Purposive Communication  PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE 

COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES & ETHICS  COMMUNICATION 

PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES OF  ● Clarity​ – pertains to both the message 
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION  and the purpose why the message has to 
● Effective communication is a ​key  be sent. 
interpersonal skill​ and by learning how  ● Conciseness​ – the message should be as 
you can improve your communication  brief as may be required depending on 
has many benefits.  one’s purpose. 
● Communication is beyond simply putting  ● Completeness​ – the message should be 
words into thoughts and emotions. It is  complete and accurate. 
done effectively on when information is  ● Organization​ - Effective communication 
transmitted without changing both the  is usually planned in order to ensure the 
content and the context of the message.  systematic flow of ideas and transition 
● Communication is ​the art of creating  from one point to another. 
and sharing ideas​ for a specific purpose.  ● Empathy ​- The sender of the message 
  should be sensitive to the needs and 
FORMS OF COMMUNICATION  interests of the receiver. 
● Verbal Communication  ● Flexibility​ - Effective communicators 
o Language  know how to adapt to the varying needs 
o Sounds  and expectations of their audience, and 
o Tone of Voice  modify the message or the way the 
● Non-Verbal Communication  message is sent to avoid 
o Body Language  misunderstanding or misinterpretation. 
o Deportment   
o Facial Expressions  COMMUNICATION & GLOBALIZATION 
● Written  ● The notion of the world being a global 
o Journal  village has been a hot topic ever since 
o Email  the idea was brought up, especially in 
o Blog  light of the rapid advances in 
o Text Messages  technology and digitization. 
● Visual  Globalization has been regarded as the 
o Signs  key to the worldwide integration of 
o Symbols  humanity, where there is an increased 
o Pictures  economic, political and cultural 
o Graphics  integration and interdependence of 
o Emojis  diverse cultures.  
● Effective communication is dependent   

● In Southeast Asia, for example, the 

on ​how rich​ those ideas are and ​how  ASEAN Integration has been a buzzword 
much​ of those ideas are retained in the 
among social communities, opening a 
cyclical process.  wide array of discussion for future 
● Which skill one chooses greatly varies is  collaborations. 
dictated by the: situation, content or   

actual information a person needs or  ● For our part, we Filipinos have increased 
wants to convey, and intended recipient  our awareness and acceptance of the 
of that information.  notion that we belong to a diverse, 
● According to the research study  global community. This is not confined 
conducted by McKinsey Global Institute  to communication with people from 
entitled, ​“The Globalization of English”​:   other countries, but is inclusive of 
o Almost 91% of professionals from  communication within our own societies, 
the world’s top 300 multinational  even with the minorities and the 
companies said that  indigenous peoples.  
 
communicating in English is  ● It is therefore imperative that we learn 
important for work success.  to communicate effectively with people 
o Only 7% of them indicated that  regardless of age, gender, race, ability, 
their current level of English is  religion, sexual orientation, income, 
sufficient for their jobs.  marital status, or ethnicity. 
   

COMMUNICATION SKILLS  ● Communication in the modern world 

● Audience Analysis​ – knowing the  must be anchored on the concept of 
audience; understanding their level; how  diversity, since effective communication 
they need to receive the information.  and the ability to understand cultural 
● Identifying & Overcoming  differences are skills that have become 
Communication Barriers​ – physical noise;  requisites not only for a meaningful 
physiological noise; cultural difference;  social life but also for a successful 
varying levels of expectations and  professional career. 
 
experiences; difference in perspectives;  ● Even professionals from the countries 
communication styles.  that are traditionally known for sticking 
  to their native tongue (e.g. Japan, Korea, 
Vietnam) have started to learn English, 
 as the internationally-recognized lingua  ● Fragile symbol​ - Some staff at the 
franca, with the concept that learning  African port of Stevadores saw the 
English does not make them less  supposedly internationally-recognized 
Japanese, Koreans, or Viets.  symbol for “fragile” (i.e. broken wine 
 

● In addition, digital technology has  glass). Since in their culture, they treat 
erased territorial boundaries among  the pictures printed on packages to be 
a representation of what’s inside, they 
countries and among people with 
varying cultures. The notion of being a  thought it was a box of broken glasses 
‘stranger’ has been revolutionized as the  and threw all the boxes into the sea. 
 

people whom we used to treat as  ● Hollywood Buddha​ - caused outrage 

strangers are now our co-workers,  and protest on the streets of Sri Lanka, 
classmates or friends – albeit some only  Malaysia and Myanmar (Burma) when 
in social media.  the designer of the film’s poster decided 
 

● Multiculturalists​ – are those who engage  to show the lead actor sitting on the 
Buddha’s head, which is an act of clear 
themselves with and are respectful 
people with different cultures. These are  degradation against something holy. 
 

not necessarily people from other  ● Coors Beer​ - “Turn it loose.” translated to 
countries all the time, since a country  Spanish, but it became to mean “Suffer 
may have varying sub-cultures among  from diarrhea.” 
 
its general society.  ● The cost of cultural insensitivity in 
 
global communication can be felt in 
COMMUNICATION & GLOBALIZATION  everyday communication​, as cultural 
● Gerber branding​ – some cultures where  misunderstandings often lead to 
women have low literacy rates, such as  misinterpretation and unnecessary 
Africa and the Middle East, saw the  tension between people. The following 
picture of the baby and believed that  are some examples in global setting: 
there was a baby or part of one baby in   

the jar.  o Showing the sole of a shoe (by 

  crossing one’s legs and pointing 
● Irish Mist​ – it is a brown whiskey  one’s shoes to the speaker, for 
produced in Dublin, Ireland and  example) means nothing to observers 
unfortunately “Mist” means “crap” in  in most Western and Asian countries. 
Germany  In Muslim cultures (such as Saudi 
 

● Joni​ – (read as Yoni) is a brand of skin  Arabia), however, the gesture is 
product. However, Yoni means ‘uterus’ or  perceived as insulting. Similarly, 
‘vagina’ in Sanskrit, and is an Indian  crossing one’s legs while seated is 
representation of female genitalia,  customary for Westerners, but this is 
especially pertaining to the Hindu  a social faux pas in Korea. 
 
goddess Shakti.  o Blinking rapidly while another person 
 

● Undoubtedly, globalization has affected  is talking is normal for most people, 

the way people and companies  especially during tense situations. 
communicate with each other. In some  For Taiwanese, this is considered 
cases, cultural differences have  impolite. 
 
accentuated cultural insensitivity, which  o The Japanese view the business card 
is most felt in the business world.  as an extension of their body, while 
 

● Since everyone is a consumer of  Americans view it simply as a 

particular business products, it is  business formality. Hence, when 
important to know the issues, etiquette,  Japanese hand over their business 
protocol, communication styles and  cards with two hands and with great 
negotiation approaches of people from  care, they get insulted when the 
different cultures using the business  person receiving them just puts it 
experience as example.  away with haste. 
 
