Class Handout

Imam Mohammad Bin Saud Islamic University
College of Engineering
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS AND DESIGN
Edited by : Eng . Mohammed H Alhumaid
Reviewed by : Eng . Abdullah I Abuzaid

Eng . Lotfi S Chaouachi
2012
Edited by : Eng . Mohammed H Alhumaid Reviewed by : Eng . Abdullah I Abuzaid - Eng . Lotfi S Chaouachi
GE 103
INDEX
( Unit 01 ) INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………. 1
( Unit 02 ) LINE TYPES …………………………………………………… 11
( Unit 03 ) DIMENSIONING ………………………………………………... 20
( Unit 04 ) ORTHOGRPIC PROJECTION ……………………………….. 39
( Unit 05 ) ORTHOGRPIC READING ………………….………………… 46
( Unit 06 ) ISOMETRIC DRAWING ……………………………………….. 63
( Unit 07 ) AUXILIARY VIEW ……………………………………………… 74
( Unit 08 ) SECTIONS ……………………………………………………… 82
( Unit 09 ) THREADED FASTENERS ……………………………………. 93

GE 103
Unit 01
INTRODUCTION
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GE 103
Unit 01 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Drawings have been used since the beginning of history for planning and producing art
objects, architectural designs and engineering works . Since the Industrial Revolution a
system for creating architectural and engineering drawings has evolved . While the pens,
pencils , tools and papers for creating drawings have changed, the basic forms for
presenting information have stayed the same. People doing technical work need to be
familiar with the standard ways of presenting design information.
Interpreting information from drawings is an important skill. Engineers and architects must be
able to look at a set of plans and mentally picture the shapes of objects. Skilled workers must
have the same abilities. Reading a drawing involves a highly developed ability to look at lines
on the page and convert the shapes from several pictures to form a three-dimensional mental
image
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GE 103
COURSE DECRIPTION
This is a foundation course introducing the processes and techniques of graphic
thinking. The course develops basic skills, ideas and the presentation methods of simple
drawings exercises through a sequence of project types emphasizing 2D and 3D
thinking. The course bridges the gap between having no graphic communication skills
and having the first level of skills required for the succeeding in engineering field.
This course is an introduction to students about the basics and standards for the
graphical drawing techniques & communication theory's including : sketching
techniques, isometric construction, Orthographic Drawing , sectional and auxiliary view
representation and dimensioning techniques for engineering drawings . This course will
cover some topics such as : Line types, Sketching, Dimensions & Lines Relations, Basic
Orthographic Drawing, Advanced Modeling Techniques , Advanced Orthographic
Drawing & View Extracting , Advanced sectional Drawing , introduction in screws
drawing & Information's
COURSE OBJECTIVES
To acquaint student with the range of graphic tools, techniques available for
conveying Engineering ideas in the design process
To introduce the graphical means of presenting a design proposal and to

communicate ideas graphically with the instructor and other colleagues in the
design studio.
COURSE OUTCOMES
Be able to logically perceive objects in 3-dimension and draw meaningful
sketches related to objects, buildings and systems
Be able to read & understand sketches and drawings, understand formal &
informal techniques to represent ideas graphically.
Be able represent design problems & their solutions graphically.
Be able to analyze design drawings and the conventions used to represent the
solutions, provide critique, & evaluate graphics drawings of an objects.
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GE 103
DRAWING TOOLS
1 – Drawing board 2 – Smooth A3 paper 4 – Pencils (1- .5 - .35) mm
4 – Magic tape 5 - Eraser & erasing Shield 6 - Compass
8 – Proper Scale 9 - Circle template 10 - writing template
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GE 103
2D GEOMETRIC FORMS
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GE 103
3D GEOMETRIC FORMS
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GE 103
DRAWING SHEET
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DRAWING SHEET IN THIS COURSE
10 mm
10 mm
10 mm
10 mm
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GE 103
TEXT ON DRAWINGS
Legibility
Uniformity
EXAMPLE Placement of the text on drawing
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GE 103
DRAWING SCALES
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element of an object shown in the drawing to the
real linear dimension of the same element of the object.
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”

followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow
for full size SCALE 1:1

