancing and
facilitating various aspects of how we connect and interact with others. Guide that you can use when preparing for a presentation according to Adler and Elmhorst
(2012).
Uses of technology towards individual 1. Analyze the situation. Before planning the content of your presentation, you need to
1. Communication - Technology facilitates communication with friends, family, and analyze the situation by analyzing:
colleagues through tools like smartphones, email, instant messaging apps and social a. Audience
media. i. Who are the key audiences whom I need to make impact on?
2. Information Access - The internet and search engines make it easy for individuals to b. The Occasion
access a vast amount of information on virtually any topic, from news and research i. How long will it last to avoid dragging and boring
to educational resources and entertainment. presentations?
3. Shopping - E-commerce platforms allows people to purchase from the comfort of c. Yourself as the speaker
their own homes. They may compare prices and view products from different stores i. Am I knowledgeable enough to talk about this topic?
all at once before making a purchasing decision. 2. Set the goal of the presentation and know your thesis statement. You need to set the
4. Entertainment - Technology provides numerous forms of entertainment for goal of the presentation and know your thesis statement or the central idea. Make
individuals, including streaming services for movies, TV shows, music, and specific goals.
podcasts. Example:
5. Education- Technology has altered education by providing online courses, e-books, Goal - Educate the audience on ways to identify fake news in Facebook
educational apps, and digital resources allowing individuals to acquire new skills Thesis Statement - There are ways on how to avoid being a victim of fake news
and knowledge at their own pace. 3. Organize the body of the presentation.
● Brainstorming of Ideas- researching facts that will support your thesis statement
Communication tools encompass a wide range of technologies and platforms designed to ● Doing a basic organizational plan- once all the ideas have been listed down,
facilitate effective exchange of information, ideas, and messages between individuals or organize them by making an outline
groups. 4. Plan the introduction and conclusion

