 Introduction:-

The audiovisual aids can play a powerful role in enhancing the impact and memorability of the
presentation. When used properly, they can entertain and enliven the audience while increasing
their receptivity and recall. The reason for an audiovisual aid is simply to present an idea in a
form that the audience will understand most quickly; in a form that is close to the reality, to the
real things as is possible; in a form that asks the listener to do as little translating as possible.
Audio visual materials are produced, distributed and used as planned components of educational
programs. It helps the process of learning that is motivation, classification and stimulation. It
makes dynamic learning experience more concrete realistic and clarity.

 Definition:-
 According to Burton, Audiovisual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or
stimulate and reinforce learning
 According to Edger Dale, 'Audiovisual aids are those devices by the use of which
communication of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training situations is
helped. These are also termed as multisensory materials.
 According to kinder S. James: Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to make the
learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic.

 PURPOSES OF AUDIOVISUAL AIDS:-

 Purposes of Audiovisual Aids are
 To provide a basis for more effective perceptual and conceptual learning.
 To initiate and sustain attention, concentration and personal involvement of the
students in learning.
 To provide concreteness, realism and life likeness in the teaching-learning
situation.
 To bring the remote events of either space or time into the classroom.
 Increase the meaningfulness of abstract concepts.
 To gain practical skill.
 To introduce opportunity for situational or field types of learning as contrasted
with linear-order verbal and written communication.
  To start group thinking.
 To focus attention on a point or principle.
 To hit the high points of a detailed subject.
 To close or summarize a meeting.
 To crystallize group thinking.

 PRINCIPLES OF AUDIO VIDUAL AIDS:-

While using AV aids in the classroom, certain principles should be kept in mind to enhance its
effectiveness to facilitate learning-

 "The teacher should be well prepared with the particular AV aid which he or she is
supposed to use with a particular lesson. For example, if a teacher is supposed to use
transparency as an AV aid then he should prepare it in advance, systematically arrange
the transparencies in order and keep it ready to use in the classroom.
 Check in advance whether the slide/LCD/filmstrip projector is available in the classroom
and is functioning.
 Make sure that technical support is available whenever required.
 Selection of the AV aid should be as per the requirement of the content to be presented to
the students.
 Make sure that every student is able to see or hear the AV aid without any difficulty.
 AV aid should be prepared as per the prevailing guidelines for that particular aid and it
should be attractive enough to draw the students' attention.
 As far as possible, students should be involved in preparation and preservation of AV
aids.
 AV aid should be economical.
 Principle of stimulus variation and feedback reinforcement should also be considered
while preparing and selecting an AV aid.
  TYPES OF AUDIO VIDUAL AIDS:-

Classification of Audio Visual aids

Non-projected AV aids Projected AV aids

Graphic Display 3-D Aids Activity Aids Audio Aids Printed Audiovisu Overhead
Aids Aids Aids al
projector
Charts Chalkboard Models Dramatics Radio Booklet TV
Epidiascope
Posters Magnetic Objects Field trips Recordings Pamphlet Computer
Slide
Pictures board Speci- Demonstration Tape re- Leaflet Microscop
projector
Flip Bulletin men Aquarium corder handouts e
charts board Puppets Museum Cassette camera PowerPoint
Maps Flannel Dioramas Programmed recorder
presentations
Graphs board Mock- instruction Gramo-
Ups Exhibition phones Film
Globes projector

LCD
projector

Television
 Characteristics of Good AV Aid:-
o They should be meaningful and purposeful.
o They should be accurate in every respect.
o They should be simple.
o They should be cheap.
o As for as possible, they should be improvised.
o They should be large enough to be properly seen by the students for whom they are
meant.
o They should be up to date.
o They should be easily portable.

 TEACHER'S ROLE IN PROCURING AND MANAGING

INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS:-
 The teacher has to play a key role in storage, borrowing, retrieval and monitoring of the
use of AV aids. At the college level, a nursing faculty can manage these aids in AV aids
room which is an essential part of a college of nursing as per Indian nursing council
norms.
 Models and charts can be permanently installed on the walls in the particular classroom in
which they are supposed to be used; for example, anatomical models charts can be placed
in first-year classroom. Similarly, models of pelvis and fetus can be placed in final-year B.
Sc classroom.

 Factors Influencing In Selection Of AV Aids:-

 The nature of subjects matters being taught.
 The nature of audience which include number age, educational status, interest,
experience, knowledge if the subjects.
 The availability, functioning or working condition of aids.
 Advantages of Instructional Aids:-

Advantages of audio visual aids can be stated as following

1) By using audio-visual materials, inaccessible materials, events, objects, changes and

speed could easily be brought into class.
2) Students in large class room may not be able to see demonstration, small models to,
micro scope things etc.
3) Audio-visual aids help imagining teacher to solve all these communication problems.
Use of av aids results in greater acquisition of knowledge and ensures longer retention
of information gained.
4) Audio-visual material provide motivates pupils to participate actively.
5) Audio-Visual technology provides pupils with meaning full sources of experiences
6) Use of audio-visual materials in the class room provide effective substitutes for direct
of students with environment both physical and social.
7) Audio-visual material enable us to through the physical limits of time and space.
8) By using suitable audio-visual materials, any expected students learn more if they are
engaged in significant and appealing activities.
9) Proper audio-visual aids provides integrated experiences.
10) Audio-visual material supply a concrete basis for critical thinking.
11) Audio-Visual materials could be use to motivates and stimulates interact of pupils to
gain further knowledge.
12) Audio-visual materials could be used for any age or ability groups proper used of audio
visual aids helps to multiply teacher efficiency and helps in remedial teaching too.