(X > 1) for enlargement scales SCALE X:1
(X > 1) for reduction scales SCALE 1:X
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GE 103
Unit 02
LINE TYPES
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GE 103
Unit 02 LINE TYPES
INTRODUCTION
In order for anyone to be able to understand exactly what a drawing represents there is a sets
of precise rules and conventions have to be followed much like a language . These rules
are usually referred to as Standards.
When a designer works with an engineering drawing they must be familiar with the
precise meaning of the various line styles, abbreviations, drawing simplifications and
terminology as specified in the relevant standards.
ELEMENTS OF ENEINEERING DRAWING

Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language and word language.
Graphics Word
language language
Describe a shape Describe size, location and
(mainly). specification of the object.
BASIC KNOWLEDGE FOR DRAFTING
Graphics Word
language language
Line Projection Geometric

types method construction Lettering
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GE 103
Unit 02 LINE TYPES
LINE TYPES
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GE 103
Unit 02 LINE TYPES
PRECEDENCE OF LINE
Order of importance
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE

Hidden line should join a visible line, except it extended from the visible line.
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Unit 02 LINE TYPES
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE

Hidden line should intersect to form L and T corners.
Hidden arcs should start on a center line.
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Unit 02 LINE TYPES
CENTER LINE PRACTICE
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Unit 02 LINE TYPES
EXAMPLE : Line conventions in engineering drawing
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Unit 02 LINE TYPES
EXERCISE
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GE 103
Unit 02 LINE TYPES
EXERCISE
Using line types technique draw the following objects .
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GE 103
Unit 03
DIMENSIONING
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GE 103
Unit 03 DIMENSIONING
INTRODUCTION
Dimensioning is the process of specifying part’ s
information by using of figures, symbols and notes.
This information are such as:
1 - Sizes and locations of features 4 - Kind of surface finish

2 - Material’s type 5 - Manufacturing process
3 - Number required 6 - Size and geometric tolerances
DIMENSIONING SYSTEM
1 - Metric system : ISO and JIS standards
Examples 32, 32.5, 32.55, 0.5 (not .5) etc.
2 - Decimal-inch system
Examples 0.25 (not .25), 5.375 etc.
3 - Fractional-inch system
1 3
Examples , 5 etc.
4 8
DIMENSIONING COMPONENTS
Dimension figures Extension lines
Notes : Dimension lines

(with arrowheads)
- local note
- general note Leader lines
Lettered with Drawn with

2H pencil. HB pencil
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GE 103
DIMENSION LINES
Indicate the location on the object’s features that are dimensioned.
Indicate the direction and extent of a dimension, and inscribe dimension figures.
13
43
LEADER LINES
Indicate details of the feature with a local note.
10 27 10 Drill, 2 Holes
R16
13
43
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GE 103
DIMENSION LINES
Dimension lines should not be spaced too close to each other and to the view.
DIMENSION FIGURES
The height of figures is suggested to be 2.5~3 mm.
Place the numbers at about 1 mm above dimension line and between
extension lines.
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GE 103
EXTENSION LINES
Leave a visible gap (≈ 1 mm) from a view and start drawing an extension line.
Extend the lines beyond the (last) dimension line 1-2 mm.
Do not break the lines as they cross object lines.
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GE 103
DIMENSION FIGURES
When there is not enough space for figure or arrows, put it outside either
of the extension lines.
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DIMENSION FIGURES
1 - Aligned method
The dimension figures are placed so that they are readable
from the bottom and right side of the drawing.
EXAMPLE : Dimension of angle using aligned method.
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DIMENSION FIGURES
2 - Unidirectional method
The dimension figures are placed so that they can be
read from the bottom of the drawing.
EXAMPLE : Dimension of length using unidirectional method.
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LOCAL NOTES
Place the notes near to the feature which they apply, and should be placed
outside the view.
Always read horizontally.
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THE BASIC CONCEPT OF DIMENSIONING