Communication tools

01 Social Media
- Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram provide online spaces
for individuals and organizations to share updates, interact, and connect with a wide
audience. They support text, images, videos, and links.
According to Adler and Elmhorst (2012), the types of visual aids are:
Objects and Models – can be used when explaining a theory or showing a miniature size of a WHAT IS A MODERN WORKPLACE?
bigger object (e.g. globe) - a contemporary workspace that mainly focuses on the integration of technology,
● Photographs productivity, and collaboration of individuals within an organization through the use
● Diagrams of the internet and technological devices.
● Tables
● Charts (pie, bar, line, column) MATERIALS IN MODERN WORKPLACE
● Videos (e.g. infomercials, vlogs, promotions) ● Intranet/Social Intranet - a private computer network used to communicate
According to Adler and Elmhorst (2012), there are three guidelines or criteria for using visual internally, share information services and operational systems that can be accessed
aids: by authorized users within an organization.
1.Selection- Make sure that all the visual aids that you will use has a purpose in your GUIDELINES IN PLANNING YOUR INTRANET
presentation. Visual aids are there for a reason, which is to make your message clearer and Define the purpose of your Intranet
more comprehensive. Identify your users and their needs
2.Design- Make sure you are using a design that the audience could see clearly. Stay away Gather content for your Intranet
from pixelated images. Keep the design simple. Decide on the structure of your intranet
● Use few words. Choose the right platform for your Intranet
● Objects should be placed horizontally. Implement security measures to protect data
● Label or use captions
3.Presentation ADVANTAGES OF INTRANET
● Your visuals should be shown as you discuss Enhance digital collaboration
● Practice using your visuals Facilitates internal communication
Strengthen the workforce and productivity
COMMUNICATION FOR WORK PURPOSES Flexible in time and project management
WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION The data is accessible
- The process of exchanging information and ideas, both verbally and non-verbally
between one person or group and another person or group within an organization. It ● Group/Business Messaging - form of communication that allows private or group
includes e-mails, videoconferencing, text messages, notes, calls, etc. messages through channels to discuss projects and enable the team members to work
KINDS OF WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION together in various time zones and locations.
● Verbal Communication – Verbal communication involves using spoken and written ETIQUETTES IN GROUP MESSAGING
words to convey our message and information to another person. Send consolidated messages
● Non-verbal Communication – refers to the transfer of information between Don't "seenzoned" people
individuals without the use of words or spoken language. Be friendly and polite
● Visual Communication – the use of visual elements to convey a message, inspire Be mindful of cultural context
change, or evoke emotions. Respect the use of "do not disturb status"
Communication design – is like making a message that teaches, inspires, and gets people Send chats only to relevant people
interested.
Graphic design – -is like using pictures, colors, and layout to make a message look good and ADVANTAGES OF GROUP MESSAGING
easy to understand for the people it's meant for. Provides real-time communication
● Written Communication – the act of conveying information, thoughts, or ideas Convenient for users engagement
through written symbols, words, or text. Organized conversations
Dynamic collaboration
TYPES OF INTERNAL COMMUNICATION Less expensive
Vertical Upward Boost organizational efficiency
Downward Horizontal
 ● Project Management - software tools that are specifically designed to assist the ADVANTAGES OF INTERNAL BLOGGING
individuals to plan, organize and manage team projects. Keep the staffs informed in company updates
GUIDELINES FOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT Promotes open internal communication
Initiating Connects employees across departments
Planning Improves individual engagement
Executing Boost company culture
Monitoring/Controlling Sharing the vision
Closing
● Video Conferencing - a live video based meeting that allows people to connect and
ADVANTAGES OF PROJECTMANAGEMENT collaborate in real time through the use of the internet.
Ability to monitor the project progress
Includes task management features ETIQUETTES IN CONDUCTING A VIDEO CONFERENCE
Easy communication and collaboration Wear work-appropriate clothing
Documented project timelines Mute yourself when not speaking
Improved planning and organizing Frame the camera correctly
Budget tracking Setup your space with optimal lighting
Choose the proper software tool and device
● Tracking & Case Software - a digital tracking system about customer support and Be on time
company cases in a centralized location.
GUIDELINES IN CASE MANAGEMENT PROCESS ADVANTAGES OF VIDEO CONFERENCE
