Theory of Structure – I (CE

551) BCE II/II

Er. Tek Bahadur Katuwal

 Chapter 1 : Introductions
Syllabus:
• 1.1 Types of Structure Based on Material Used
• 1.2 Structural Mechanics
• 1.3 Two Basic Approaches of Structural Analysis
• 1.4 Linearly Elastic Structures
• 1.5 Non – linearity Structural Analysis
• 1.6 Computer Based Methods
• 1.7 Principles of Superposition
 Chapter 1 : Intro……
• Introductions:
Structural analysis is the determination of the effects of loads on
physical structures and their components. Structures subject to this type
of analysis include all that must withstand loads, such as buildings, bridges, aircraft and
ships. ... Structural analysis is thus a key part of the engineering design of structures.
 Chapter 1 : Intro……
• 1.1 Types of Structure Based on Material Used
• Iron: 1.1 Wrought iron. 1.2 Cast iron. 1.3 Steel. 1.4 Stainless steel.
• Concrete: 2.1 Reinforced concrete. 2.2 Prestressed concrete
• Aluminum
• Composites
• Masonry
• Timber
• Plastic structures
• According to Analysis
• (I) Determinate
• (II) Indeterminate
• If the support reactions and internal stresses (i.e. AF,SF &BM) in the structure can
be determined by using equation of static equilibrium & conditional equation if any
then such type of structure are called determinate structures otherwise they are
called indeterminate structures.
 Chapter 1 : Intro……
• For Beam and Frame:
• Degree of indeterminacy = (3m+r) – ( 3j + C)
• If (3m+r) = ( 3j + C) determinate structure
• If (3m+r) > ( 3j + C) indeterminate structure
• If (3m+r) < ( 3j + C) determinate But unstable
• For Plane Truss
• Degree of indeterminacy = (m+r) – ( 2j)
• If (m+r) = ( 2j), determinate structure
• If (m+r) > ( 2j), indeterminate structure
• If (m+r) < ( 2j), determinate But unstable
 Chapter 1 : Intro……
• According to nature of internal forces:
• (i) Uniform stress form ( Truss, Cable , Arches , Shell etc.)
• (ii) Varying Stress form ( Beam, Column, Slab etc.)
 Chapter 1 : Intro……
• 1.2 Structural Mechanics
• Structural mechanics is the branch of mechanics that deals with forces and motion of
structural system. It is the computation of deformations, deflections and internal forces
or stresses within structure for the evaluation of existing structures.
• 1.3 Two Basic Approaches of Structural Analysis
• First Stage (Structural Analysis) : Determinations of stress resultants ( Reaction forces,
Bending moment, Shear forces etc. ) at every section.
• Second Stage ( Actual Design) : Selection and design of Suitable sections to resist load
• Method of Structural Analysis:
• Fundamental structural analysis involves the use of the three equation of equilibrium
for a general coplanar force system e.g. 𝐹𝑥 = 0, 𝐹𝑦 = 0 & 𝑀 = 0
• But analyzing indeterminate structures, the above three equilibrium equations
are not sufficient. So two method of analysis are generally employed in such
case namely.
• i. Force method
• ii. Displacement method
 Chapter 1 : Intro……
• i. Force method
• The force method consist of writing equations that satisfy the compatibility and force
displacement requirements for a structure and involve redundant force have been
determined , the remaining forces are determined with the help of the three
equilibrium equation.
• ii. Displacement method
• It consist of writing force displacement relation first and then satisfying equilibrium
requirements for the structure. In this case unknowns in the equations are
displacements (𝜃, ∆) can be determined by applying equation of equilibrium.
 Chapter 1 : Intro……
• 1.4 Linearly (Elastic) Structures and Non – linearity Structural Analysis (Plastic
Analysis)
• When stress and strain relationship for a structure obeys the Hooke’s law, the structure
is called linearly elastic structure. It is assumed the yield stress point.
• When all fibers at a section yields, the structure is completely collapsed. This principle
of analysis is known as Non – linear analysis or plastic analysis.
 Chapter 1 : Intro……
• 1.6 Computer Based Methods
• SAP (STRUCTURE ANALYSIS PROGRAM): This is a general purpose finite element
program which is used for linear static and dynamic analysis of structures. Boundary
condition can be assigned.
• STAD Pro: It supports several steel, concrete and timber design codes. It cab be used for static
analysis, geometric non – linear or bucking analysis.
• NISA ( Non linear incremental structural Analysis): This software is used for non – linear
analysis and buckling can be studied as well.
• ETABS: This software is mostly used for building ( 3 – D analysis). Static earthquake loads
can be considered in the analysis of structures.

(http://www.sturdystructural.com/blog/top-5-structural-design-
and-analysis-software-that-get-the-work-done)
 Chapter 1 : Intro……
• 1.7 Principles of Superposition:
• The principle of superposition simply states that on a linear elastic structure, the
combined effect of several loads acting simultaneously is equal to the algebraic
sum of the effects of each load acting individually.
• The Principle of Superposition is a method used to solve complex problems with
multiple loads and/or reactions acting on the member.
• Superposition helps us solve these problems by breaking the member down as
many times as necessary for each force acting on it.
• Superposition applies equally to forces, stresses, strain & displacements.
• Limitations:
• (i) When geometry of the structure changes appreciably during the application of
load.
• (ii) When the load – deformation relationship of a structure is not linear even
through the change in geometry can be neglected.
 Chapter 1 : Intro……

In case of Deflections
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