LESSON 1: CULTURE
are visible, but the greater
I. CULTURE
 It is the way of life of, which
includes practices, arts, values,
beliefs, attitudes, etc (Blackburn,
2008).
II. CHARACTERISTICS OF
CULTURE
A. HOLISTIC
 It is composed of several
interrelated parts (University of
Oxford, 2024).
B. LEARNED
 It is internalized from our
social surroundings rather
than being instinctive or innate
(University of Oxford, 2024).
 Nature v. Nurture
C. RELATIVE
 As a result of their varying
worldviews, various
civilizations have evolved
distinct behavioral patterns
(University of Oxford, 2024).
 Ethnocentrism v. Cultural
Relativism
D. DYNAMIC
 Cultures are ever-changing.
Various circumstances lead
to cultural change (University
of Oxford, 2024).
 Technological, environmental,
and political phenomena
among others.
E. DECEPTIVE
 The certain aspects of culture
part of it is difficult to view
(University of Oxford, 2024).
III. CULTURE AND THE
INDIVIDUAL
The individual adapts and
internalize culture.
A. ADAPTATION
 Adaptation means figuring out
how to fit in or learning how to
behave in a way that is
appropriate (Ward & Kennedy,
1999; Huff et al., 2021).
B. INTERNALIZATION
 Internalization is the process
of becoming accustomed to
roles, norms, values, etc
(Persell, 1990).
IV. LEVELS OF CULTURE
A. SUBCULTURE
 The cultural traits and patters
of a smaller group of people
within a larger cultural system
(LibreTexts, 2023).
 Regional, religious, and
educational culture among
others.
B. NATIONAL CULTURE
 A nation’s common values,
cultural characteristics, etc
(LibreTexts, 2023).
C. INTERNATIONAL CULTURE
(CULTURAL UNIVERSAL)
  The universally recognized
cultural characteristics
(LibreTexts, 2023).
LESSON II: COMMUNITY
I. COMMUNITY
A. It derived from Latin word
communitas which means
common public, shared by
many.
B. A group of people living in the
same place or having a
particular characteristic in
common such as norms,
religion, values, and identity.
C. According to psychologists,
community is a feeling of
fellowship with others, as a
result of sharing common
attitudes, interests and goals.
D. According to anthropologists,
it is a geographically defined
group of people who are also
culturally and socially
homogeneous.
E. According to sociologists, it is
a group of people who interact
with one another and this
interaction is typically viewed
as occurring within often (not
always) bounded territory with
the members sharing the
same values, beliefs and
behavior.
Community can be characterized by
age group, ethnicity, gender, religion,
and location.
II. CHARACTERISTIC OF
COMMUNITY
A. PEOPLE
 Most fundamental or essential
characteristic of community.
 Community formed when
people live together, share a
common life and community
consciousness.
B. LOCALITY
 Community is a territorial
group, and people form a
community when they reside
in a definite territory.
 They develop “we” feeling with
each other.
C. COMMUNITY SENTIMENT
 It is a strong sense of awe
feeling among the members or
a feeling of belonging
together.
 Common way of life of people.
D. NATURALITY
 Community naturally
organized and grows
spontaneously.
 Individuals became since
birth.
III. TYPES OF COMMUNITY
A. URBAN
 Large in terms of land area
and population, advanced in
science and technology, with
favorable physical
environment and diverse
culture, and people are
 engaged in various
occupations.

B. CHARACTERISTICS OF
URBAN COMMUNITIES
 Advancement in science and
technology.
 Many business
establishments, recreational
centers, educational and
religious institutions.
 Higher standard of living.
 Major occupations are
industrial, administrative and
professional.

C. RURAL
 Unlike the urban, rural usually
produced their own food.

D. CHARACTERISTICS OF
RURAL COMMUNITIES
 Greater personal interaction.
 General peace and order
exist.
 Emphasis on shared values.
 Have few people and houses
are usually farther apart.