Q.

1 PYCHOLOGY COUNSELING PROCESS AND COGP

Counseling psychologists are trained to conduct thorough assessments

to understand clients' concerns and determine appropriate
interventions. (can not diagnose like clinical psychologist)
• Counseling psychologists employ various therapeutic techniques and
interventions based on theories such as cognitive-behavioral therapy
(CBT), psychodynamic therapy, humanistic-existential approaches, and
mindfulness-based practices.
• Improving Mental Health Access
• Prevention and Early Intervention
• Enhancing Coping Skills
• Promoting Self-Understanding and Personal Growth
• Promoting Well-Being Across the Lifespan

COUNSELLING PROCESS
• Establishing Rapport and Building Trust
• Assessment and Goal Setting
• Exploration and Insight
• Intervention and Skill Building
• Application and Practice
• Reflection and Evaluation
• Termination and Follow-Up:

The counseling process typically follows several key stages:

1. **Establishing Rapport and Building Trust:** This involves creating a

safe and comfortable environment for the client to open up and share
their thoughts and feelings. Building trust is crucial for effective
counseling.

2. **Assessment and Goal Setting:** The counselor assesses the client's

situation, including their strengths, challenges, and goals. Together, they
identify specific goals to work towards during the counseling process.

3. **Exploration and Insight:** This stage involves exploring the client's

thoughts, emotions, beliefs, and behaviors to gain deeper insights into
their issues. It may involve discussing past experiences, exploring
patterns, and identifying underlying causes of distress.
4. **Intervention and Skill Building:** Based on the assessment and
exploration, the counselor introduces interventions and techniques to
help the client address their challenges and develop coping skills. This
may include cognitive-behavioral techniques, mindfulness practices,
communication skills training, etc.

5. **Application and Practice:** The client applies the skills and

strategies learned in counseling to real-life situations. The counselor
provides guidance and support as the client practices new behaviors and
coping mechanisms.

6. **Reflection and Evaluation:** Both the client and counselor reflect

on the progress made, challenges faced, and lessons learned during the
counseling process. Evaluation helps track the effectiveness of
interventions and adjust strategies as needed.

7. **Termination and Follow-Up:** As the client achieves their goals or

reaches a point of significant improvement, the counseling process
comes to an end. Termination involves summarizing progress, discussing
future plans, and ensuring a smooth transition. Follow-up may include
periodic check-ins to maintain progress and address any new challenges
that arise.

Each stage is important for a comprehensive and effective counseling

journey.
Q2. GOOD COUNSELLOR CHARACTERISTICS .
• Empathy: This allows them to establish rapport, build trust, and create
a safe space for clients to explore their emotions and experiences.
• Active Listening: Effective counselors engage in active listening, paying
close attention to their clients' verbal and nonverbal cues.
• Nonjudgmental Attitude:accepting clients unconditionally regardless of
their belies, values, or behaviors.
• Cultural Sensitivity: They strive to be culturally competent, adapting
their approach to meet the unique needs and preferences of each client.
• Boundaries and Professionalism: Counselors establish clear boundaries
to maintain professionalism and ensure the safety and well-being of
both themselves and their clients.
• Empowerment: They encourage clients to explore their strengths, set
achievable goals, and take proactive steps toward positive change.
• Problem-Solving Skills: are skilled in identifying underlying issues,
exploring alternatives, and collaboratively developing solutions with
their clients.
• Flexibility and Adaptability: They are open to feedback and willing to
adjust their strategies as needed to support clients' progress.
• Emotional Resilience: They have the ability to manage their own
emotions and reactions while providing support to clients in distress.
• Commitment to Lifelong Learning: Counseling is a dynamic field with
ongoing developments in theory, research, and practice.
Q3. PROBLEM SOLVING :
1. Problem Representation:
> Identifying the Problem: The first step in problem-solving is recognizing
and defining the problem. This involves understanding the current state
and the desired goal.
› Problem Encoding: Representing the problem mentally, whether it
Involves words, images, or abstract symbols. How a problem is
represented influences the strategies used for solving it.

