GENERAL PHYSICS 2 REVIEWER .

LESSON 1: ELECTRIC CHARGE

Electric charge
● Electric charge - difference in electrons that creates the
ability to attract small pieces of matter when rubbed
○ Positive: lose electrons
○ Negative: gain electrons
● Electrostatics - study of electric charges at rest
Early Greeks
● Amber - a translucent yellowish resin (rubbed)
● Queen Elizabeth I of England - found amber-like things
○ Electrics - substances that form charges
○ Electricity - the ability
Subatomic Particles

Particle Location Mass Charge Charging by conduction

● Requires physical contact (charging body/neutral body)
Proton Inside 1. 673 × 10
−27 −19
𝑘𝑔 + 1. 602 × 10 𝐶 ○ Charge of CB is charge of NB
(+) nucleus Charging by induction
● Without physical contact
Neutron Inside −27
1. 675 × 10 𝑘𝑔 0 ● Polarization - negative charges of NB is attracted to the
(0) nucleus positive end of CB
○ Opposite charges attract
Electron Outside −31
9. 901 × 10 𝑘𝑔 − 1. 602 × 10 𝐶
−19 ○ Same charges repel
(-) nucleus ● Grounding - touching or wiring (bec charges of
polarization does not stay and goes back to neutral)
Conductors and Insulators
○ Positive: let electrons flow out
● Conductivity - measure of electric charge flow ease
○ Negative: let electrons come in
● Conductors - allow flow of charges (have plenty of free
Coulomb’s Law
electrons allowing movement)
● Coulomb discovered electrical force (magnitude)
○ Superconductors - no resistance below critical
●
temp (close to absolute zero)
GENERAL PHYSICS 2 FORMULAS .
■ Hydrogen sulfide (203K/-70C) - highest
Computation of Electric Charge
● Insulators - resist flow of charges
● Semiconductors - intermediate between C and I 𝑞 = 𝑁𝑒
○ Pure form - Low conductivity
● q - electric charge (C)
○ Doping - adding atoms to improve conductivity
● N - number of electrons
● e - charge of an electron
LESSON 2: INDUCED CHARGES AND COULOMB Computation of Electric Force
Atom charges
|𝑞1 × 𝑞2| 9 2 2
● Neutral: protons = electrons 𝑘 = 9. 0 𝑥10 𝑁 • 𝑚 /𝑐
● Positive: protons > electrons (lose e-) 𝐹𝑒 = 𝑘 2
● Negative: protons < electrons (gain e-) 𝑟
Charging by Friction ● Fe = electric force (N)
● Two different material rubbed together ● q1/q2 = charge of atom 1 and 2 ©
● Electron affinity - measure of attraction to electrons −3
○ 𝑚𝐶 = × 10 𝐶 (milli)
(amount of energy released when e- is added to neutral) −6
○ High affinity = high chance to gain electrons ○ µ𝐶 = × 10 𝐶 (micro)
● Triboelectric series - increasing aff (top to bottom) −9
○ 𝑛𝐶 = × 10 𝐶 (nano)
○ When comparing, one on top is positive and one ● r = radius/distance of atoms (m)
on bottom is negative. ● k = Coulomb’s constant
■ Glass (+) -> silk cloth (-)
■ Fur (+) -> rubber (-)
■ Aluminum (+) -> cotton (-)
GENERAL PHYSICS 2 REVIEWER .