A. Non-Projected Aids:-
Non-projected media means the pictures that are not projected and which are for the use of a
small group of people.

 Principles of Non-projected Media:-

 It should be self-explanatory
 It should contain one idea at a time
 It should be simple to understand
 It should be done with attractive colors
 It should be easy to handle
 It should be placed in an area, which can be visualized by all.
1) Display Board:-

A display is an organized visual arrangement of learning materials on a vertical or horizontal

surface and is usually designed to present significant information on a given topic. Bulletin
board, flannel board, pocket board, peg board, hook and loop board, magnetic board and black
board come under the general head of ‘display boars’.

 Chalkboard:-

The easily available chalkboard is the most commonly used visual aid in everyday teaching. It is
always available, requires no special talent or equipment, alterations and amendments are easily
made, and it is versatile, being adaptable to the requirement of all subjects.

Use of Chalkboard:-

* The chalkboard is an excellent supplement to other aids. The lesson can be summarized
in the right manner with the help of the board. The teacher can illustrate his lesson on the
blackboard and draw attention of the class to salient features in the lesson.
* Facts, ideas and processes can often be illustrated with the help of drawing, sketches and
other visual symbols.
* The outstanding feature of chalkboard is that it allows for spontaneity in the classroom. If
students are suddenly confused about something, the point can be illustrated on the board.
 * When students cannot visualize an object, it can be quickly sketched. Chalkboards are
especially useful for working out the mathematical problems, for outlining the materials
to be taught in the class and for having several students placing their ideas on the board at
the same time.

Guidelines for the Effective Use of Chalkboard :-

 Plan the use of chalkboard and everything needed for using the chalkboard should be kept
ready before the class begins, i.e. collection of chalk, duster, etc.
 Clean the chalkboard completely before starting the class. A clean board reflects the clarity
of teacher's mind and avoids distraction to students. Also ensure glare free visibility of the
written word to all the students.
 Write on the board according to a pre-decided plan. You can divide the board into two or
three parts by drawing vertical lines. Writing should be started from the top left corner. The
right part is good for writing the headings so that a revision can be held towards the end. If
there is a chequered part of the board, use it for drawing graphs. Decide to write less and
explain more.
 Do not speak to the chalkboard. Keep turning back and forth; speak to the students while
writing on the board.
 Do not crowd the chalkboard with too much matter. A few important points make a vivid
impression. Stand clear of the written word. Do not hide what you write. Allow the students
to see the board uninterrupted.
 Plan you rubbing off sequence. Rub off a section of the board and write there. Then rub the
rest of it, duster and should be used for rubbing.
 Hold the chalk between thumb and fingers. Break off a little piece to avoid squeaking while
writing. Use colored chalks in order to distinguish some parts and to highlight some
components of the visual on the board.
 Occasionally students may be asked to write or draw diagrams on the chalkboard.

Merits of Chalkboard:-

 It is simple to use with little practice.

 Electricity is not must for using the blackboard.
 It is economical and reusable.
 It can be put to wide and varied uses.
 Pupils' interest in class work can be stimulated.
 It can be used indoor and outdoor.
 Provides a lot of space for decorative and creative work.
 Teacher can review whole lesson for the benefit of students with the help of the chalkboard.
 Mistakes can be rubbed off and corrected instantly.
 Charts can be hung on the board.
 It allows for spontaneity in the classroom.

Disadvantages or limitations:-

 The chalkboard carries with it 'temporariness. Material put on the board cannot be saved or
made permanent.
 Chalkboards are often fixed in such a way that they are not always at a comfortable height
for all potential users.
 Being fixed, chalkboards can put restrictions on the use of classroom space and classroom
activities as learners need to be placed where they can see the boards.
 Problems can arise for learners who have vision impairments.
 Some instructors are psyched-out of using the board because they feel a lack of artistic
ability.
 Motion cannot be easily shown.
  A teacher's handwriting or spelling deficiencies are most obvious when using the
chalkboard.
 Chalkboard work can be messy.
 Writing on the board can be 'down time' and may break the class's train of thought and/or
discussion.
 Bulletin Board:-

Definition:-

Bulletin board is a simple device placed either indoor or outdoor, kept in a suitable place, for the
display of all kinds of creative work of the students. The items generally used in bulletin board
are: photographs, cut-out, illustrations, publications, drawings, specimens, posters, newspapers,
pasting up of announcements, assignments, distinctions, achievements.