• 2. Strategy Formation:
> Algorithmic Strategies: Systematic step-by-step procedures or
formulas that guarantee a solution if applied correctly. Algorithms are
often used in well-defined problems with clear steps.
- Heuristic Strategies: Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb used to
simplity complex problems. While heuristics can be efficient, they may
also lead to errors, especially in certain situations.

3. Information Processing:
• Information Retrieval: Recalling relevant information from memory,
which may include facis, experiences, or previously learned strategies.
> Working Memory: Holding and manipulating information temporarily
during problem-solving. Working memory capacity influences the ability
to consider multiple pieces of information simultaneously.

• 4. Insight and Creativity:

• Insightful Problem Solving: Sudden and novel realization of a solution
without apparent conscious thought. It involves restructuring the
problem or galning a new perspective.
> Creativity in Problem Solving: Generating innovative and original
solutions. Creativity often involves thinking "outside the box" and
making novel connections between ideas.
Q3 BRAIN FUNCTIONING
• The frontal lobes are important for voluntary movement, expressive
language and for managing higher level executive functions.
Executive functions refer to a collection of cognitive skills including the
capacity to plan, organise, initiate, self-monitor and control one's
responses in order to achieve a goal.
• Neo cortex is important sensory perception, cognition, generation of
motor commands, spatial reasoning and language,
• limbic system to process and regulate emotion and memory
• amygdala major processing center for emotions, It also links your
emotions to many other brain abilities, especially memories, learning
and your senses.
• cerebellum reflexive response.

MEMORY
• Memory Systems:
Sensory Memory: Initial stage that holds sensory information.
• Short-Term Memory (STM): Limited-capacity system for temporary
storage.
Long-Term Memory (LTM): Relatively permanent storage with an
unlimited capacity.

• Memory Processes:
• Encoding: The process of converting sensory input into a form that the
brain can use and store.
• Storage: The maintenance of encoded information over time.
• Retrieval: The process of accessing stored information when needed.

INFLUENCING FACTOR :
• > Cognitive Processes: Creativity is influenced by cognitive processes
like memory, attention, and perception.
> Personality Factors: Openness to experience, tolerance for ambiguity,
and a willingness to take risks are associated with higher creativity.
• Environmental Factors: Supportive environments that encourage
exploration and risk-taking can foster creativity.
• Interplay Between Intelligence and Creativity:
> Intelligence and creativity are related but distinct constructs.
Intelligence often involves convergent thinking, finding the single best
solution to a problem, while creativity involves divergent thinking,
generating multiple solutions.
> Highly creative individuals may demonstrate a combination of high
intelligence and specific creative traits.

QUESTION 4 What is psychology AND INDIAN PSYCHOLOGY :

What is psychology?
You think it is something about people but it is about learning –Yourself
In Greek ‘Psyche’ means ‘mind’ and logos Means ‘the study of’
Psychology= Study of Mind
Aristotle- Greek Philosopher-was interested to learn everything about
nature of life
Psyche is essence of life
How to defined it
Psychology is the scientific study, analysis, and investigation of behavior
and mental processes.
Psychologists actively study and understand human cognitive processes,
brain functions, and behavior.

Goals of psychology
Describe
Describing psychological phenomena based on scientific study.
Example: survey of students are under stress
Predict
Predict future Behaviour
Example: test to predict their stress level
Understand
Explanation are theories(tentative)
Influence
Influence behaviour in beneficial way
Example: How to help students to overcome their stress

Concept of Indian Psychology

In India psychology began at the department of Philosophy at Calcutta
university in 1915.
Indian psychology refers to a system/school of psychology derived from
classical Indian thought and rooted in the psychologically relevant
practices such Yoga
Its perspective is broader
Usefulness and relevance go beyond the cultural limitation and
boundaries of India.

Upanishadas explain the self and personality structure with the help of
concept called Kosha (cover).
These are Annamaya kosha,
Pranmayakosha,
Manomayakosha,
Vidnyanmaya kosha and
Anandmaya kosha. They also talked about factors that affected these
koshas and also how these koshas determine human behavior.

According to Ayurveda, there are three types of doshas, and these

doshas determine Prakruti (characteristics) of human beings.
Individuals who have kapha as a dominant doshas are calm, flexible,
patient, and caring. They have strong memory. It is said, that they take
longer to grasp a subject but once they understand it they are able to
retain it for a longer time.
Individuals who have Vata as a dominant dosha are unpredictable. Their
moods and thoughts fluctuate. They get angry very quickly but they also
calm down very fast. Also, they are art lovers.
Individuals who have Pitta as a dominant dosha are believed to be very
sharp. However, they are known to be short tempered.