 

● McDonald’s Advertisement in China​ -  ● In order to develop ​more meaningful 

This featured a Chinese man kneeling  relationships​ and establish productive 
before a McDonald’s vendor and  interaction with people having different 
begging him to accept his expired  cultures, ​everyone should recognize​ and 
discount coupon. The ad caused uproar  respond to such differences and 
over the fact that begging is considered  nuances. 
 
a shameful act in Chinese culture.  ● People have to be mindful that ​not 
 

● McDonald’s Advertisement with Muslims  everyone from the same culture exhibits 
- McDonald’s also unintentionally  the same characteristics and habits​ in 
offended thousands of Muslims when it  communication, so sensitivity is key to 
printed an excerpt from the Koran on its  any successful communicative situation. 
 
throwaway (take-out) hamburger bags.  ● In communicating in a highly global 
Muslims saw this as sacrilegious.  environment, the challenge that faces 
 
everyone is to ​learn to understand, 
 accept, and address cultural – and  indicator of reading a person’s 
communication – differences​.  intention. 
  ● The belly button rule means the 
ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION  direction of a person’s navel reflects 
● Effective communication is ethical  his/her true interest. 
communication.​ Communication is  ● When people are interested in you and 
ethical only when it is genuine, open,  what you have to say, they will point 
cooperative and sensitive to one’s  their belly button squarely at you as you 
cultural and social beliefs and practices.  talk. 
 
 
● If there is an intent to conceal the truth, 
or bring damage to any organization,  RESPECTING SOCIO-CULTURAL BELIEFS 
group or individual person,  AND PRACTICES OF OTHERS 
communication is considered unethical.  ● The concept of globalization is not new, 
  but people somehow fail to realize that 
● Even in situations when there is no  this is not confined to technology or 
intent to harm, but damage to a certain  bridging the world and making it a 
group is inevitable because of the  virtual community. 
message or the channel used to relay  ● Globalization also entails changing the 
the message, it is still considered  way people communicate to others, 
unethical.  especially those with different norms, 
  cultures, and belief systems. 
ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION   
PAST VS PREJUDICE  LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN 
● Past Experience​ - People enter into a  MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS 
communicative situation with certain  “Cultural differences should not separate 
expectations and they behave or react  us from each other, but rather cultural 
accordingly.  diversity brings a collective strength that 
 

● Prejudice ​- When people take their past  can benefit all humanity.” – ​Robert Alan 
experiences and make certain   
assumptions that the same experiences  COMMUNICATION STYLES IN VARIOUS 
will happen with the same people, given  MULTICULTURAL CONTEXTS 
the same context. Prejudices may be  ● The model, developed by ​Dr. Eileen M. 
attributed to culture or personal  Russo​, shows four different 
preferences.  communication styles (direct, spirited, 
 
systematic and considerate), 
● Happens when people ​isolate an  categorized further into two different 
experience with one “type” of person or  dimensions (level of assertiveness and 
one group of people​, then behave as if  level of expressiveness). 
all encounters with people of the same  ● People with ​assertive communication 
“type”, or at least with the same  levels tend to tell or instruct others what 
characteristics, will lead to the same  to do and sometimes even how to do it. 
experience. 
  ● People with ​expressive communication 
● Effective communicators view people as  level usually show their real feelings and 
separate from any preconceived  emotions through facial expressions, 
notions​ ​others may have about them.  tone of voice, or language use. 
 
● The combination of different levels of 
SHOWING COMMITMENT AND GENUINE  assertiveness or expressiveness result to 
INTEREST   the basic communication styles: 
● A key component in ethical  o Spirited​ – High Expressiveness & 
communication is ​showing commitment  High Assertiveness 
in the communicative situation.  o Considerate ​– High Expressiveness & 
● Being committed means:  Low Assertiveness 
o giving sufficient time and resources  o Direct ​– Low Expressiveness & High 
o being open  Assertiveness 
o volunteering important information,  o Systematic ​– Low Expressiveness & 
even if it puts a person’s own  Low Assertiveness 
short-term interests at risk. 
 
● The following are the ​tips for a people 
NAVAL LANGUAGE  with a spirited communication​: 
● Body Language may be enhanced  o Respect decisions and agenda that 
through the ​“Belly Button Psyche​ or the  have been agreed upon, as well as 
belly button rule, which is believed to  time limits during meetings or any 
communicate true interest while  communicative situation. 
engaging in face-to-face  o Try to limit your sharing of personal 
communication.  anecdotes that may take the 
  discussion off-topic. 
● Dr. Albert Mehrabian​, professor of  o Make sure you are allowing others to 
Psychology at UCLA said that the belly  contribute their ideas and 
button rule is the most important  suggestions - and that you are 
genuinely listening to them. 
 o Be certain that any request you  o Pidgin​ - It refers to a new language that 
make is clear and that you convey  develops into situations where 
the reason for such request.  speakers of different languages need 
o Communicate your appreciation for  to communicate but do not share a 
others’ work and input.  common language. 
● Tips for people with a Considerate  o Creole ​- It is a pidgin that becomes the 
Communication  first language of the children, or the 
o Recognize that other people’s  mother tongue of a certain community. 
opinions about a topic are separate  o Regional Dialect ​- It is not a language 
from their opinions about you.  that is not distinct from a national 
o Realize that not everyone is  language, but rather a variety of a 
comfortable discussing personal  language spoken in a particular area 
topics with colleagues.  of a country. 
o Allow others to open personal  o Minority Dialect ​- This is a variety used 
matters before asking questions of  as a marker identity, usually alongside 
that nature.  a standard variety, by the members of 
o Respect your own opinion as you  a particular minority ethnic group. 
respect that of others’.  o Indigenized Varieties ​- These are 
o Recognize that you don’t have to be  spoken mainly as second languages in 
friends with everyone, but you  former colonies with multilingual 
should treat others -and be treated  populations. 
-professionally.  ● A ​language register​ is characterized by 
● Tips for People with a Direct  the way a speaker uses language 
Communication  differently in different social 
o Make an effort to listen carefully to  circumstances. These are determined 
others. Avoid interrupting.  social atmosphere, purpose of 
o Allow time for “chatting” at the  communication, audience, and the 
beginning of a meeting.  general context of the discourse. 
o Recognize that others may also feel  ● Classification of Language Registers​: 
the need to express themselves.  o Formal ​- These registers are used in 
o Recognize that brainstorming can  professional, academic, or legal 
be effective and is not a waste of  settings where communication is 
time.  expected to be respectful, 
o Take some time to show your  uninterrupted, and restrained to 
appreciation for others’  specific rules. Slang is never used and 
contributions.  contractions are rare. 
● Tips for People with a Systematic  o Casual ​- These registers are used when 
Communication  communicating with friends, close 
o Recognize that for good working  acquaintances, colleagues, and family 
relationships, consideration for  members. 
others’ feelings is important.  o Intimate ​- These registers are reserved 
o Learn to ask qualifying questions  for special occasions, usually between 
that will help you get the information  only two people and often in private. 
you need.  o Frozen ​- It refers to historic language 
o Make sure you understand the 
that is intended to remain unchanged. 
background of the discussion or 
o Consultative ​- It is used in 
scope of the conversation so no time 
is wasted.  conversations when people are 
speaking with someone who has 
o Politely ask other questions about 
themselves if you want to build  specialized knowledge or is offering 
advice. Tone is often respectful, such 
rapport. 
as the use of honorifics or courtesy 
o If you need to ask for more time to 
know, analyze or discuss something,  titles, but may be more casual if the 
relationship between or among 
explain the benefit of the 
communicators is friendly. 
information you need to know. 
  ● Language registers may also be 
VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN  classified as Formal, Informal, Neutral 
AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE  o Formal language ​registers are 
● In a multicultural society, people must  appropriate for professional situations, 
use culturally-appropriate terms,  such as when speaking to a supervisor 
gestures, expressions and images in any  or writing an invitation letter.  
communicative situation.  o Informal language​ registers, on the 
● Language Varieties.​ It is called “lects”,  other hand, are conversational and 
these refer to the different variants of a  appropriate when speaking or writing 
language that can be sufficiently  to a friend or to someone you know 
delimited from one another in terms of  quite well. 
social, historical, or geo-spatial factors,  o The use of one or a combination of 
thus forming language clusters. In  these registers highly depends on the 
addition, language varieties may also be  audience and the context (nature of 
grouped in the following classifications:  the communicative situation). Using the 
 proper registers show respect, interest, 
and a certain level of professionalism, 
hence enhancing harmonious personal 
and professional relationships. 
 