Purposes:-
  To provide a natural outlet for pupils' artistic and creative tastes.
 To create motivation in pupils.
 To provide current, new items from the newspapers and magazines.
 To display some important school announcements.
 To add variety to the classroom activity.
 To provide experience outside the student environment.
 To save time.

Uses of Bulletin Board:-

 To communicate the ideas.

 To describe the ways of doing a particular item.
 To follow-up instructions on things demonstrated and emphasized. Photographs to show
local activities. (For important local announcement)
 To motivate the learner.
 To present the ideas of many individuals and localities, when the material is gathered from
a variety of sources.
 To add variety to the classroom activity.
 To provide information. To supplement and correlate instruction. It saves time, ie, material
that cannot be presented during the class hours, nevertheless can be on a bulletin board.

Principles in the Use of Bulletin Board:-

1. A board of posting notices should be kept separate from those for current events and study.
Plan for placement of bulletin board is to have:
- Near the educational administrator's office.
- Near the library or study room for material in relation to study.
- In the conference hall or main wards. In the classroom.

2. The appearance must be neat, orderly, and attractive.

3. The material should be changed frequently and systematically to encourage interest.

4. A bulletin board committee should be appointed; they are responsible to provide material, and
responsibility for editing the board should be placed on one person.

5. On the top centre of the bulletin board fix a title for the specific subject of the display material.

6. Below the title fix a brief description about the specific subject or topic.

7. Keep the interest of students alive by involving them in the collection of material for the
bulletin board.

8. The height of the bulletin board should be one meter above the ground.

9. The area where the bulletin board is fixed or placed should be well-lighted.

Types of Bulletin Board:-

There are several types of bulletin boards that can be used, depending on the purpose as well as
money available.

 Fixed type: Can be attached to the wall.

 Movable type: Unattached and sufficiently light weight to be transported easily from
room to room.
 Folding type: As the name implies it is composed of several faces like a book.
 Wire bulletin board: By presenting news in both topical and in depth styles.

Advantages:-

 Bulletin boards work as a good supplement to normal classroom teaching.

 It will create interest in students.
 Its display can be effectively used as follow-up of chalkboard work.
 Bulletin board add color and liveliness to the classroom as they have decorative value along
with educational value.
 Bulletin board displays can be used to introduce a air topic and as well to review it.

Limitations:-
Not be used for all-inclusive teaching; bulletin boards have to be used as a supplementary aids to
other teaching aids.

 The collection of relevant material, certain specific topics maybe difficult.

 Flannel Board:-

It is also known as Felt Board. A flannel board is display board made of wood, cardboard or
straw board covered with colored flannel or woolen cloth. Display material like the cut-outs,
pictures, drawings and light objects backed with rough surfaces like sand paper, strips, flannel
strips, etc. will stick to the flannel temporarily. The sand paper backed display material can be
detached easily and replaced with new relevant material as the lesson progresses.

A flannel board of 1 * 1.5 m is most widely used. It can be fixed next to the chalkboard or can be
placed on a stand about one meter above the ground.

Using a Flannel Board:-

Some of the points to be kept in mind while using flannel board are as follows:
  Collect pictures, light objects or make cutouts and back them with sand paper pieces.
 Display the material on the flannel board in a sequence to develop the lesson.
 Change the pictures or cutouts as you talk to the students.
 Use flannel board to create proper scenes and designs relevant to the lesson.
 Many good teachers and educators have used C flannel board in the following teaching
situations.
- For telling a story, the teacher adheres the picture on the flannel board along with a
commentary or description
- For letter recognition and work formation during language teaching in primary classes.
This is done by cutting out big letters from chart paper and backing them with sand-paper
strips.
- For recognition and recall testing, appropriate pictures can be used for teaching different
subject.
- For teaching elementary lessons on numbers, a flannel board can be used effectively.
- For playing interesting and educative zig-zag saw puzzles, a flannel board can be quite
useful.
- For showing interrelationship between different parts or steps of a process, a flannel
board can be used effectively, e.g. nursing procedure.

Advantages of Flannel Board:-

There are many advantages of flannel board:

 Flannel board displays hold the interest of students and arrest their attention.
 The provision of sequential change of material on flannel board provides continuity in
lesson development.
 The quickness and ease with which the display material can be changed on a flannel board
without use of drawing pins or paste make it a most desirable and convenient display board.
 Flannel board enables teachers to talk along with changing illustrations to develop a lesson.
 The changing of pictures on the flannel board is able to kindle enthusiasm and interest of
the teachers as well as students.

Guidelines for Using a Flannel Board:-

 * Collect pictures, light objects or make cut-outs and back them with sand paper pieces.
* Display the material on the flannel board in a sequence to develop the lesson.
* Change the pictures or cut-outs as you talk to the students.
* Use the flannel board to create proper scenes and designs relevant to the lesson. Avoid
overcrowding on the board.

Limitations

 It cannot be used for all-inclusive teaching and have to be used as a supplementary aid to
other teaching aids.
 Only selective materials are displayed like pictures, cutouts and drawings.