Dimensioning is accomplished by adding size and location information
necessary to manufacture the object
This information have to be : ( Clear & Complete )
EXAMPLE
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ANGLE
To dimension an angle use circular dimension line having the center at the
vertex of the angle.
CURVE
The curve constructed from two or more arcs, requires the dimensions of radii
and center’s location.
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GE 103
ARC
Arcs are dimensioned by giving the radius, in the views in which
their true shapes appear.
The letter “R” is always lettered before the figures to emphasize that
this dimension is radius of an arc.
The dimension figure and the arrowhead should be inside the arc, where
there is sufficient space.
Diameter = D = f REDIUS = R = f / 2
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GE 103
CYLINDER
Size dimensions are diameter and length.
Location dimension must be located from its center lines and should be
given in circular view.
Diameter should be given in a longitudinal view with the symbol “f ”

placed before the figures.
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GE 103
HOLES
Size dimensions are diameter and length.
Location dimension must be located from its center lines and should be
given in circular view.
SMALL HOLES
Use leader line and local note to specify diameter and hole’s
depth in the circular view.
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LARGE HOLES
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ROUNDED-END SHAPES
Dimensioned according to the manufacturing method used.
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RECOMMENDED PRACTICE
Extension lines, leader lines should not cross dimension lines.
Extension lines should be drawn from the nearest points to be dimensioned
Extension lines of internal feature can cross visible lines without leaving a
gap at the intersection point.
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GE 103
Do not use object line, center line, and dimension line as an extension lines.
Avoid dimensioning hidden lines.
Place dimensions outside the view, unless placing them inside

improve the clarity.
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GE 103
Place dimensions outside the view, unless placing them inside
improve the clarity.
Apply the dimension to the view that clearly show the shape or
features of an object.
Dimension lines should be lined up and grouped together as much as possible
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GE 103
Unit 04
ORTHOGRPIC PROJECTION
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GE 103
Unit 04 ORTHOGRPIC PROJECTION
INTRODUCTION
Orthographic projection is a parallel
projection technique in which the plane of
projection is positioned between the observer
and the object, and is perpendicular to the
parallel surface .
WHAY WE USE ORTHOGRPIC PROIECTION

Orthographic projection is the graphical method used in modern
engineering drawing In order to interpret and communicate with
engineering drawings a designer must have a sound understanding of it's
use and a clear vision of how the various projections are created.
MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
TO OBTAIN MULTIVIEW REPRESENTATION OF AN OBJECT

Revolve the object with respect to observer.
The observer move around the object
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GE 103
OBSERVER MOVE AROUND
The object
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GE 103
OBJECT FEATURES
Edges are lines that represent the boundary between two faces.
Corners Represent the intersection of two or more edges
Surfaces are areas that are bounded by edges or limiting element.
Limiting element is a line that represents the last visible part of the
curve surface.
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GE 103
PROJECTION OF LINE
The object
The object
- 43 -
GE 103
PROJECTION OF LINE
The object
The object
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TANGENT & INTERSECTION

No line is formed when curved surface tangent to a plane surface.
Line is formed when curved surface intersects a plane surface.
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GE 103
Unit 05
ORTHOGRPIC READING
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GE 103
Unit 05 ORTHOGRPIC READING
READING STEPS
1- Orient yourself with the views given ( Choose the viewing direction ) .
2- Read the individual surfaces that appeared in each view and related to each other.
3- Create a proper solid geometric primitive from each reading.
4- Assembly all of solid geometric primitive according to orthographic views.
EXAMPLE
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GE 103
GUIDANCE
Adjacent areas that are not in the same plane must be separated by lines.
EXAMPLE TOP
FRONT
- 48 -
GE 103
GUIDANCE
Areas that show a similar shape in more than one view is the same surface
EXAMPLE
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GE 103
TOP VIEW TEST

Below are pictures of 20 objects. The top view of each of these is given in the section at the bottom of the
page. Select the top view of each object and place its number in the circle given with each picture.
Keep in mind:
1. The same view may be the correct answer for more than one problem.
2. Views are to be used only in the given positions.
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GE 103
FRONT VIEW TEST

Below are pictures of 20 objects. The front view of each of these is given in the section at the bottom of the
page. Select the front view of each object and place its number in the circle given with each picture.
Keep in mind:
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GE 103
RIGHT VIEW TEST

Below are pictures of 20 objects. The Right side view of each of these is given in the section at the bottom of
the page. Select the Right side view of each object and place its number in the circle given with each picture.
Keep in mind:
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GE 103
HIDDEN LINE TEST

Below are the picture of 20 objects. The top, front , or right side of each of these objects having hidden lines is
given in the section at the bottom of the page. Select a view and place its number in the circle with each picture.
Keep in mind:
1. the same view may be correct answer for more than one problem.
2. views are to be use only in the position given.
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GE 103
SURFACE MTCHING EXAMPLES
- 54 -
GE 103
3rd VIWE TEST