IMPROVING ONE’S ABILITY IN 
COMMUNICATING IN A MULTICULTURAL 
SETTING 
● Everything should start with a personal 
desire and strong conviction to relate   
more effectively with persons having 
different cultural backgrounds. This will  EVALUATING MESSAGES AND IMAGES OF 
not only create positive personal  DIFFERENT TEXT TYPES 
relationships, but also open more  EVALUATING MESSAGES AND/OR IMAGES 
opportunities for professional growth.  OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXTS 
Limiting one’s reliance on preconceived  REFLECTING DIFFERENT CULTURES 
notions and established stereotypes is  ● Concept of World Englishes.​ As defined 
also a major leap towards effective  by Celce-Murcia (2014), the regionally 
intercultural communication.  distinct varieties of English that have 
● The following specific guidelines can  arisen in parts of the world where there 
enhance your ability to handle  is a long and often colonial history of 
situations involving intercultural  English being used in education, 
communication, and better prepare  commerce and government. 
yourself to meet the communication  ● Over time, the widespread use of English 
challenges in an increasingly global  - spoken side by side with local 
environment:  languages - has given rise to local 
o Refrain from forming expectations  varieties of English with their own 
based solely on your culture. ​Knowing  standards. Examples of World Englishes 
and accepting the validity of cultural  are Indian English, West African English, 
differences are key in communicating  Singapore English, and Filipino English. 
with people having diverse  ● One major issue that has been raised 
communication styles. Being an  with respect to these established 
effective communicator requires  varieties is that they are often not fully 
allowing yourself to be immersed in  intelligible to users of other varieties of 
the multicultural society and  English. 
embracing diversity  ● Kirkpatrick (2007)​ proposes a scale with 
o Remove personal biases or any  two extremes that characterize this 
stereotype that may impede  problem: 
understanding.​ You do not want to be  o The goal of national or regional 
at the receiving end of a biased  identity ​- People use a regional variety 
judgment, right? You don’t want  of English with its specific grammar, 
structure and vocabulary to affirm 
people avoiding you just because of 
their own national or ethnic identity. 
how they see other members of your  (e.g. Only Filipinos use the terms 
group or culture. Determine how  “senatoriable”, “congressman”, 
much your family, friends and  “chancing”, and “bedspacer”, among 
colleagues have ‘dictated’ how you  others.) 
view or feel about other people or  o The goal of intelligibility​ - Users of a 
other groups, and identify which  regional variety should ideally still be 
among these pre-judgments are  readily understood by users of 
stereotypes that can damage  English everywhere else in the world 
relationships.  to fully participate in the use of 
o Remove personal biases or any  English as an international language. 
stereotype that may impede  (e.g. Users of Filipino English have to 
understand that they have to use “bin” 
understanding.​ You do not want to be 
instead of “trash can” or “lift” instead 
at the receiving end of a biased 
of “elevator” when in a country using 
judgment, right? You don’t want  British English.) 
people avoiding you just because of  o The challenge is to find ​a good 
how they see other members of your  balance between the 
group or culture. Determine how  identity-intelligibility extremes.​ Hence, 
much your family, friends and  speakers of the English language may 
colleagues have ‘dictated’ how you  resort to ​code-switching​ (i.e. using 
view or feel about other people or  English and another language in the 
other groups, and identify which  same statement). For example, Filipinos 
among these pre-judgments are  may use a strongly local version of 
stereotypes that can damage  Filipino English to communicate with 
relationships.  fellow Filipinos using English as 
medium, but they should use a weaker 
and more formal version when 
 communicating with users of other  ● The exponential rise in the use of social 
varieties of English, especially when  media can be partly attributed to the 
international intelligibility is necessary.  emergence of technologies that enable 
o Multimodality​ is a fairly new concept in  modern communication (that is, ​FAST, 
the general academic setting, but can  CONVENIENT, INTERACTIVE 
be a very powerful tool in light of  communication​). These included 
digital and multicultural  computers, laptops, and smartphones, 
communication. A text or output is  among others. In addition, the rise of 
considered multimodal if it uses two or  social media is a unique manifestation 
more communication modes to make  of how quickly and drastically patterns 
meaning. It shows different ways of  of social behaviors change. 
knowledge representations and  ● Some Interesting Statistics on Social 
meaning-making, and investigates  Media Use as of July 2020: 
contributions of semiotic resources 
(language, gestures, images) that are 
co-deployed across various modalities 
(visual, aural, somatic, etc). Most 
importantly, multimodality highlights 
the significance of interaction and 
integration in constructing a coherent 
text. 
o A multimodal text can either be one of 
the following:   
▪ Paper (books, comics, posters, 
brochures) 
▪ Digital (Slide presentations, blogs, web 
pages, social media, animation, film, 
video games) 
▪ Live (performance or an event) 
o Transmedia​ - A story is told using 
multiple delivery channels through a 
combination of platforms, such as 
comics, film, and video games all   
working as part of the same story with 
the same message 
o The creation of multimodal texts and 
outputs requires a creative design 
concept that orchestrates the 
purposive combination of text, color, 
photo, sound, spatial design, 
language, gestures, animations and 
other semiotics, all with the unitary 
goal of bringing meaning to life.   
 