2). Graphic Aids:-

Graphics are two dimensional aids. These are related to writing, drawing, painting, etc. These
aids involve the use of graphic presentation in the form of graphs, maps, diagrams, charts etc.
The main graphic aids are as

 Diagrams:- A diagram is a drawing that shows arrangements and relations as of parts to the
whole. It is a visual symbol made up of lines, curves and geometrical forms. These are used
for teaching science, geometry, geography etc.
 Graphs:- A graph is a diagrammatic treatment or representation of numeric or quantitative
data. They are used for analysis, interpretation and for comparison. The different types of
graphs include line graph, bar graph, circle or pie graph, pictorial graph and flannel graph.
 Maps:- A map is an accurate representation of plain surface in the form of a diagram drawn
to scale, the details of boundaries of continents, countries etc. Geographical details like
location of mountains, rivers, altitude of a place, contours of the earth surface and important
locations can also be represented accurately with reference to a convenient scale with
suitable color scheme. Maps are of different types viz. cadastral maps, topographical maps,
wall maps, atlas maps, relief maps, geographical maps, mineral maps, agricultural maps etc.
As a teaching aid, they are indispensable in teaching fundamental concepts such as size,
distance, space, location and direction.
  Posters: A poster is a bold and symbolic representation of a single idea. It is used in all
walks of life, to convey, forcibly the desired information to a layman.
 Cartoons: A cartoon is a metaphorical presentation. in the form of picture or a sketch. It is
universal in appeal and conveys only one idea.
 Flash Cards: Flash cards are pieces of card board or hand paper on which a word or words
are written or some picture is drawn. These can be used for word recognition, team
competitions, teaching in speaking, teaching writing, match cards, order cards, etc.
 Charts: A chart is a combination of pictorial, graphic, numerical or vertical materials
which presents a clear visual summary. The most commonly used types of charts include
outline charts, tabular chart, and organization charts.
 Flash Cards:-

Flash card is a series of cards each having a picture with a message which are arranged on top of
one another in the order of showing. These flash cards maybe used along with other graphic aids
such as posters, charts, etc to make the lesson effective. Commonly used for 5-15 members.

Articles Needed:-

 Card board
 Illustrations
 Colors
 Letterings
 Sketches
 Pencil
 Scale
 Preparation of Flash Cards
 Collect information.
 Select the essential points.
 Sort them in logical sequence.
 Visualize one idea on one card.

Flash card preparation:-

 Cut chart paper into 4 equal parts to get the card.

 Cut out pictures, photographs from the publication, printed charts, posters and can be
pasted. And also cartoon pictures can be drawn.

Coloring:- Color creates interest in the human mind. So select colors to fit the background to
provide good contrast. But do not use too many colors.

Writing:-

 The best flash cards are those which need few or no words
 It is better to use capital letters.
 It is better to limit the caption to five or six words.
 Write the talking points on the back of the card.
 Write the points on the right hand corner of the backside.

Size of the Cards: -

Size of the card depends on the number of audience. The size should be such that the person in
the back row can see them clearly:

 10' * 12' for 10 audience

 15' * 20' for 15-20 audience
 20' x 22' for 20-30 audience.

Use of Flash Cards:-

Orient in such a way that while showing a card the interest of the audience is aroused and
maintained:

 Rehearse the presentation several times before trying them on the audience.
 Do not allow anyone to sit more than 20 feet away from the teacher.
 Arrange the cards logically or sequentially.
 Hold the cards to chest high so that audience can see well.
 Turn to different angles so that everyone can see clearly.
 Explain the first card with the aid of the talking points written on the back of the last card.
 Slip no 1 card behind the stack flashing no 2 and explain no 2 with the aid of the points
written on the back of the no 1. Repeat until the whole series is finished.
 Be a good showman. Do not be clumsy while showing the cards.
 Stress important points. Do not hesitate to repeat the card when doubt arises on that
particular card.
 If necessary present it again.
 Summarize the main points at the end of the talk.
 Pass the whole stack of cards to a member of the audience at either end of a row. Ask him
to look at the top card and pass it on.
 After everyone has seen the cards individually invite questions and answer to them. Make
sure that you know the answer.
 When larger cards are used, card maybe slipped behind the set or remove it and place it face
down on a nearby table. Use pointer. Do not cover the matter with hands.
Advantages:-

 Inexpensive, can be home made.

 Very easy to transport.
 Good way to give information in sequence to small groups.
 Can be used to review a topic.
 Can work as useful supplementary aid and can be effectively used with other materials.
 Maybe used to develop the cognitive abilities and to recall what has been studied.

Disadvantages of Flash Cards:-

 Deteriorate with constant use.

 Some artistic ability is required if making homemade flash cards.
 Easy to get out of sequence.
 Limited to small group.

 Flip Charts:-

Flash cards and flip charts are inexpensive form of AV aids which can be home made and
transported easily. And these can be prepared with a few simple tools and materials available
locally. Flip charts are like flash cards but fastened together. It resembles an album of drawings,
pictures, charts or even calendar. It can be used for 15-30 people; bound together with rings or
string. They flip over in sequence. It can be used to teach things like child care, feeding, basic
food groups, etc.
Purposes:-

 To show continuity in process.