A circle indicates which view is missing in each of the 20 drawings given below. All missing views are numbered and given in
the section at the bottom of the page. Place the number of the missing view in the circle given with each drawing.
Keep in mind:
1. the same view may be the correct answer for more than one problem.
2. views are to be used only in the position given.
- 55 -
GE 103
EXERCISE
Fill in the missing lines in the front, right side, and top views. Hint: The front view has one missing visible line. The right side
view has one missing visible line and two missing hidden lines. The top view has five missing visible lines and two
missing hidden lines.
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GE 103
EXERCISE
Draw the orthographic views of the following objects .
- 57 -
GE 103
EXERCISE
Draw the orthographic views of the following objects .
- 58 -
GE 103
EXERCISE
Redraw the 2 given views and extract the third view.
- 59 -
GE 103
EXERCISE
- 60 -
GE 103
EXERCISE
- 61 -
GE 103
EXERCISE
- 62 -
GE 103
Unit 06
ISOMETRIC DRAWING
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GE 103
Unit 06 ISOMETRIC DRAWING
INTRODUCTION TO TYPES OF AXNOMETRIC DRAWING
ISOMETRIC DRAWING
Isometric drawing is a drawing drawn on an isometric axes using full scale.
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GE 103
POSITIN OF ISOMETRIC AXES

Isometric axes can be arbitrarily positioned to create different views of a
single object.
DESTANCE IN ISOMETRIC DRAWING

True-length distances are shown along isometric lines.
Isometric line is the line that run parallel to any of the isometric axes.
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GE 103
SKETCH FROM AN ACTUAL OBJECT

1 - Place the object in the position which its shape and features are clearly seen.
2 - Define an isometric axis.
3 - Sketching the enclosing box.
4 - Estimate the size an and relationship of each details.
5 - Darken all visible lines.
NOTE In isometric sketch/drawing, hidden lines are omitted unless they

are absolutely necessary to completely describe the object.
- 66 -
GE 103
CIRCLE IN ISOMETRIC
In isometric drawing a circle appears as an ellipse.
Sketching Steps
1 - Locate the center of an ellipse.
2 - Construct an isometric square.
3 - Sketch arcs that connect the tangent points.
Four-center method is usually used when drawn an isometric

ellipse with drawing instrument.
Sketching Steps
1 - Locate the center of an ellipse.
2 - Construct an isometric square.
3 - Construct a perpendicular bisector from each tangent point.
4 - Locate the four centers.
5 - Draw the arcs with these centers and tangent to isometric square.
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GE 103
ISOMETRIC VIEWS TEST

Match the given isometric views with the orthographic views given at
the bottom of the page. Put the letter given along the isometric views in the small box given with
the respective orthographic views.
- 68 -
GE 103
ISOMETRIC VIEWS TEST

Match the given isometric views with the orthographic views given at
the bottom of the page. Put the letter given along the isometric views in the small box given with
the respective orthographic views.
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GE 103
EXERCISE
Draw the isometric of the following objects .
- 70 -
GE 103
EXERCISE
Draw the isometric of the following object .
- 71 -
GE 103
EXERCISE
Draw the isometric of the following object .
- 72 -
GE 103
EXERCISE
Draw the isometric from the given orthographic view .
- 73 -
GE 103
Unit 07
Unit 07
AUXILIARY VIEW
- 74 -
GE 103
Unit 07 AUXILIARY VIEW
INTRODUCTION
For most objects, two or three views drawn orthographically are sufficient to describe the
object. However some objects, especially those having an inclined surface require an
additional view to show the inclined surface true size and shape. An auxiliary view is
used to provide this true size and shape .
An auxiliary view is an orthographic view which is projected onto any plane other than
the frontal, horizontal, or profile plane.
- 75 -
GE 103
AUXILIARY VIEW PROJECTIONS