THE RISE OF NEW MEDIA AND 
TECHNOLOGY AIDS IN COMMUNICATION 
● Social media has undoubtedly altered 
how the world operates. The rapid and 
vast adoption of new media platforms 
have changed the way people relate and 
communicate with each other in the 
social, economic, and political arenas. 
● Though there are minor social media   
platforms available since the 90s, the 
social media that we know today - the 
one with millions of active and 
interactive users - started with MySpace 
in 2004, when it reached a million active 
users. 
● Some media platforms have been so 
popular that the number of users rise at 
such an exponential rate. 
● However, not all social media platforms   
last. For example, in 2008, Hi5, MySpace,  ● In a 2017 report by the Global Web Index: 
and Friendster were close competitors  o 42%​ of people use social media 
to the social media giant, Facebook.  platforms to stay in touch with what 
● Interestingly, the social media platforms  their friends are doing 
that survived did so because of their  o 39%​ wanted to stay up-to-date with 
continuous evolution and response to  news and current events 
the needs and interests of its users. 
● Other top reasons for Using Social  ● The Internet is the largest area of 
Media  language development we have seen in 
o Filling up spare time  our lifetimes. ​Crystal (2011)​ said that only 
o General networking with people  two things are certain: it is not going to 
o Looking for entertaining content  go away, and it is going to get larger. 
o Sharing photos and videos  Hence, ​we must be prepared for its 
o Sharing one’s opinion  inevitable expansion​. 
o Meeting new people  ● Digital discourse​ illuminates social and 
o Researching or finding out products to  cultural processes, which is under the 
buy  domain of sociocultural linguistics. 
  ● The primary concern is not the abstract, 
RESPONSIBLE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA  grammatical linguistics, but rather the 
● WE ALL HAVE A SOCIAL  everyday functions and uses of 
RESPONSIBILITY​. YOU are 100 percent  language. 
Responsible for everything that appears  ● This type of discourse or 
on your social media accounts, from  computer-mediated communication 
your status updates and comments to  (CMC) can be described as: 
pictures, videos, and links you share.  o INTERPERSONAL​. 
● Do not turn to social media as a way to  Relationship-focused rather than 
harass, demean, or bully someone else.  subject-oriented. This can be 
Sitting in front of a computer screen  explained by the # of Group Chats 
does NOT give you license to embarrass,  (GC’s) a person has, and 
intimidate, or spread hurtful rumors  the # of individuals and GC’s a person 
about others.  engages simultaneously. The 
● Regardless of your privacy settings,  interpersonal nature of CMC is 
keep in mind that anything can possibly  characterized by the following: 
be seen by anyone any time, even by  ● Turn-taking 
that person that you did not want to see  ● Topic development 
it. ​PAUSE before you post, THINK before  ● Back-channels 
you click.  ● Repairs 
● Whether you’re concerned with  o DIALOGICAL​. Carries expectation of 
maintaining good friendships or future 
continuous exchange 
job prospects, be responsible in what 
● This is why most media platforms 
you post and how it could affect your 
have a “Reply” or “comment” option, 
reputation. Many employers now check 
while some have a “Leave a 
up on job candidates’ social media 
comment” button, to ensure 
accounts for evidence of bad behavior. 
  continuous interaction. 
o VERNACULAR​. Uses language that is 
common to people regardless of age, 
social class, gender, or race 
▪ Acronyms (Lol, yolo, fomo, bae) 
▪ Initialisms (atm, rotfl, brb, btw, hbd, 
idk, jk, af, nwm, tmi, tldr, tw, g!) 
▪ Emoticons /emojis 
▪ Expressive Punctuations 
o SPONTANEOUS​. It is usually 
 
  unplanned, unstructured, and 
ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND THE NEW MEDIA  sometimes impulsive. 
WHAT IS NEW MEDIA  ▪ This spontaneity also gave rise to 
● New media refer to highly interactive  Net Neologisms through Lexical 
digital technology. These are very easily  Creativity, such as the use of “b4n”, 
processed, stored, transformed,  and “f2f”, or such terms as trolls, 
retrieved, hyper-linked, searched for,  meme, hashtag, and meh 
and accessed. Generally, these can be  ● The English of the New Media is: 
classified as: Blogs, Social media, Online  o BRIEF​. Do you notice how much 
newspaper, Virtual reality and Computer  people put premium on length and on 
games.  the time, it would take for them to 
● Language in new media is sometimes  read an article in the net? 
referred to as ​Computer-mediated  o MULTIMODAL​. This refers to the 
communication (CMC)​, though it may  layering of different digital media. All 
also be called any of the following:  texts, all communicative events, are 
o Netspeak  always achieved by means of multiple 
o Computer-mediated discourse  semiotic resources. 
o Digital discourse  o IDEOLOGICAL​.​ N ​ ew media is 
o Electronic discourse  inherently ideological, especially in 
o E-communication  terms of their political economies of 
o Digitally mediated communication  access and control. They are used to 
o Keyboard-to-screen communication  control people, and they are used to 
resist control. This is quite apparent, 
 most especially through the symbolic  COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN 
power of the news and broadcast  TECH-BASED COMMUNICATION 
media.  ● Modern technology did not only usher in 
● Language use is not simply a way of  new forms of language used in new 
communicating, but a powerful  media, but also paved the way on how 
resource for representing​ (or  communication takes place and how 
manipulating) its users, especially the  messages are presented. 
young​ ​people - so called “digital natives”.  ● Part of communication planning is 
None of this is especially new; every  deciding on the platform in which the 
generation likes to “complain” about the  message will be presented. In some 
next generation’s communication  cases, the use of technology will do 
practices.  wonders for your presentation. 
● This is an important context in which  ● Multimedia presentations often always 
language can be seen taking place in  require the use of technology, and 
and around new media, and how it  these, when used properly, can do 
continues to evolve which every new  wonders for your presentation. They are 
technological revolution taking place.  visually-oriented and allow 
● Brevity​ - concise and exact use of words  multimodality and the use of such 
in writing or speech; shortness of time  features as text, graphics, photos, audio, 
animations, and video. 
● There are a wide array of presentation 
software and tools to choose from, some 
of which are free and very user-friendly. 
Regardless of the software or 
technological tool that you use, there 
are a few factors that you need to bear 
in mind in using technology as an aid in 
communication: 
  o Keep it simple.​ Avoiding including too 
much information in a graphic or in 
one slide. The message should be 
immediate and clear. By keeping the 
visual material simple, you also 
maintain maximum personal contact 
with your audience. 
o Emphasize only on key ideas.​ When 
you call attention to ideas with a 
graphic presentation, make sure the 
  graphic clearly illustrates your 
  essential points and the important 
COMMUNICATION PLANNING  supporting data. 
● The communication planning process  o Show what you can’t say​. The best use 
involves defining the types of  of visual media is to reveal material 
information you will deliver, who are the  you can’t easily describe orally or with 
intended recipients of that  written text. Graphics, photos, charts, 
communication, the format for  and illustrations can accomplish this 
communicating it, and the timing of its  objective. 
release and distribution.  o Keep the number of images you 
● The key goal is to make sure everybody  present manageable.​ Too many 
gets the right message at the right time.  images will tire your audience (so will 
It serves various purposes:  too much text). Eight to yen images 
o To inform  should be the maximum number for 
o To persuade  most presentations. 
o To prevent misunderstanding  o Combine variety with coherence.​ If 
o To present a point of view or reduce  you use several images, vary the 
● Steps in Communication Planning  design to make them interesting but 
o Research and analyze current  keep them aesthetically consistent. 
situation  o Use large lettering.​ Use large text font 
o Establish goals and objectives (short  sizes with minimal use of serifs so the 
and long term)  audience can read the text easily. 
o Identify the target audience (what   
they know, what influences them,  COMMUNICATION FOR WORK PURPOSES 
communication impediments, etc.)  ORAL COMMUNICATION IN THE 
o Conceptualize on key messages.  WORKPLACE 
o Strategize on communication styles  ● The importance of oral communication 
and platform(s)  skill at the workplace is evident in 
o Evaluate and anticipate  various researches conducted among 
  organization executives, managers, 
employees and trainees. These 
 researches have revealed that effective 
oral communication skill takes the top 
place among the business skills needed 
in the company for its quality 
performance. 
● Oral communication skill in business is 
highly valued​. Without exception, 
everybody in business needs it to 
communicate details of information, 
discuss strategies, map out plans, close   
business agreements, work in teams,  ● The said problems are considered 
and deal with managers, employees,  communication challenges. The terms 
business partners, guests or clients. To  refer to the problem when the manager 
improve yourself, you also need  does not provide feedback or coaching. 
communication skills to help you initiate  If there is no feedback, it means there is 
personal plans, lead project  no communication. Campbell echoed 
undertakings, and solve pressing  the idea of Leigh Branham, the author 
problems.   of 7 Hidden Reasons Employees Leave. 
● Executives and managers need good  She said, as quoted, that the root 
communication skills to demonstrate  problems of this issue are managers' 
effective leadership, efficient  inattention to people they supervise. 
transaction, quality performance, and  They provide irregular or nonexistent 
excellent productivity.  feedback. People get criticisms instead 
● Successful businesses have gained their  of praise. Worse is that feedback is not 
good reputation because strong  valued or valuable at all. 
communication skills are fully 
recognized and developed among 
employees. However, some companies’ 
need for employees with effective 
communication skill is all too often 
unfulfilled. Some business transactions 
miss the mark as business people fail to 
convey a proper course of 
communication. 
 