Guna
concept to explain human temperament .Human body is made up of
Rajas, Tamas and Sattva Guna.
Sattva Guna,- Calm & understanding. They do their work carefully and
promptly. They are aware of reality therefore they behave calmly.
Rajas Guna- Aristocratic & aggressive. Strong self esteem. So, they think
that everything should happen according to their own wish.
Tamas Guna- Idle& sluggish. They do not work hard. They seem to be
depressed.
Patanjali explained deep thought about Psychology in Yogsutra.
He studied levels of human consciousness and also proposed ways to
evolve spiritually.
His theory of ashtangyoga is very useful .
the eight aspects of ashtangyoga are:
Yama, niyama, aasana, pranayam, pratyahar, dharana, dhyan and
Samadhi.

Ashtangyoga
1. Yamas
Satya (सत्य): truthfulness
Asteya (अस्तेय): non-stealing
Brahmacharya (ब्रह्मचर्य): marital fidelity
Ahimsa (अहिंसा): Nonviolence, non-harming other living beings[9]
Aparigraha (अपरिग्रह):non-possessiveness

2. Niyamas
Shaucha (शौच): purity, clearness of mind, speech and body[17]
Santosha (संतोष): contentment, acceptance of others, acceptance of one's
circumstances as they are in order to get past or change them, optimism
for self
Tapas (तपस्): persistence, self-discipline
Svadhyaya (स्वाध्याय): study of Vedas, study of self, self-reflection,
introspection of self's thoughts, speech and actions
Ishvarapranidhana (ईश्वरप्रणिधान): contemplation of the Ishvara
(God/Supreme Being, Unchanging Reality)

3. Asana is a posture that one can hold for a period of time, staying
relaxed, steady, comfortable and motionless.
4. Pranayma is the control of the breath
5. Pratyahara is drawing within one's awareness. It is a process of
retracting the sensory experience from external objects. It is a step of
self extraction and abstraction.
6. Dharana as the sixth limb of yoga, is holding one's mind onto a
particular inner state, subject or topic of one's mind
7. Dhyana is contemplating, reflecting on whatever Dharana has focused
on.
8. Samadhi when meditating on an object, only the object of awareness
is present and the awareness that one is meditating disappears.
Q. 5 Middle Childhood

6 to 12 years
Development of cognitive abilities and logical thinking.
Formation of a sense of competence and mastery.
Development of social skills and relationships with peers.

Development of humand mind

Social Development:

Peer Relationships: Friendships become more complex and important,

with an increased emphasis on reciprocity, trust, and shared interests.
Group Dynamics: Children start to participate in group activities and
navigate group dynamics, learning about cooperation and competition.
Social Comparison: Awareness of self in relation to peers becomes more
pronounced, influencing self-esteem and social identity.
Emotional Development:

Emotional Regulation: Improved ability to regulate emotions, with a

growing understanding of emotional expression and empathy for others.
Self-Concept: Development of a more nuanced self-concept,
incorporating academic, social, and physical dimensions.
Resilience: Children begin to develop coping mechanisms and resilience
in the face of challenges and setbacks.
Cognitive Development:

Concrete Operational Thinking: According to Piaget, children in middle

childhood demonstrate concrete operational thinking, characterized by
more logical and organized thought processes.
Problem Solving: Improved problem-solving skills and the ability to think
more systematically about various tasks.
Academic Skills: Advancements in reading, writing, and mathematical
abilities are notable during this period.
Moral Development:

Understanding of Morality: Children develop a more nuanced

understanding of moral principles, distinguishing between right and
wrong.
Empathy and Perspective-Taking: Increasing ability to empathize and
consider others' perspectives in moral decision-making.
Internalization of Moral Values: Moral values shift from external
authority to internal principles, as children begin to internalize societal
and cultural norms.
Identity Formation:

Gender Identity: A deeper understanding of gender roles and identity, as

well as the exploration of one's own gender identity.
Cultural Identity: Recognition and exploration of cultural identity
become more pronounced, influenced by family and societal factors.
Social Skills and Communication:

Communication Skills: Further development of effective communication

skills, including listening, expressing thoughts clearly, and negotiating
with peers.
Cooperation and Teamwork: Participation in team sports and group
projects fosters cooperation, teamwork, and leadership skills.
Friendship Dynamics:

Conflict Resolution: Developing skills for resolving conflicts within

friendships and social groups.
Trust and Loyalty: Understanding the importance of trust and loyalty in
friendships, with a deeper appreciation for the qualities of enduring
relationships.
Identity Exploration:

Hobbies and Interests: Children begin to explore and develop individual

interests, hobbies, and talents.
Role Models: Identification with positive role models and exploration of
future aspirations.
Q 6 Defense Mechanisms:
Repression: Repression is a defense mechanism in psychoanalytic theory
where individuals unconsciously push unpleasant or distressing
thoughts, memories, or emotions out of conscious awareness.
Example: Sarah witnessed a car accident in which she saw a close friend
severely injured. The memory of the traumatic incident is emotionally
overwhelming, and Sarah represses it, pushing it into her unconscious
mind.
Denial: Refusal to accept the reality of a situation or the truth of an
experience.
Example:Alex who has been consistently experiencing health issues such
as persistent coughing, fatigue, and unexplained weight loss. These
could be potential symptoms of a serious medical condition, but Alex
chooses to deny the possibility and avoid seeking medical attention.
Projection: Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to
someone else.
Sublimation: Redirecting unacceptable urges into socially acceptable
activities.
Rationalization: Creating logical explanations for behaviors or thoughts
that are actually driven by unconscious motives.
Projection: Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to
someone else.
Example:Sam who has unresolved feelings of jealousy and
competitiveness towards a colleague, Roy at work. Instead of
acknowledging these emotions within themselves, Sam projects them
onto Roy.
Sublimation: Redirecting unacceptable urges into socially acceptable
activities.
Example: Emily who has intense feelings of anger and frustration, often
arising from the challenges she faces at work. Instead of expressing
these emotions in harmful ways, Emily sublimates her feelings through a
creative outlet: painting.
Rationalization: Creating logical explanations for behaviors or thoughts
that are actually driven by unconscious motives.

Rationalization: Creating logical explanations for behaviors or thoughts

that are actually driven by unconscious motives.
Example: Meera fails to prepare adequately for her final exams due to
procrastination and lack of focus. When the results come out, and she
performs poorly, She engages in rationalization to explain her low
grades.
Displacement:Displacement is a defense mechanism where an individual
redirects their emotions or impulses from the original source toward a
substitute target.
Example: Dany having a difficult day at work due to a disagreement with
a colleague. When Dany comes home, he find that a family member has
accidentally broken a valuable item in the house and express anger on
him.
Q7. Perception
Perception refers to the process by which individuals interpret and make
sense of sensory information from their environment.
It involves the organization, interpretation, and understanding of
sensory stimuli to create a meaningful and coherent mental
representation of the world.
Researchers explore how the brain processes sensory information, how
perceptions are formed, and how they contribute to our understanding
of the world.
Perception is not always an accurate reflection of objective reality, as it
is influenced by individual differences and subjective factors.

Perception is a complex cognitive process that involves the integration

of various sensory inputs, such as sight, hearing, touch, taste, and
smell.The process of perception can be broken down into several stages:
Sensation: This is the initial step where sensory organs (e.g., eyes, ears,
skin) detect stimuli from the external environment. Sensory information
is converted into neural signals that can be processed by the brain.
Perception: In this stage, the brain organizes and interprets the sensory
information. It involves processes such as pattern recognition, attention,
and the use of prior knowledge and experiences to make sense of the
incoming stimuli.
Interpretation: After perception, individuals assign meaning to the
interpreted information based on their past experiences, cultural
background, beliefs, and expectations. Interpretation plays a crucial role
in shaping how individuals understand and respond to their
surroundings.