The inclined surface in this example appears as an edge view in the front view. In the
top and right side views, this inclined surface appears rectangular but does not appear
true size and shape. The auxiliary view incorporates the true length measurement of the
edge view (found in the front view) with the true length depth measurement from either
the top or right side view and creates a true size and shape view of the inclined surface.
A fold line is drawn between views. The distance from the fold line to the front edge of the
top view and from the fold line to the front edge of the right side view will be the same
measurement. These fold lines are perpendicular to one another and parallel to the edge
of the views. Another fold line is drawn between the front view and the auxiliary view.
This fold line is drawn parallel to the edge view of the inclined surface in the front view In
the top and right side views, this inclined surface appears rectangular but does not
appear true size and shape.
‫رسمة‬
‫سكتش اب‬
- 76 -
GE 103
AUXILIARY VIEW PROJECTIONS

The auxiliary view incorporates the true length measurement of the edge view (found When
drawing orthographically, projections between views are made perpendicular to the fold lines
between views. This technique of projecting perpendicular to the fold line is continued when
projecting measurements from the front view to the auxiliary view.
- 77 -
GE 103
DRAWING STEPS
1 - Select the face that is to be drawn as
- a true surface,
- a true length line,
- an end view of a line.
2 - Draw construction lines perpendicular to the surface/line/point of interest. This

line should go in a direction, and far enough that leaves enough space for the view.
- 78 -
GE 103
DRAWING STEPS
3 - Draw a folding line at an appropriate distance. This will act as a reference plane.
4 - Transfer distances from another view (adjacent view). This view will typically be
the view adjoining the view that the auxiliary is drawn from.
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GE 103
DRAWING STEPS
5 - Complete the view. Draw visible and hidden lines as seen from the direction of
projection lines.
- 80 -
GE 103
EXERCISE
Draw the orthographic views & the auxiliary view for this object.
- 81 -
GE 103
Unit 08
SECTIONS
- 82 -
GE 103
Unit 08 SECTIONS
PURPOSES OF SECTION VIEWS

Clarify the views by
reducing or eliminating the hidden line - revealing the cross sectional’s shape
Facilitate the dimensioning.
EXAMPLE : Advantage of using a section view.
- 83 -
GE 103
Unit 08 SECTIONS
CUTTING PLANE
Cutting plane is a plane that imaginarily cuts the object to reveal the
internal features.
Cutting
plane Cutting plane line
Section lines
CUTTING PLANE LINE

Cutting plane line is an edge view of the cutting plane.
Indicate the path
of cutting plane.
CUTTING PLANE LINESTYLES
- 84 -
GE 103
Unit 08 SECTIONS
SECTION LINING ( HATCH )

Section lines or cross-hatch lines are used to indicate
the surfaces that are cut by the cutting plane.
Section lines
Drawn with 4H pencil.
SECTION LINES SYMBOLS

The section lines are different for each of material’s type.
For practical purpose, the cast iron symbol is used most often for any materials.
Cast iron, Steel Concrete Sand Wood

Malleable iron
SECTION LINING PRACTICE

The spaces between lines may vary from 1.5 mm for small sections to 3
mm for large sections.
COMMON MISTAKE
COMMON MISTAKE
- 85 -
GE 103
Unit 08 SECTIONS
KIND OF SECTIONS
1 - Full section
2 - Offset section
3 - Half section
1- FULL SECTION VIEW

The view is made by passing the straight cutting plane completely through the part.
2- OFFSET SECTION VIEW

The view is made by passing the bended cutting plane completely through the part.
- 86 -
GE 103
Unit 08 SECTIONS
3- HALF SECTION VIEW

The view is made by passing the cutting plane halfway through an object and
remove a quarter of it.
center line is used to separate the sectioned half from the unsanctioned half of the view.
Hidden line is omitted in unsanctioned half of the view.
EXAMPLE : Comparison among several section techniques
- 87 -
GE 103
Unit 08 SECTIONS
EXCEPTIONS IN THE GENERAL RULES OF SCTIONING