ORAL COMMUNICATION IN THE 
WORKPLACE 
● Communication has always been   
essential in any business’ growth and  TOP COMMUNICATION ISSUES 
development. As effective  ● Campbell identified top ten 
communication is needed to be able to  communication issues that business 
operate and become successful,  communicators have to consider to 
pressing challenges do interfere and are  be able to avoid or solve them. 
likely to affect your work and 
1. Failure to Listen.​ Ineffective 
communication in the future.  listening is a big problem in 
communication. Good 
communication fails when one 
doesn’t pay much attention or plan 
what to say before one ends his 
statement. To avoid it, speakers 
  have to emphasize the importance 
● Business communicators have always  of active listening in the discussion. 
encountered communication problems.  Also point out that inattentiveness 
Some of these problems are sometimes  results in a different understanding 
hard to avoid or deal with. Andrea  of the topic being discussed. 
Campbell, author of Top 10 Team  Speakers also have to maintain eye 
Communication Issues and How to Avoid  contact during the conversation or 
Them, believes that poor  discussion. 
communication skills create business  2. Culture Differences.​ The diversity of 
problems.  backgrounds and cultural customs 
● One of these is the team communication  create communication issues 
issues and problems among people at  among team members and leaders. 
work. Common cases being encountered  People would just love to stay along 
are those with coworkers:  with people of the same 
background. Hence, leaders face 
challenges of grouping and team 
communication hurdles. To avoid it, 
try to promote “unity in diversity” 
wherein team members have to be 
 assigned to different groups to  team leaders or managers should 
break the usual grouping.  ensure that the issue on gender 
3. Locale or Distance to Office​. The  choice is set aside in tackling issues 
office location or its distance to its  or taking courses of action for the 
employees or contributors entail  department. Speak about concerns 
problems in the communication.  without engaging in demeaning 
The company usually resorts to  oneself. Avoid gender-bias 
email, phone or video conferencing.  language or terms that connote 
The very low level of interaction in  gender. For example, use 
electronic communication poses a  chairperson for chairman or 
communication barrier. It causes  chairwoman. 
misunderstanding and failures. To  8. Focus or Listening Problems​. 
solve it, meetings should be done at  Inability of employees to focus on 
the nearest venue and on a regular  the issue is equivalent to listening 
schedule. Important issues and  problems. The generation gap is 
solutions can be posted or sent to  often the cause of communication 
all for further knowledge and  barriers that affects the 
verification.  achievement of department goals. 
4. Ego and Attitude​. Self-image or ego  To help avoid it, leaders or 
often affects a team's effort to  managers have to initiate mutual 
execute plans. One’s arrogance  understanding regardless of age. 
causes trouble, and more often,  Encourage teamwork and unity 
teamwork ends due to one’s  despite differences of age, sex, 
defiance. The presence of conflict is  social status, and family 
evident when someone displays  background. Understand one’s 
inequality or bias and doesn’t want  weaknesses and capitalize on one’s 
to take responsibility. To solve it,  strengths. 
the team leader or manager should  9. Inadequate Knowledge​. Little 
promote better understanding as  knowledge is dangerous. Hence, 
the group discusses the issue. He  team performance is affected due 
has to redirect the group to be able  to ineffective education or lack of 
to meet the goals. Calmness and  understanding or other inadequate 
tactfulness help reduce tension and  knowledge foundation. To resolve it, 
friction between or among team  leaders or managers encourage 
members.  team members to upgrade 
5. Authority or Hierarchy Problem​.  knowledge by pursuing higher 
The authority that the team leader  degree programs. Include in the 
or manager demonstrates more  annual target plan the 
often creates intimidation or gaps  participation of members to 
with team members. To resolve,  seminar, training or conferences. 
managers or team leaders should  Promote reading culture in the 
promote harmonious relations  department and productive focus 
among the team members.  group discussion. 
Communicate to the members  10. Cliques, Groups, and Friendships​. 
about the intention of helping and  Group membership or group 
letting them feel they are important.  affiliation or exclusive grouping of 
And they can approach the  team members can sometimes 
managers for consultation or  create segregation. To avoid it, 
discussion on personal or  promote teamwork spirit in the 
work-related issues.  department. Conduct team building 
6. Poorly Written Communication​. The  activities to promote objectivity, 
confusion or misunderstanding of  teamwork, cooperation, and unity in 
interoffice business communication  diversity. 
 