 To increase motivation in the student.
 To summarize information.
 To express the idea in a sequential manner.
 To show development of structures.

Articles Needed:-

 Card board sized 50cm * 85 cm or usually larger than 21cm * 27cm

 Illustrations, pictures, photos, cuttings, color paper
 Colors
 Letterings
 Sketches
 Pencil
 Scale
 Paint and brush

Preparation of Flip Chart:-

 Collect information relating to the talk and select all important points.
 Take a few small sheets of paper and construct rough visuals and write special instructions
of picture or drawing.
 Make sketches for illustrations. Or else photographs can be used.
 Use attractive color combination as colors create more interest.

Binding of Flip Charts: A simple form of a flip book can be made by merely stapling
sheets of paper together at the top or punching holes and connecting them with a cord like photo
album.
Advantages of Flip Chart:-

 Inexpensive, can be home made.

 Very easy to transport.
 Good way to give information in sequence because they are bound, illustrations stay in
sequence.
 Can be used for a larger group

Disadvantages of Flip Chart:-

 Deteriorate rapidly.
 Some artistic ability is required if making homemade flash cards.
 Can confuse audience with too much or too little information.

 Posters:-

Definition:- It is good substitute for firsthand experience. It varies from a simple printed
card to complicated or artistic design.

-Neeraja KP
Characteristics of Poster :-

 Good posters tell the message at glance.

 It should be eye catching. It should be brief.
 It should be clear. Is should be good substitute for first hand experience.
 The design must capture the audience.
 It varies from a simple printed card to a complicated and artistic design.

Rules To Prepare Poster:-

* To support local demonstration and local exhibits.

* To promote one point.
* Planned for specified people.
* Tell the message in a simple glands.
* Use bold letters.
* Use pleasing colours.
* Must be tiny.
* Use simple, few words which conveys one idea.
* It should be placed, where people pass or gather together.

Uses of Posters:-

 Advertising an event or product.

 Campaigning for a cause.
 Giving a directive and warning.
 Popularizing a slogan.
 Drawing attention towards desirable actions and values.
 Propaganda.
 Popularizing a symbol or sign.
 To educate the public regarding a particular matter.
 To convey the message easily.
  To make an interest appeal.

Materials Needed for Poster Preparation:-

 Soft pencil and a good eraser

 A long ruler and a short one
 White glue
 Sharp scissors Student's geometry set
 Coloring materials like colored pencils, crayons,poster paint, sketches
 Clean smooth paper or card board to draw on.

Rules to Prepare Poster:-

o To do a special job
o To promote one point
o To support local demonstration and local exhibits
o Planned for specified people
o It should stop the people and make them look
o Tell the message in single glance
o Use bold letters
o Use simple few words which convey one idea
o Use pleasing colors Must be timely.

Preparation: Make some rough drafts trying out different ideas. These can be done on small
sheets of paper must be in proportion to the large piece. Hence, the final poster should be clean,
tidy, well organized and eye-catching.

Uses of Posters:-

 To make an instant appeal.

 To convey single idea or few ideas.
 To be understood at a glance.
 Comprehensive at a distance and sufficiently clear.
  Suitable for patient education, presenting scientific facts showing safety measures and
other facts relating to health.
 It can motivate, arouse interest, remind or advertize. Among these first could be
motivation.
 It serves as a reminder.

Advantages of Posters:-

 Permits correction of information.

 Assists organization of material.
 Photographs are never to reality than drawing, but association is often valuable.
 Easily produced and depicted.
 Easy to catalogue and retrieve.

Disadvantages of Posters:-

 For small group only.

 Life period is very little.
 May not convey the exact message.

 Charts:-

Definition: Edgar Dale defines chart as, 'a visual symbol summarizing, comparing,
contrasting or performing other helpful services in explaining subject matter.'
Purposes of Charts:-

- For showing relationship by facts and figures.

- For presenting the materials symbolically.
- To show continuity in process.
- For presenting abstract ideas in visual form.
- For showing development of structure.
- For creating problems and stimulating thinking

Principals of Preparing Charts:-

 Should be self explanatory

 Should be captioned in bold letters
 High light contrasting features in different colors
 Should be large enough to see the group
 Appropriate least size should be 50 * 70 cm chart paper

Use of Chart :-

 Involve students in preparations of charts

 It should display the information only about one specific area in the subject
 It should not contain too many details
 It should posses neat appearance
 Use of pointer to point out specific facts in chart.
 Chart should be carefully stored and presented for further use.

Types of Chart:-

 Tree chart
 Stream chart
  Tabular chart
 Flow chart

Tree Chart

It is made in the form of sever as branches from a trunk of tree that represents main idea and the
branches res presents vanow developments, relationships, or subparts of idea.

