BUILDING TECHNOLOGY - Structural concrete reinforced with no less than

1. Materials minimum amount of presetressing tendons or

a. Ceramic nonprestressed reinforcement as specified by ACI
b. Metal 318
c. Polymer - Ingredients:
2. Method o Cement (Portland/hydraulic)
a. Siteworks o Fine aggregate (sand)
b. Protective elements o Coarse aggregate (gravel)
i. Thermal o Water (potable)
ii. Moisture o Reinforcement (steel)
iii. Enclosure (cladding, doors and o Admixture (optional)
windows)
Plain Concrete
c. Building services
- No reinforcement

Four major materials

Historical development of CONCRETE
1. Concrete
- Romans made us of “pozzolana” combined with
2. Masonry units
quicklime, water, sand, gravel
3. Steel
- England found natural cement rock deposits and
4. Wood
called “Roman Cement”
- Joseph Aspdin patented an artificial cement called
Fundamentals of building construction materials and methods
“Portland cement”
by Edward
- Francois Le Brun built a house, school, church using
Building Construction Illustrated
concrete
DK Ching
- Joseph Kambot build a concrete boat reinforced with
a network of parallel wires or bars
Concrete
- Francois Coignet published a book, built RC
structures
From American Concrete Institute (ACI):
- Joseph Monier is credited for the invention of
- Composite material consists of a binding medium
reinforced concrete
- Has embedded particles or fragments of aggregate,
- 1875 William Ward built the first RC building in US
usually coarse and fine
New York
- Portland cement: binder is a mixture of Portland
- 1877 Thaddeus Hyatt published a long ass book
cement and water, with or without admixtures
“Experiments with Portland Cement”
- BASICALLY, CONCRETE = BINDER +
- 1884 EL Ransome patented deformed bars made of
AGGREGATE
twisted square bars
Binder
- 1890 EL Ransome built Leland Stanford Jr. Museum
- Cementing material
that withstood the 1906 earthquake and fire
- Either hydrated cement or reaction products of
o Concrete success!
cement or lime
Aggregate
Advantages of Concrete
- Granular material, such as sand and gravel
- Compressive strength
- Resistance to fire and water
- Very rigid
- Low maintenance
- Long life
- Most appropriate for substructure
- Cast into shapes
Cement + water = cement paste - Local material availability
Cement + water + sand = cement mortar - Local labor availability
Cement + water + sand + lime = masonry mortar Disadvantages of Concrete
Cement + water + sand + coarse aggregate = concrete - Low tensile strength
- Formwork requirements
Reinforced Concrete - Shoring and reshoring
 - Heavy
- Large (not good for tall and long span)
- Control precision (mixture)
- Shrinkage and creep

CEMENT
Hydraulic cement
- Sets and hardens by chemical interaction with water
- Capable of doing so underwater
Portland cement
- Hydraulic cement produced by pulverizing Portland-
cement clinker, usually in combination with calcium
sulfate
Typical sources of raw materials used in Portland cement
1. Lime Portland Cement Types
2. Iron
3. Silica
4. Alumina
5. Calcium sulfate