is due to poor content of written 
documents, substandard  PREPARING THE COVER/APPLICATION 
organization, fractured grammar,  LETTER 
among other flaws in written  ● A job application letter or a cover letter 
interoffice materials. To avoid it,  is like a ​sales letter​ in which you ​sell 
ensure that documents are  your knowledge and competence​. This 
well-edited and proofread by the  contains little information of the job 
best editor in the department. Allow  which you are applying for, as well as 
other eyes to check for mistakes in  your strongest qualities and 
grammar, spelling, punctuations,  qualifications. It is the most essential 
and organizations.  part of the application as this is far 
7. Gender Bias.​ The choice of which  more than just a note saying “​Please find 
gender makes a more effective  enclosed my CV.”​ Without a good cover 
leader in the department is an issue  letter, your résumé is unlikely to be read. 
of gender bias. This gender  ● Remember that your application letter is 
discrimination creates problem in  your selling factor. Your main goal is to 
the organization. To avoid this,  market yourself. Think about 
competition: your judges are your  ✔ The title of the job, source of 
readers. They are professionals who  your information and the statement 
select and hire you. With hundreds or  of your objective have to be clear. 
thousands of applicants, make sure that  ✔ There should be a summary of 
your application letter has to stand-out.  your qualifications for the job. This 
Therefore, your application letter and  includes work experience, 
accompanying résumé have to attract  educational background, and 
professionals’ attention. Your final goal  summary of relevant skills such as 
is to get an interview.  leadership skills, organizational 
skills, and intercultural 
communication skills. 
✔ Indicate that you enclosed your 
CV or résumé. 
✔ Request for an interview. This 
includes place and time you will be 
available and the contact 
information such as phone 
numbers and email addresses. 
✔ Identify the job. Include any 
  information that is not included in 
your CV. 
● Before submitting your application 
letter, proofread it carefully. Free it 
from grammatical mistakes and 
organizational inconsistencies. 
Check also for correct punctuations, 
margins, spacing, and right letter 
format. 
● General guidelines for the overall 
structure of your cover letter: 
  ➢ Format your cover letter for post, 
mail or email. It should consist of 
one page only. 
➢ Include your complete address, 
email address, phone numbers. 
➢ Use the title of the person when 
you address him/her in the letter. If 
you can’t find a name, write ‘Dear 
Sir/Madam.’ 
➢ Use standard, easy-to-read font. 
Make it readable. Times New Roman 
or Arial is preferred; it should be no 
  smaller than 11 for readability on 
● Make your cover letter unique  screen. 
o Be as specific as possible when   
introducing your abilities and  CONTENT OF THE COVER LETTER 
qualifications; explain why:​ Try to  ● The Introductory Paragraph. ​Your first 
eliminate sentences that could be  paragraph must be very convincing. It 
written by anybody with the same  tells your reader that you are the best 
course. Specifics make you look  person for the job. It also emphasizes 
interested, well-informed,  that you have the set of skills and 
detail-oriented and most  experience that make you​ ​the ideal 
importantly, qualified.  candidate for the post.  
o Unify each body paragraph of your   

cover letter around one  Examples: 

qualification, including the  o I learned that you are in need of the 
experiences that have given you  position of English faculty and I 
this qualification:​ In particular, the  believe that I have the necessary 
first or second sentence of the  credentials for this role. I have 
paragraph should emphasize one  considerable working experience as 
or two specific qualifications  an English Language and 
afforded by the unique training of  Literature Professor, and I enclose 
your degree and/or work and  my CV to support my application. 
internship experience.  o Please find attached CV in 
● After writing the application letter,  application for the job of design 
use the checklist below to make sure  engineer advertised on your 
your letter has already met the  company’s website. I strongly 
needed information.  believe that my competence and 
experience and particularly my 
experience at ABC Company, and 
 my ability to do functional and 
innovative designs make me the 
right candidate for this post. 
o I am seeking a position as a 
manager in your Data Center. In 
such a management position, I can 
use my master’s degree in 
information systems and my 
experience as a programmer/ 
analyst to address business 
challenges in data processing.   
● The Closing Paragraph 
o Your closing paragraph should be 
written concisely and neatly. It 
should make clear what action the 
reader will be taking after reading 
your cover letter. But don’t sound 
arrogant. So, it might end, for 
example:  
▪ “I hope this convinces you that I 
have the necessary 
competence and experience to 
 
achieve as ___________________ 
● The Main Section  (job title). I look forward to 
o The main section of your cover  hearing from you.” Close with a 
letter should show the summary of  request for an interview. 
your qualification, organized   

around the job description and  “If you find my application 

person specification. Describe in  desirable to your needs, I am 
this section what you have  willing to come for a personal 
accomplished, your expertise, and  interview. I can be reached via 
your special skills needed for the  my email: 
job.  eudencellevillahermosa@yahoo
o In this section, you also have to  .com or through mobile: 
present how you performed your  +639488005694.” 
 
duty and demonstrated the  o For a letter, end it with “Yours 
requirement of your previous job.  sincerely” if you have addressed it 
Specific work of action and its  to someone by name, and “Yours 
effective results should also be  faithfully” if you started it with 
indicated to show that you did it  “Dear Sir/Madam”.  
successfully. In short, you have to  o Remember: Before you submit 
show the clear description of the  your application letter or cover 
situation and more on what you did  letter, proofread or polish it 
as proof of results or outcomes.  carefully. 
o The main section of your cover   
letter can be structured to show the  DESIGNING THE CURRICULUM VITAE 
subsection or sub-headings. The  ● What is a CV or Résumé? Basically, your 
sub-section guides the human  CV or resumé describes your education, 
resource manager how each  competence, and experience. It defines 
requirement is met.  what kind of applicant you are for the 
o You may want to structure the main  job. It determines if you are the right 
section of your cover letter into  person for the job. 
subsections, with headings, to make  ● As one of the essential requirements for 
it easier for the recruiter to see how  job hiring, your CV should demonstrate 
you meet each requirement.  to any prospective employer why they 
should hire you above any of the other 
skilled candidates who have presented 
themselves for employment. 
 