ERRORS
1. Stereo Typing
"Making positive or negative generalizations about a group or category
of people, usually based on inaccurate assumptions and beliefs and
applying these generalizations to an individual member of the group."
For e.g. Girls are very talkative, Rich are cruel to poor.
2. Halo Effect
Drawing general impression of individual on the basis of a single
characteristic. I.e. if someone is good at one dimension, he/she is
perceived to be good at other dimensions as well.
3. Recency Effect
When the most RECENT information influences our judgment, even
though we have a whole of other information on the Person.
4. The Similar-to-Me Effect
We tend to favor/like or give favorable judgment to those who are
similar to us. Example two candidates came along for interview, one
from Delhi and the other from Bihar. As interviewer is from Delhi, he
tends select to the candidate from Delhi, better evaluation.
5. Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and
overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments
about the behavior of others.
6. Self-Serving Bias
The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal
factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.
7. Self-fulfilling prophecy
People's expectations and beliefs determine their behavior, thus, serving
to make their expectations come true Example when a teacher, labeled
a kid as stupid (because he has illegible handwriting). Soon the kid
believed on teacher and behave like one.
8. Perceptual defense
People tend to defend the way they perceive things. Once established, a
person's way of viewing the world may become highly resistant to
change. Sometimes, perceptual defense may have negative
consequences. This perceptual error can result in manager's inability to
perceive the need to be creative in solving problems. As a result, the
individual simply proceeds as in the past even in the face of evidence
that business as usual is not accomplishing anything worthwhile
Q 8WHAT IS GOAL OF INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND METHODS USED
BY INDUSTRIAL PYCHOLOGIST .

Psychology- It is the science of behavior in relation to environment

Industrial psychology is the systematic study of the behavior of people at
work
It studies how
Individual
Social
Political
Economical factors affect the behavior of the people at work.
Industrial psychology focus on the behavior of employees in the
workplace.
They apply psychological principles and research methods to improve
A healthy work environment
Increase employee satisfaction
communication
Improve employee productivity
Developing new employee training
safety.

METHOD USED
The types of research used in industrial psychology vary widely.
Industrial psychology professionals may:

primarily conduct observational research

design and carry out studies
use surveys
Interview
Testing
1. **Observational Research:**
- Industrial psychologists observe and record behavior, interactions,
and events in the workplace to gain insights into employee behavior,
team dynamics, leadership styles, communication patterns, work
processes, and organizational culture.

2. **Design and Carry Out Studies:**

- Psychologists design and conduct research studies to investigate
specific questions or hypotheses related to workplace phenomena, using
various techniques such as surveys, experiments, observations, and data
analysis.

3. **Surveys:**
- Industrial psychologists use structured questionnaires or interviews
to collect data from employees, managers, and stakeholders, assessing
attitudes, opinions, experiences, and behaviors related to job
satisfaction, organizational climate, leadership effectiveness, work-life
balance, and job stress.

4. **Interviews:**
- Psychologists conduct direct conversations with individuals or groups
in the workplace to gather qualitative data, insights, and perspectives on
topics such as job satisfaction, organizational culture, conflict resolution,
leadership challenges, training needs, and career development.

5. **Testing:**
- Industrial psychologists administer standardized psychological
assessments, aptitude tests, personality inventories, and performance
assessments to evaluate job candidates, assess employees' skills and
competencies, measure personality traits, identify training needs, and
diagnose workplace issues.
Psychometric tests
Aptitude
Personality
emotional stability,
openness,
agreeableness,
conscientiousness,
extraversion.

GOAL : Employee testing & selection

Training & development design
Improving management
Synthesizing work style
Improving workplace productivity
Certainly! Here's an explanation of the goals of industrial psychology
using simpler language:

1. **Employee Testing & Selection:**

- Industrial psychologists want to find the right people for the right jobs
by using tests and interviews to see who fits best in a company's roles.

2. **Training & Development Design:**

- They design programs to help employees learn and grow in their jobs,
making them better at what they do.

3. **Improving Management:**
- Industrial psychologists help managers become better leaders by
teaching them how to communicate, solve problems, and work well with
their teams.

4. **Synthesizing Work Styles:**

- They help teams work together better by understanding each
person's unique way of doing things and finding ways for everyone to
work together smoothly.

5. **Improving Workplace Productivity:**

- Their goal is to make workplaces more efficient and enjoyable by
fixing problems, improving how people work together, and making sure
employees feel good about their jobs.