Stream Chart

Stream charts mude showing the main thought tales, or coupt, in the form of Main River and its
subparts in the form of tributes coming out of it
Tabular Chart

They are very valuable aids in teaching situation where breakdown of fait or statement is to be
listed

Flow Chart

Usually is used to show organization and hierarchical structures

Preparation and Utilization of Charts:-

 Material needs for preparing charts are chart paper, glace paper for making margin or
border, sketch colors, chart sticks, pencil. Eraser, scale, etc.
 Always use pink, white colored chart paper. • Do not use yellow or black color chart paper.
 Always use chart stick for hanging it. Use pointer to point out the specific factors in the
charts.
 It should possess neat appearance. It should not contain too many details. • It should be in
visualizing letters.
 Involve students in the preparation of charts.
 Every detail depicted in the chart should be visible to all the pupil in class.
 Chart should be carefully stored and preserved for use in future. 100 gm

Advantages:-

* Helpful in attracting students attraction

* Convey Information in conversed form
* Helps in concretizing abstract ideas
* Cheap and easily available
* The content and the aim of the exhibit is decided before, so it is more effective.
* It has minimum of text or words. So, it is easy to write and follow up.
* The message and communication is scientifically correct.
* The arrangements of charts are in a logical sequence.
* Teacher can built up presentation in a stepwise fashion.
* Charts are useful for maintaining a continuity of thoughts.
* Charts are the pictures which show the relationship or changes.
* Charts are useful for teaching vital statistics and other teaching and learning purposes.
 * Charts can be even used to highlight the important health problems in the clinical and
community area.
* The caption or title of the poster or chart should be brief and specific.

Disadvantages:-

* It is fully understand only by a literates group of people

* Can use only for small group.
* Require sufficient space and facilities for display.
* Useful only for small audience teaching.
* Very limited information.
* Easily get damage, maintenance is costly.
* Consumes more time for preparation.
* May need frequent modifications.

3). Description of 3-Dimensional (3-D) Aids:-

Three-dimensional Teaching Aids:

It is not always possible to bring real objects in the classroom due to the reason that they maybe
too large or too small in size to be brought in the classroom. It may also be too dangerous and
expensive for ordinary class use. In such situations, a teacher searches for some good substitute
for the real objects which are three dimensional in nature. These teaching aids have three
dimensions-length, breadth and height. Models, mock-ups, globes, diorama, puppets and
holograms are included under three dimensional aids.

 Models: A model is usually the miniature structure of the original object. They are the
replicas or copies of the real objects. Thus, they maybe of the same size or large or
smaller than the thing it represents. They simplify reality and are helpful to create interest
in creative activity among pupils. They are generally of three types- solids, cross-
sectional and working models.
  Mock-ups: It refers to a specialized model or working replica of the object being
depicted. In a mock-up, a certain element of the original reality is emphasized or
highlighted to make it more meaningful for the purpose of instruction. A model is a
recognizable imitation of an object, while a mock-up may or may not be similar in
appearance. These are often used in technical institutions for training purposes.
 Globe: A globe is the three dimensional representation of the surface of the earth on a
very small scale. It is a round shaped wooden or plastic model of earth. Its language is of
color and symbols. It is used for teaching history and geography to the students. It
provides us information about areas, distances, directions, time location, symbols, colors,
boundaries, rivers, change in weather, season, day and night etc.
 Diorama: A diorama is a three dimensional scene in depth incorporating a group of
modeled objects and figures in a natural setting. They are very effective in the teaching of
biological and social sciences.
 Holograms: They are three dimensional images of wonderful reality. These images are
created on a holographic (lens less photography) plate without a camera.

 Puppets

A puppet is a manipulative doll dressed as a character and the performer is a person termed as
puppeteer. A puppet is an inanimate object or representational or manipulated by a puppeteer. A
good puppeteer has to blend his art with dramatization to produce the desired effect. It is an
aspect of our history and everyday lives. Puppets can stimulate children's imagination. Thus it
can be used as an effective teaching aid for languages and social sciences.
Purposes of Puppets:-

It develops:

 Effective listening and looking skills.

 Improve group cooperation.
 Enhance feeling of security and confidence.
 Maintains self-control.
 Understand the subject content.

It promotes:

 Creative ability.
 Developmental learning in language and in the fine arts.
 Experimentation in the use of language, rhythm. .

Advantages of Puppets:-

 Create interest.
 Give the knowledge in the brief period.
 Effective method.
 Motivate students.
 Easy to carry and operate.

Disadvantages of Puppets:-

 Need group cooperation, coordination.

 Require skills in the preparation.
 Skills in presentation.
 Types of Puppets:-

Types of Puppets

String or Black light Puppets

marionette

Stick Puppets Banraku Puppets

Shadow Puppets Carnival or body Puppets

Finger Puppets
Chin face Puppets

Hand or Glove Puppets

Human arm Puppets

Animation or Digital Puppets

Instant Puppets

 MODELS:-

Definition:-
 A model is a recognizable representation of a real thing three dimensionally, that is height,
width, and depth is felt as reality.

Types of models:

Scale models: Simplified Working models: Cross sectional

Correct idea of an models: To demonstrate in models: Inside of an
object can be simple way of an object is visible.
displayed, Gives an idea of an operation or process,
external form of an Ex- cross sectional of
ex- fetal circulation.
Ex – many people objects , blood vessel
like to build to scale
model of cars, ex- 3D animation of
boats. animal used in
cartoon.

Advantages:-

 Models make learning direct and meaningful.