BASIC RULES OF CURRICULUM VITAE 
WRITING 
● In writing a curriculum vitae (CV) or 
resumé, like other forms of business 
writing, you should always consider its 
reader (part of audience analysis, as 
  discussed in Lesson 1). In this case, your 
readers are the recruiters. They are 
usually the human resource managers 
or any other staff in the recruitment 
department assigned to screen 
applicants through their CVs. Avoid 
 being eliminated by following these  ● When discussing achievements, 
basic rules in writing a CV or resumé.  focus on what you have actually done 
  and the end result achieved. 
➢ Write with the recruiter or human  ● Include everything relevant in the 
resource manager in mind. Assume  ‘Work Experience’ and ‘Education’ 
that you are the recruiter. Think  sections. 
about what he needs to know about  ● Make sure that your spelling and 
you. Consider the job description.  grammar are all correct. 
➢ Present your CV or resumé to  ● Work on your presentation 
inform them well about what they  ● CV mistakes and pitfalls to avoid 
need to know. Show it in a way that it  ● Do not be tempted to lie just to ‘look 
reveals very professional and  good’. 
credible information.  ● Avoid leaving gaps in your career 
➢ A well-written CV or resumé limits  history. 
the chance of not selecting you. It  ● Do not start your CV with the dull 
easily puts you in the shortlist.  bits. 
➢ CV or resumés are the most  ● Do not include your hobbies and 
important documents needed in job  interests. 
screening. They provide the  ● Don't make your CV too long. 
highlights of your qualifications, work  ● Do not use an unprofessional email 
experiences, competence,  address. 
professional and educational   
history.  ONLINE INTERVIEWS 
➢ In some academic institutions, the  ● Many companies conduct online job 
CV or resumé is the standard for job  interviews, since these interviews are 
applications. The objective of both  more cost-effective. In addition, 
CV and resumé remain. However, the  applicants do not have to spend money 
appearance of the document is  for travel to the interview site. 
noticeably different.  ● Online interviews require technology 
  which has become mainstream in 
RESUME VS CV  business. The use of computers and 
● There are three major differences  other gadgets makes communication 
between CVs and resumés: the length,  between the interviewer and candidates 
the purpose, and the layout.  simple and effective. 
● A resumé is a brief summary of skills and  ● One of the most typical online interviews 
skills over one or two pages. It is short  is the webcam job interview. In this 
with no particular format rule and highly  interview, the interviewer will simply 
customizable. The goal of a resumé is to  arrange the interview through video. 
make an individual stand out from the  Webcam interview requires a camera, 
competition. A resumé does not have to  which is very convenient nowadays, as 
be ordered chronologically; it does not  most of the laptops have built-in 
have to cover the whole career. The  webcams. 
resume contains three simple sections:  ● The interviewer usually conducts 
name and contact information,  interviews using popular video 
education, and work experience​. A  conferencing applications like Skype, 
Curriculum Vitae, on the other hand, is  Zoom Cloud or Google Meet. 
more detailed and can be more than  Familiarizing with these applications is 
two pages. It covers your entire career  an advantage to meet the requirements 
history. It has a clear chronological  of the employer. Practicing the use of a 
order listing the whole career of the  webcam can help ensure better focus 
individual.  and face angle. This ensures that you 
● In writing your CV, you have to consider  appear pleasing in the frame of the 
the following information:  camera. 
● Areas of interest.  ● Keep in mind that online interviews are 
● Education.  as important as in-person interviews. 
● Grants, honors and awards.  Your online interview could get you to 
● Publications and presentations.  the next stage of selection or even a job 
● Employment and experience.  contract if the company conducts the 
● Academic memberships.  selection process online. 
● Character references.  ● Here are some preparation tips that 
● Guidelines for writing effective CV  Alison Doyle has suggested for a 
● Include your contact details at the  successful online interview: 
top.  ● Download the software required by 
● Decide whether you want to start  the company ahead of time so that 
with a personal statement or career  you’ll have the opportunity to get used 
objective.  to it. 
● Include sections on Key Skills,  ● Create a professional username, 
Knowledge and Achievements, Work  such as a variation on your real name, 
Experience, and Education.  as it appears on your resume, if it’s 
available. 
 ● Dress professionally even if you are  FACE-TO-FACE AND ONLINE MEETING 
sitting down. Wear nice pants and  ETIQUETTE 
shoes, as you never know when you will 
have to stand up. Plus, dressing the 
● Virtual meeting etiquette is a whole new 
part will help you get your head in the 
idea that many people have to learn, 
game. 
compared to face-to-face. To help you 
● Clear your workspace and any 
keep your meetings productive and 
clutter that is behind you so that it 
professional, follow these seven simple 
doesn't show up on the screen. You 
virtual meeting etiquette rules that every 
don’t want your interviewer to be 
professional should know 
distracted by visual noise in the room 
or to assume that your disorganized  ● Know your surroundings. 
o Virtual meetings or online class 
space is a sign of how you’d perform 
as a worker.  sessions require a quiet and 
● Make sure that you are in a quiet  conducive place where learnings 
and mutual understanding can be 
room where you will not be disturbed 
by people, pets, etc. Turn off your  achieved. 
ringer, any alarms, and electronics  o Adjust your place set-up so your 
that are likely to interrupt.  face favors the light. Make sure that 
● Have a piece of paper and a pen  you have a professional 
ready so that you are not scrambling  background. It must be work 
to find them later.  appropriate. 
● Have a copy of your resume in your  o Free the place from unhealthful 
sightline in case you have to refer to  noise like screaming children, 
dates, job titles, or numbers.  barking dogs, or honking cars. 
● Smile and focus as much as possible  ● Dress appropriately 
and try to behave as if you’re in a  o Your attire should be work or 
regular, in-person interview. Look into  school appropriate. Your 
the camera, listen attentively, and  appearance online is as important 
engage with your interviewer. Don’t just  as your look during a face-to-face 
wait for your turn to speak.  meeting. 
● Practice using your webcam  ● Listen Carefully 
equipment before the interview, so you  o Be an active listener. While 
are sure everything is in working order  attending a virtual meeting, devote 
and that you’re comfortable  your full attention to the meeting. 
interviewing on video.  Pick a good headset, your notebook 
PHYSICAL AND VIRTUAL MEETINGS  and pen to take essential notes. 
  ● Unmute your microphone when you talk 
● Virtual Meetings and it’s benefits  o When you are not going to talk, 
o Virtual meetings can be done using  keep your microphone on the mute 
technological innovations like  mode. The sound you create from 
computers and software  your audio annoys other people 
applications  attending the virtual meeting. 
o Virtual meetings save time and  o Muting your audio when you are 
energy  not speaking allows other 
o Virtual meetings are also  attendees the chance to fit in and 
inexpensive  share their views and feelings. 
● Face-to-Face Meetings and it’s benefits  ● Speak clearly 
o Meeting people face to face is  o When you join any virtual meeting, 
introduce yourself and say hello or 
freer​ than it is held online. People 
hi. Make sure that the people in the 
can express​ their thoughts and 
feelings using their body  meeting hear and notice your 
presence. Hence, make your voice 
language, hand gestures, and 
clear. Modulate it well if necessary, 
facial expressions. Hence, they 
can communicate better​ and  to make you sound pleasant to the 
ears. 
misunderstandings​ are ​less likely 
o If you come late in the meeting, you 
to happen. 
o When meeting face to face, people  may use the chat box to greet the 
people and to let them know of your 
have to be at the particular venue 
presence. 
at the given time. They will be 
attending the meeting and  ● No food, please 
nobody should waste their time​.  o No eating is a strict rule that 
o Feedback​ is an ​important aspect  participants have to observe 
of face to face meetings. Face to  during the virtual meeting. Chewing 
some food or sipping some drinks 
face is the best for brainstorming 
may show disinterest and may be 
and planning. It ​can establish 
perceived as unprofessional. 
stronger relationships​ and ​create 
better teamwork​; people can  ● Remain seated and stay present 
o Stay focused. Be patient staying 
understand each other very well. 
seated while attending the meeting. 
 Don’t ever try to open your email  ● A business letter uses a formal 
inbox or chat with friends on social  language. The style of the letter 
media messenger.  depends on the relationship between 
  the parties concerned. A business letter 
PREPARING CORRESPONDENCE VIA PRINT  is written for many reasons. It is used 
OR EMAIL  to… 
o request direct information or 
● Business letters are formal letters used  action from another party  
for business-to-business,  o order supplies from a supplier  
o identify a mistake that was 
business-to-client, or client-to-business 
correspondence. There are a number of  committed  
o reply directly to a request  
elements to a business letter. These are 
o apologize for a wrong or simply to 
date and sender’s address, recipient’s 
address, salutation, body of the letter,  convey goodwill. 
and closing paragraph (Gamble, 2017).  ● A business letter is also very useful 
Business letters are formal letters used  because it… 
for business-to-business,  o produces a permanent record  
business-to-client, or client-to-business  o is confidential and formal  
correspondence. There are a number of  o delivers persuasive and 
elements to a business letter. These are  well-considered messages 
date and sender’s address, recipient’s  PREPARING (REQUESTING/GIVING) AN 
address, salutation, body of the letter,  ENDORSEMENT LETTER 
and closing paragraph (Gamble, 2017). 
● In writing a business letter, the most  ● Preparing an endorsement and 
important element that you need is to  follow-up letter may be easy to some 
ensure its accuracy. You should know  but, to others this writing task is 
the type of business letter you are  challenging because these letters are 
writing to be able to determine the  rarely written or seldom required at 
accuracy of its details.  work. 
● Writing Center of the University of North  ● Online source WriteExpress provides 
Carolina explained that business writing  useful tips that you may consider in 
should be clear and concise. Keep in  writing requests and giving 
mind that your purpose is to  endorsement letters. 
communicate the information and be   
understood by your reader.  PREPARING (REQUESTING/GIVING) AN 
● Always consider your audience or the  ENDORSEMENT LETTER 
ones who will read your letter. Don’t 
confuse your reader. Stress specificity 
● Writing a Follow-up Letter is best done: 
and accuracy. Observe formality and be 
o after a business meeting;  
sincere. But don’t be too formal that you 
o a job interview or;  
alienate readers, nor too casual that 
o making a great business contract. 
your readers may feel you are insincere 
or unprofessional. In giving information  ● When writing a follow-up letter, make 
that might harm the reader’s feeling, be  sure to: 
diplomatic and respectful. The letter  o observe grammar flaws and 
should reflect the unique purpose and  spelling errors;  
considerations involved, like the reader’s  o bear in mind that it needs to be 
feeling and character, when writing in a  fairly formal;  
business context.  o write your thoughts straight to the 
point;  
● Uychoco and Santos (2018) of 
o keep a good dictionary as your 
Communication for Society Purposive 
essential reference for words; 
Communication, explained that business 
 