Screening Makes scheduled meeting easier
Assessing Helps to build relationships
Evaluating Risks Enables live events
Planning Creates consistent and accurate records
Implementing File and screen sharing
Following Up Save time and money
Evaluating Outcomes
3 THINGS TO CONSIDER IN COMMUNICATING IN THE WORKPLACE
ADVANTAGES OF TRACKING & CASE SOFTWARE PURPOSE
Centralized database Am I writing primarily to create a record, to request/provide information, or to persuade?
Organized workflows What am I trying to say?
Better customer service
Improved data visibility AUDIENCE
Regular updates and upgrades Who is your target audience?
Capacity for integration What is your target audience already aware of?
What are their job titles and/or areas of responsibility?
● Internal Blogs - a digital communication tool used for internal discussion and What do I want them to do as a result of receiving it?
knowledge sharing within an organization.
GUIDELINES FOR SUCCESSFUL INTERNAL BLOGGING BROAD CATEGORIES OF WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION
Be yourself and be honest Upward Communication
Invite people to a discussion Lateral Communication
Encourage others to post as well Downward Communication
Use the internal blog as knowledge based Outward Communication
Share all important news to the team
Use formatting
TONE BUSINESS LETTERS - a formal and professional written letter sent from one company to
Writer-centered another, clients, employees, and other external parties.
Reader-centered Nordquist- (2017)
Negative - refers to memorandums, reports, proposals, emails and other forms of writing used
Positive in organizations to communicate with internal or external audiences.
- a type of professional communication.
BUSINESS WRITING - Refers to the ability to effectively communicate in writing within the - known as business communication and professional writing.
context of business. Mosura, et al. (1999)
- writing business correspondence like letters and memos is a skill or potential that
COMMUNICATION MATERIALS must be developed and possess by a person regardless by his work, profession or
specialization.
MEMOS - A memo is a short written message that is used to communicate information within Cullen (2017)
an organization - improving your business writing can propel both careers and businesses. It's the
PARTS OF MEMOS channel that transmits nearly all business work and insight and interaction. It flows
1. Heading - includes the date, name of sender and reciever address, and subject line up, down, laterally, internally and externally to customers. It's the foundation of
2. Introduction- It introduce the topic and context business.
3. Body - It discuss the details, background, main message and supporting details PARTS OF BUSINESS LETTER
4. Conclusion- It contains the summary and the next step or necessary action. 1. Heading - includes the return address and the date.
STEPS IN MAKING MEMOS 2. Inside Address/Recipient's Address - contains the name in which the letter is written and
● Write a heading addressed.
● Write an introduction 3. Salutation - greeting part that is written in a polite and courteous manner followed by a
● Provide background comma (,) or a colon (:).
● Outline action items and timeline 4. Body of the letter - contains the main purpose of the letter that must be written in a
● Include closing statement straightforward, simple, and coherent manner. It consists of (3) parts:
● Proofread and review it Introduction
Middle Section
MINUTES OF MEETING - Minutes of meeting are a formal record of a meeting that Conclusion
document the discussions, decisions, and key takeaways from the meeting 5. Complimentary closing - a polite business-like ending of the letter that ends with a comma
ELEMENTS OF MINUTES OF MEETING (,).
● Date and time 6. Signature block - the name of the sender is written in the first line, his/her position on the
● Names of present and absent participants next line and the sender's signature above his/her name.
● Location
● Meeting agenda FORMATS OF A BUSINESS LETTER
● Topics discussed I. Block style - all parts of the letter are on the LEFT SIDE, SINGLE SPACE AND
● List of motions raised, and voting outcomes JUSTIFIED.
● Key takeaways II. Modified block - all parts of the letter are on the LEFT SIDE, SINGLE SPACE
● Next actionable steps AND JUSTIFIED except the HEADING AND THE CLOSING which are tabbed on
STEPS IN MAKING MINUTES OF MEETING the CENTER.
● To plan III. Semi-block
● Take note A. the paragraph is INDENTED
● Be objective B. The heading is ON THE CENTER
● Same tense C. The date can be place ON THE RIGHT SIDE
● Don't use name D. THREE SPACES after the heading
● Key elements E. The recipient's address is ON THE LEFT
● Clarify F. the closing is ON THE RIGHT
 Two Types of Application Letter:
EXAMPLES OF WRITTEN BUSINESS LETTERS Solicited - youre answering or responding to a job advertisement or even from your friend.
Inquiry letter Unsolicited - you’re exploring any jobs without knowing whether they’re hiring or not.
Cover letter
Order letter Parts of an Application Letter
Request letter Introduction
Acknowledgment letter Body
Complaint letter Conclusion