Rib and Web are thin, flat feature of an object that acts as a structural support .
These parts should not be shown as sections if their center lines lie on the cutting plane .
Web
Rib
COMMON MISTAKE
- 88 -
GE 103
Unit 08 SECTIONS
EXERCISE
Draw the orthographic views & section of the following objects .
- 89 -
GE 103
Unit 08 SECTIONS
EXERCISE
A `
` `
A
`
- 90 -
GE 103
Unit 08 SECTIONS
EXERCISE
- 91 -
GE 103
Unit 08 SECTIONS
EXERCISE
- 92 -
GE 103
Unit 09 THREADED FASTENERS
Unit 09
THREADED FASTENERS
- 93 -
GE 103
DEFINITION
Fasteners are not a permanent means of assembly such as welding or adhesives.
FASTENING TYPES
1 - Permanent
2 - Temporary
and nuts
- 94 -
GE 103
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
- 95 -
GE 103
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
- 96 -
GE 103
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
- 97 -
GE 103
THREADED FASTENERS READING TERMINOLOGY
- 98 -
GE 103
DETAILED REPRESENTATION
Use slanting lines to represent crest and root.
Roots and crest are drawn in sharp Vs.
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
Use alternate long and short lines for representing crests and roots of
the thread, respectively.
SIMPLIFIED REPRESENTATION
Use thick continuous lines for representing crest and thin continuous lines for
representing root of the thread, respectively.
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GE 103
DRAWING STEPS OF EXTERNAL THREAD
- 100 -
GE 103
DRAWING STEPS OF THREADED HOLE
- 101 -
GE 103
BOLT : Terminology
Bolt is a threaded cylinder with a head.
BOLT : Drawing steps

1.75
- 1 02 -
GE 103
NUT : Drawing steps
STUD : Drawing steps
- 103 -

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Imam Mohammad Bin Saud Islamic University

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS AND DESIGN

Edited by : Eng . Mohammed H Alhumaid

Reviewed by : Eng . Abdullah I Abuzaid

( Unit 01 ) INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………. 1

( Unit 02 ) LINE TYPES …………………………………………………… 11

( Unit 03 ) DIMENSIONING ………………………………………………... 20

( Unit 04 ) ORTHOGRPIC PROJECTION ……………………………….. 39

( Unit 05 ) ORTHOGRPIC READING ………………….………………… 46

( Unit 06 ) ISOMETRIC DRAWING ……………………………………….. 63

( Unit 07 ) AUXILIARY VIEW ……………………………………………… 74

( Unit 08 ) SECTIONS ……………………………………………………… 82

( Unit 09 ) THREADED FASTENERS ……………………………………. 93

To introduce the graphical means of presenting a design proposal and to

1 – Drawing board 2 – Smooth A3 paper 4 – Pencils (1- .5 - .35) mm

4 – Magic tape 5 - Eraser & erasing Shield 6 - Compass

8 – Proper Scale 9 - Circle template 10 - writing template

DRAWING SHEET IN THIS COURSE

EXAMPLE Placement of the text on drawing

Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”

for full size SCALE 1:1

ELEMENTS OF ENEINEERING DRAWING

BASIC KNOWLEDGE FOR DRAFTING

Line Projection Geometric

HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE

HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE

Hidden arcs should start on a center line.

CENTER LINE PRACTICE

EXAMPLE : Line conventions in engineering drawing

This information are such as:

1 - Sizes and locations of features 4 - Kind of surface finish

Examples 32, 32.5, 32.55, 0.5 (not .5) etc.

Dimension figures Extension lines

Notes : Dimension lines

Lettered with Drawn with

Do not break the lines as they cross object lines.

EXAMPLE : Dimension of angle using aligned method.

EXAMPLE : Dimension of length using unidirectional method.

Always read horizontally.

THE BASIC CONCEPT OF DIMENSIONING

This information have to be : ( Clear & Complete )

Diameter should be given in a longitudinal view with the symbol “f ”

Extension lines should be drawn from the nearest points to be dimensioned

Avoid dimensioning hidden lines.

Place dimensions outside the view, unless placing them inside

Dimension lines should be lined up and grouped together as much as possible

WHAY WE USE ORTHOGRPIC PROIECTION

TO OBTAIN MULTIVIEW REPRESENTATION OF AN OBJECT

OBSERVER MOVE AROUND

TANGENT & INTERSECTION

TOP VIEW TEST

FRONT VIEW TEST

RIGHT VIEW TEST

HIDDEN LINE TEST

SURFACE MTCHING EXAMPLES

3rd VIWE TEST

INTRODUCTION TO TYPES OF AXNOMETRIC DRAWING

POSITIN OF ISOMETRIC AXES

DESTANCE IN ISOMETRIC DRAWING

SKETCH FROM AN ACTUAL OBJECT

NOTE In isometric sketch/drawing, hidden lines are omitted unless they

Four-center method is usually used when drawn an isometric

ISOMETRIC VIEWS TEST

ISOMETRIC VIEWS TEST