 Models illustrate application -principles and laws.
 Models are lasting and make subjects more interesting.

Disadvantages:-

 Some models are difficult to make.

  Models need expertise to make.
 It need a lot of time to make.

4). Activity Aids:-

 Dramatization:-

Dramatization is a teaching device where the teachers as well as students play different roles in
order to make the content lively and interesting. It is a synthetic art where the content takes the
shape of actors. It is activity centered device. It needs experienced teachers to use it in the
classroom teaching. It is an act of dramatizing which helps in understanding the concepts and
events related to various subjects of the school curriculum by covering them into an act of play
or drama. It involves the following steps in its organization:

 Selection of students.
 Selection of teacher incharge.
 Selection of play.
 Preparation of the play.
 Student's contribution.
 Exhibition:-

Project generated images coupled with explanatory panels allow the staging of more dynamic
presentations to achieve a greater impact at events such as exhibitions.

Advantages:-

 In this meeting face-to-face with potential customers is a great way to start building
relationships.
 It helps in trade shows are a great way to meet potential new customers, suppliers and to
learn more about your competitors.
 Meeting with potential customers at an exhibition helps you to start building your
marketing lists and generate qualified sales leads.

Disadvantages:-

 It is Costs include; stand space, stand design and build, travel and accommodation for
staff.
 You may need to invest in staff training about your products and services .It is likely your
competitors will also be exhibiting at the event.
 You'll need to stand out to get the attention of potential customers.
 5). Printed Audiovisual Aids:-

 Flyers:-

A flyer is also rightly known as a leaflet or a handbill. A flyer is one piece of paper, usually the
standard size of 8 1/2' * 11' (A4) Flyers are best for small scale marketing, or when you have
small region to cover.

Flyers are Most Often Used for:-

 Announcements of events, especially concerts or club openings

 Product information, such as specifications for any college
 Fact sheets handed out at trade shows or conferences.

 Leaflet:-

A leaflet usually has a better design as a flyer and they are printed in color and on better quality
and is cheap in any way feel. It is also important to note that printed flyer usually on A6 paper is
a little bigger and a brochure can be printed on either A4 or A5 paper. Due to the fact that a
leaflet will be made with better quality than paper flyers, it costs you more to print leaflets.
Advantages:-

 It is easy to understand for all.

 It is easy to create & also time saving.
Disadvantages:-

 It does not provide detailed information.

 Success of a leaflet is not assured, proper distribution & attractiveness are essential.
 High cost, especially for small businesses

Pamphlets:-

A pamphlet is an unbound booklet (i.e. without a hard cover or paper binding). It may consist of
a single sheet of r that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths (called a
leaflet), or it may consist of a few pages that are folded in half and saddle stapled at the crease to
make a simple book in order to count as a pamphlet.
Principles:-
o It should center on a single concept.
o There should be a logical sequence.

o It should be attractive and interested.

Advantages:-

 It is individualized learning.
 It is easy to transport.

 It can be used at any age of people.

Disadvantages:-

 It demands good typing.

 Some may throw it.
 No group dynamics is encouraged.

 Newspaper :
Newspapers are regarded as the most powerful mass media and thus have become the
indispensible necessity of civilized life. They play an important role in teaching learning process.

Principles:-
 o It should center on a single concept.
o There should be a logical sequence.

o It should be attractive and interested.

Advantages:-

 It is individualized learning.
 It is easy to transport.

 It can be used at any age of people.

Disadvantages:-

 It demands good typing.

 Some may throw it.
 No group dynamics is encouraged.
 Handouts:-

A handout is a well planned document prepared by a teacher for his students in order to promote
their participation in the teaching-learning process. Handouts are useful in supplying information
unavailable in textbooks or by other media.

Handouts can be classified as follows:

Types of Handouts

Summery Question
Type Sheets

Completion
Type Work Sheets

Notes Type Laboratory

Sheets
 Assignment
Preparation of Handouts:- Type

 Handouts should never be repetitious of the material provided in the textbook or given in live
lectures. To be used effectively, handouts should be carefully planned. Necessary
information should be typed neatly and concisely.
 K.L. Kumar suggests the following points for the preparation of handouts:
 Record only those items which are directly relevant to the subject or the lesson and for the
desired objectives.
 Recognize the keywords and catch-words and emphasize them in the handout by underlying
them.
 Use simple and clear language. Make short sentences. Draw sketches and graphs, labelled or
unlabelled. Remember 'one sketch maybe worth a thousand words'.
 Draw graphs. Write point wise, wherever possible.
 Give titles and subtitles suitably.
 Use visual symbol and easy to recognize nomenclature.
 Use colors appropriately if possible. Alternatively ask the students to color the black and
white handouts
 Underline some words and place some key-equations and statements in boxes to emphasize
them.

6). Audiovisual Aids:-

 Television: -

Television constitutes an important medium widely used to disseminate information to its

viewers. Television is being acknowledged as powerful medium of mass education.
Importance of television:-

 It is a versatile educational vehicle.