REPORT – Reports are written summaries of an investigation, project, or other initiative. 31 Most Frequently Asked questions in a a job interview (www.muse.com.)
GUIDELINES: ETIQUETTES: Can you tell me a little about yourself?
Gather and organize data Use appropriate sources How did you hear about the position?
Use visual aids Give credit where the credit isdue What do you know about the company/
Proofread and edit Why do you want this job?
ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES: Why should we hire you?, and so on.,,,,
Provides information Time-consuming
Helps in monitoring progress May be too technical RESUME- is an overview of an applicant’s personal data, work experience and work
Facilitates communication May be expensive functions, educational attainment, training and seminars, awards and distinctions, special and
technical skills, and even character references.
MOCK JOB INTERVIEW Components of a Resume:
- A simulated or practice interview session designed to help job seekers prepare for Heading
real job interviews. Objectives
GOALS OF A MOCK JOB INTERVIEW: Educational Attainment
1. Increase confidence Work Experience
2. Improve interview skills Training and seminars Attended
3. Identify areas for improvement Awards and Distinctions Received
4. Create effective interview strategies Character References
THINGS TO PREPARE FOR A MOCK JOB INTERVIEW:
1. Bring all the materials you need for a real interview DIFFERENT WAYS TO COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY IN THE WORKPLACE
2. Take notes during each mock interview
3. Always wear professional attire BUSINESS LETTER – is a professional, formal letter that is sent by one company to another.
4. Record your responses These letters can be used for professional correspondence between business clients,
employees, stakeholders as well as individuals. (Pinegar, 2023)
Employment Letter/Application Letter/Cover Letter 15 ELEMENTS OF A BUSINESS LETTER
Employment letter- comprised of an application letter and a resume or curriculum vitae. 1. Return Address - part of the heading
● Ultimate Purpose- is to convince the company to hire the applicant 2. Date - relates to the precise day when the letter is prepared or written.
● Immediate Purpose- is for the applicant to be called for an interview for personal 3. Reference - relates to a specific piece of data document, or topic that the letter is
appearance and for document perusal. associated with.
Application Letter- is a cover letter written to specify one’s intention to apply for a particular 4. Recipient address - It is composed of the name, position, name of the company, and
position address of the reciever or recipient
● skills, 5. Recipient note - It refers to a brief, additional phrase that is added to a letter in order
● summarizes his or her work experiences to provide the recipient more information or context.
● serves as a formal introduction 6. Salutation - A formal greeting that is generally used at the start of letters.
7. Introduction - the first paragraph or portion of a letter that introduces the sender, sets
up the letter's primary content.
 8. Body - the majority and main section of the letter. Online Learning Tools for Synchronous
9. Conclusion - the final paragraph of the letter, which serves to conclude the message - Video conferencing
and frequently contains a final observation. - Screen sharing
10. Close - refers to the section of the letter before your signature when you politely and - Recording
professionally wrap up the communication. - Chat and Messaging
11. Signature line - refers to the sender's name in handwriting or digital form, which acts Online Learning Tools for Asynchronous
as a personal recommendation of the letter's content. - Google Classroom
12. Preparation line - a piece of the letterhead, which is where the sender's contact - Pre-Recorded Videos
information is located at the top of the document. - G-mail
13. Enclosure/attachments - refers to remark at the bottom of the letter that states
whether any attachments, such as added papers or materials, are present. PROS AND CONS OF E-LEARNING
14. Courtesy copies - refers to sending copies of the letter to recipients other than the PROs
intended recipient. - flexibility
15. Logo / contact info - relate to the components of the letterhead that are normally - less stress and anxiety
placed at the top of the letter - cost efficiency
- time efficiency
TYPES OF BUSINESS LETTERS - accessibility
COVER LETTER - A one-page business letter is a document that is typically submitted - easier engagement with learning materials
alongside your resume when applying for a job. CONS
REQUEST LETTER - is a written document used to ask for a favor, permission, information, - laziness
or action from an individual, organization, or authority. - lack of face to face interaction
INVITATION LETTER - An invitation letter is a formal request to attend an event, meeting, - cheating
seminar, or celebration. - lack or motivation to 'learn'
COMPLAINT LETTER - is a formal letter written to express dissatisfaction, concerns, or - lacks of experience
grievances about a product, service, or situation. - technical issues
OFFICE MEMORANDUM - is a brief but professional document used to communicate
between a company and its employees. PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURES FOR MEETINGS
LETTERS OF COMMENDATION - are a type of employee appreciation that is distributed to Parliament Procedure
the entire workplace to thank an employee on a job well done. - a protocol employed by legislative bodies to facilitate meetings
ANNOUNCEMENT LETTERS - A business announcement letter is a communication - it follows "Robert's Rules of Order" is the standard for facilitating discussions and
indicating a significant event or change for a company, such as policy changes or management group decision-making
changes. Process of Parliamentary Procedure
1. Call to Order – the president/chairperson begins the meeting
CLASS GROUP DISCUSSION VIA VIRTUAL MODALITY 2. Roll Call – announce your presence when your name is called
E-learning - short for electronic learning, is an educational approach that utilizes electronic 3. Announcement of Quorum – The executive council determines whether a sufficient
technologies, primarily the internet, to deliver educational content and instruction to learners. percentage of members are present to conduct business.
Two Methods of E-Learning: 4. Amendments to the Agenda – Any member may move to amend the agenda
1. Asynchronous 5. Approval of Minutes – The President will most likely ask if anyone is opposed to
- no real-time interaction approval of the minutes as written.
- time delay with interactions 6. Introduction of New Bills & Resolutions – Bills and Resolutions in New Business are
- independent learning introduced to the senate at this point.
2. Synchronous 7. President’s Remarks – Here the President merely addresses the senate to relay any
- real-time interactions pertinent information.
- live lectures 8. Open Forum – Here the floor is given to a designated speaker, usually scheduled to
- immediate question and answer present pertinent information or proposals to the senate.
 9. Committee Reports – Committee Chairs in turn announce the month’s business of their 5. Question
respective committees. - To end a debate immediately, the question is called (say "I call the question ") and
10. Old Business – In this section, any business from the last meeting that was unresolved needs a second. A vote is held immediately (no further discussion is allowed).
will be addressed here.
11. New Business – In this section, the senate considers new Main Motions. Each bill or 6. Table
resolution is treated separately and in the order that they are listed on the agenda. - To table a discussion is to lay aside the business at hand in such a manner.
12. Comments and Announcements – Here, any member or guest may request the floor to Ex: ("I make a motion to table this discussion until the next meeting. In the
(obviously) make an announcement or comment. meantime, we will get more information so we can better discuss the issue.")
13. Adjournment – At this point in the meeting, adjournment is in order. The President will
announce the meeting adjourned. 7. Adjourn
- A motion is made to end the meeting. A second motion is required. A majority vote
BASIC RULES: is then required for the meeting to be adjourned (ended).
1. Only one subject may be before a group at one time
2. Negative motions are generally not permitted. In a smaller meeting, like a committe or board meeting, often only four motions are used:
3. Only one person may speak at any given time. ● To introduce (motion.)
4. All members have equal rights. ● To change a motion (amend.)
5. Each item presented for consideration is entitled to a full and free debate. ● To adopt (accept a report without discussion.)
6. The rights of the minority must be protected. but the will of the majority must prevail. ● To adjourn (end the meeting.)

ELEMENTs OF ROBERT’s RULE OF ORDER Merit/purpose of Parliamentary Procedures

1. Motion 1. Justice and courtesy to all.
- To introduce a new piece of business or propose a decision or action, 2. One thing at a time.
ex: ("I move that."). 3. The rights of the minority.
- Second motion must then also be made 4. Maintain the majority rule.
ex:(raise your hand and say. "I second it.").
- Majority
ex:(or quorum as specified in your bylaws.)

2. Postpone Indefinitely
- It is used to kill a motion under consideration. When passed, the motion cannot be
reintroduced at that meeting. It may be brought up again at a later date.
ex: ("I move to postpone indefinitely… ").
- A second is required. A majority vote is required to postpone the motion under
consideration.

3. Amend
- This is the process used to change a motion. Raise your hand and make the
following motion: "I move to amend the motion on the floor.".After the motion to
amend is seconded. a majority vote is needed to decide whether the amendment is
accepted. Then a vote is taken on the amended motion.

4. Commit
- This is used to place a motion in committee. It requires a second.