letters should be clear, concise, and 
organized.  PREPARING LETTERS AND EMAIL 
o Its introductory paragraph should  MESSAGES WITH NETIQUETTE 
be brief establishing the content 
and purpose of the letter.   ● Whether you are writing text messages, 
o Its middle section should contain  emails, memos, letters and posts on 
the details of the message in logical  social media in a professional context, 
order.  you should be familiar with proper 
o Its concluding paragraph is short,  etiquette for using the internet. It is 
politely requesting action, thanking  called “netiquette.” 
the reader, or providing additional  ● What is netiquette? The term refers to 
important information.  THE right manner or protocol for 
● For beginners, it is a good idea to read  communication on the Internet. What we 
or review business letters and emails  create, post and do via online 
examples from your office or from the  technologies can leave a lasting image. 
internet before writing your own.  ● In writing in an online environment, ​you 
do not only need tact and skill but also 
 an impression that will boost your  usually printed on letterhead paper 
character​. Awareness that what you  bearing the business name, address and 
write or post online, which may be there  contact numbers. 
for a long time, should be considered  ● Along with emails and memos, the 
before writing or posting. The text  company still uses letters to 
messages, letters, business proposals,  communicate formally with a potential 
press releases, or any written  employer (application/cover letter) or 
communication will ​represent yourself  introduce a product or service or other 
and your company​. Hence, you ​should  purposes (Transmittal letters, 
observe​ the etiquette or protocol of  Recommendation letters, Complaint 
writings that are ​clear, concise,  letters, Petition letters etc.) 
constructive, and professional.  ● In writing letters, observe the seven (7) 
● Texting  main parts:  
o Always consider your audience  1. Letterhead/logo: Sender’s name 
and your company, and choose  and return address  
words, terms, or abbreviations  2.  The heading: names the recipient, 
that will deliver your message  often including address and date  
appropriately and effectively.  3.  Salutation: “Dear ______” use the 
o Know your recipient.   recipient’s name, if known.  
o Use appropriate symbols and  4.  The introduction: establishes the 
codes.   overall purpose of the letter  
o Never abuse text messaging.   5.  The body: provides the details of 
o Don’t text while driving.  the message 
● Email  6.  The conclusion: restates the main 
o Email is very useful for messages  point and may include a call to 
for personal or business  action  
purposes. It contains slightly more  7.  The signature line: often includes 
content than a text message. In  the contact information 
more established companies, they 
prefer to use fairly brief messages 
for efficient and effective 
communication. 
o Principles to follow in writing 
emails 
● Start with proper salutation.  
● Use clear, short and specific 
subject lines.  
● End with your name, company 
information and signature. 
● Avoid abbreviations.  
● Observe conciseness and 
good format.  
● Reread, revise and review 
before sending to intended 
recipients.  
● Reply promptly and use “Reply 
All” sparingly.  
● Avoid using all caps.  
● Give feedback or follow up.  
● Test provided links.  
● Avoid sending emails with 
large files. 
 
MEMOS 
● As “in house” or company’s documents, 
memoranda, or memos, are one of the 
most adaptable document forms used in 
professional settings. They are usually 
used for asking and giving information, 
company policy, business reports and 
proposals. They are often used to inform 
but they are sometimes to persuade. 
Most companies nowadays use 
templates for their memos and letters. 
 
LETTERS 
● Letters are written communications 
usually sent to intended recipients that 
are outside the organization. They are