Type I: General Purpose

- Used for most purposed of construction
Type II: Moderate Sulfate Resistance
- Used in contact with water with sulfate present
Type III: High Early Strength
- Used where reduced curing is desired
- Cold water, concrete repairs, fast schedule, precast
construction
Type IV: Low Heat of Hydration
- For massive structures (dams, nuclear plans)
- Hydration: when cement compounds react with
water; generates heat
o Throughout the whole curing process,
hydration is taking place
Type V: Sulfate-Resistant
- For areas with high sulfate concentration (sea,
underwater structural elements, etc.)
Cement Terminologies
Air-entraining hydraulic cement
- Hydraulic cement containing an air-entraining agent
in sufficient amount to entrain air in mortar within
specified limits
Air entrainment
- The inclusion of air in the form of very small bubbles
- Confers frost resistance on hardened concrete,
improves workability in a fresh state
Blended cement
- Hydraulic cement consisting essentially of an
intimate and uniform blend of granulated blast-
furnace slag and hydrated lime
- Gaining popularity because they require less energy
to manufacture
o Portland cement is largest user of energy in
concrete construction process, 85%
o Portland cement accounts for 5% of all CO2
gas generated worldwide
- Pozzolans
o Natural pozzolans – volcanic ash, calcined
clay, metakaolin clay
o By-product material (Fly Ash) – finely
divided residue resulting from the
combustion of ground or powdered coal
- Fly Ash (cement of the future) can have the following
effects on fresh or plastic concrete:
o Improve workability
o Improve pumpability
o Extend time of set
o Decrease bleeding
o Improve consolidation
o Decrease early rate of strength gain
o Reduce heat evolution
- Ground granulated Blast furnace slag
o Another cement of the future
Expansive cement
- Cement that when mixed with water produces a paste
that increases in volume to a significantly greater
degree than does Portland-cement paste
- Aka Expanding cement or Shrinkage-compensating
cement, chemically-prestressing
Special types – white cement
- Portland cement that hydrates to a white paste
- Made from raw materials of low iron content, clinker
fired by reducing flame
- Should conform to ASTM C 150 and is used mainly
for architectural purposed (e.g. precast panels, stucco,
terrazzo surfaces, decorative concrete)
Special types – masonry cement
- Ingredients:
o Portland cement
o Air-entraining agents
o Finely divided material
o Ground limestone
o Hydrated lime
o Ground shale
o Fly ash
*research more special types*
Descriptive Definitions
Bulk cement
- Cement that is transported and delivered in
bulk(vehicles), instead of bags
High-fineness cement
- Hydraulic cement of substantially higher specific
surface and substantially smaller particles, produced
by additional grinding or separation by particle size
Hot cement
- Newly manufactured cement, no chance to cool yet
Hydrophobic cement
- Unhydrated cement treated to reduce tendency to take
up moisture
Keene’s cement
- Cement composed of finely ground calcined gypsum
Low-alkali cement
- Portland cement that contained small amount of
sodium or potassium or both
*super daming terms just search*
AGGREGATE
- Occupies 60-75% of the volume of concrete
- Concrete strength depends on quality of aggregate
(inherent strength vs. comparative strength)
o Inherent: type of aggregate
o Comparative: depends on mixture
- Classified as natural or artificial
 o Natural: sands and gravels are the product of Concrete Part 3
weathering and action of wind or water
o Artificial: manufactured gravel Concrete reinforcement
- May be produced from igneous, sedimentary, or - Resist tension
metamorphic rocks - Resist compression, diagonal tension, shear (stirrups,
- Classifications of Aggregates ties, hoops, spirals)
o Normal weight (2.0 and 3.0)– boulders, - Resist bursting stresses from compression
cobbles, coarse, fine, mineral - Resist internal pressures from round structures (tanks,
o Heavy weight (>3.0) – magnetite, barite, pipes)
limonite, ferrophosphorus, steel shot or - Minimize cracking
punchings - Control spacing of cracks
o Lightweight (<2.0) – clay, shale, slate, BFS
(manufactured), scoria, pumice (natural)
vermiculite, perlite (non-structural)

Bulk Density vs. Relative Density

Bulk density
- Mass of a unite volume of aggregate material and the
volume of the voids between particles
Specific gravity
- Mass of the aggregate divided by the mass of an
equal volume of water (relative density)
Pycnometer
- Tool to determine specific gravity of liquids or solids

Grading
- Distribution of particle sizes present in an aggregate
- Samples are shaken through series of wire-cloth
sieves with square openings
o Largest on top
o Smallest openings at the bottom

mm

Pag-asa Steel Works Inc. - First in Quality

(pagasasteel.com)

Cutting
- Usually cut to length by shearing, although sawing is
required where compressive bars are to be spliced
end-to-end
- Cutting by burning discouraged
Threaded steel bars
- Can be spliced with threaded couplers or anchored
through steel plates
Welded Wire Fabric
- Used to resist temperature and shrinkage cracks in
slabs (web stirrups, tie reinforcement)
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars
 - Alternative to steel deformed bars where corrosion of
steel bars is likely
- Thermally expand and contract at a rate very close to
that of concrete
- They do not rust, nonmagnetic, high strength-weight
ratio
- Damage from ultraviolet light, cannot be field-bent,
brittle in nature
2. Hand-set forms – small panel modular forms, used
without crane lifting assistance
3. Ganged forms – modular forms, crane-lifted
4. Large-panel forms – all steel, welded, craned
5. Large custom-made forms – built on site
Specialized wall form systems
1. Core walls – for elevator shafts and stairwells
2. Single-sided walls – for substructures
3. Self-climbing forms – vs. slipforms

Horizontal floor form systems

1. Conventional – non-modular
2. Hand-set forms – small panel modular forms, used
without crane lifting assistance
3. Table forms – modular forms, crane lifted

Vertical/Horizontal Form Systems

1. Tunnel forms

Consolidation
- Process of inducing a closer arrangement of solid
particles in mixed concrete or mortar during
FORMWORK placement
- Needed for placing concrete o Vibration
- Strong: to carry concrete o Centrifugation
- Rigid: maintain desired shape o Rodding (typical term)
- Tight: prevent water seepage o Tamping
- Convenient: reusable, accessible Purpose of curing
Formwork materials - Slow the loss of moisture from the slab and reduce
1. Wood early carbonation of the surface
2. Metal - Longer period of moisture retention means complete
3. Earth hydration, resulting in greater strength
4. Fiber Curing methods:
Formwork classification 1. Water curing
1. Conventional 2. Wet coverings
2. Industrialized 3. Moisture-retaining coverings
Formworks are made of layers 4. Curing compounds
1. Sheathing Stripping
2. 2-3 sheathing supports - Removal of formworks (usually a week)
3. Form supports - Depends for what structural element

Vertical form systems

1. Conventional – non-modular