 It stimulates & reinforces ideas, beliefs & tendencies already possessed by the on
looker.
 It offers opportunities of seeing & listening to the scenes & events
 It can teach large no. of students at one time.

Limitations:-

 It’s dependence on power.

 It’s mostly one way nature of communication.
 Motion can’t be shown as easily as on film.

 Films:-

Films are use to teach nursing is a creative and underutilized way to engage students in learning
complex material. Films have been used to teach a variety of college subjects including biology,
communication, ethics history, philosophy, political science, psychology and religion.

Advantages:-

 It increases the attention span.

 It stimulates critical thinking.
 It motivates the learner.

 It increases curiosity, it stimulates interest.

Disadvantages:-

 It is time consuming for the teacher.

 Selection, organization, displaying and relating to learning is very difficult.
 Teacher should have control over the students learning.

B. Audio Aids :-

The aid which use sense of hearing are called audio aids. These include human voice,
gramophone records, audio tape/discs, stereo records, radio broadcast and telephonic
conversation.

 Radio:-

Radio is the most common form of public

education and entertainment is radio receiver. It can be seen in the remotest villages even. The
radio transmission serves as a vital agency of mass education if used effectively.

These days transistorized radio-receivers are cheaply available, which can be run with be dry
cells batteries and these are easily portable.

Advantages of radio:-

Radio has a smaller, more clearly defined audience and appreciably lower production costs.
Some other characters are:-
  It increase student’s interest and develop positive attitudes.
 It is comfortable to carry with us.
 It covers huge population.
 It is easy way to spreading the news and information.

Disadvantages of radio:-

 Only audio media and no visuals are available.

 Sometimes it is difficult to get proper signals from a radio station.
 It is limited in activity.
 It is a one way communication only.
 Tape Recorder:-

Tape recorder is portable electronic gadget to record, reproduce, erase and re record sound on a
magnetic tape. Also there are some functional controls in a tape recorder such as volume and
tone to control the loudness level of the sound and quality of sound respectively.

Uses of tape recorder:-

o It is used to record and play back the audio.

o It helps in dictating of study materials.
o It can help students to improve their reading & listening skills.
o It helps to improve pronunciation by listening again & again.

Advantages of tape recorder:-

 Tape recorders are not easily damaged and can be replayed many more times.
 Language learning is facilitated by the use of tapes.

 The tape recorder is the most commonly available electronic gadget.

Disadvantages of tape recorder:-

 In tape recorder there is no personal contact with the speaker.

 It is costly so all cannot afford it.
 There is a great deal of background noise known as tape hiss.

 Gramophone:

It is a medium by which inculcate a love of good music, to teach songs, famous speech,
languages & good pronunciation.

Uses:-
It plays recorded music of any form.

 It helps to teach good pronunciation in a foreign language.

 The primary used of the gramophone is to provide pleasure.

Advantages:-

o It helps to relax mind by hearing song.

o Without power or current we can use it.
o It is easily portable.

Disadvantages:-

o It is big in size.
o In this limited choice of records.
o It is costly so all are not afford it.

C. Projected AV AIDS:-
 Opaque Projector:-

The projection of real magnified images on a screen directly from pictures and drawings on
papers is called opaque projector. Opaque projector is done by an optical instrument called
episcope. Flat picture diagrams and other graphic material from books, magazines, periodicals,
as well as those drawn on glossy white paper can be straight away projected on a screen in a
darkroom.
Advantages of Episcope:-

 The opaque projector has all the advantages of graphic aids as these are projected with
magnification on a screen.
 An episcope provides a method of tracing enlarged images on chart papers or blackboard.
 There is no need of clipping pictures from book resources as they can be straight away
projected.
 Flat specimen like coins, cloth pieces, leaves, etc, can also be projected during lessons.
 Because of possibility, of enlargement, the opaque projectors can be seen conveniently by
a large number of students.
 Software used with episcope is inexpensive.

Overhead Projector (OHP):-

Overhead projector is a device for projecting a matter, which is written or drawn on transparent
sheet of acetate on to a screen. It is the cheapest projecting aid currently available.

Using an OHP:-

 Place the OHP on a stable table with the objective lens facing the screen behind the
teacher
 Put the cord plug into a power wall-socket. Switch on the blower first and then the bulb
 Place the acetate or cellophane transparency on the glass top
 Move the objective lens and mirror assembly up and down to get the image in focus on
the screen
 Explain about the material on the transparency sitting behind the overhead projector with
a small

Advantages of OHP:-
  An OHP has a large aperture and can project a large number of instructional materials
like diagrams, charts, maps, graphs, after those are transferred on the transparency.
 The use of OHP can be quite cheap as transparencies can be used repeatedly.
 In the OHP the teacher can write directly with a glass marking pencil and the writing is
directly projected on the screen. After use the writing can be wiped with cloth piece.
 With an OHP the teacher is always facing the student keeping an eye contact which is not
possible with other projection equipment.
 The use of OHP saves a lot of time for utilization for individual guidance and corrective
feedback.
 With the OHP, an enlarged image can be obtained with quite a less distance, therefore,
students can sit close to the teacher and this produces better rapport.

 Slides:-

Slides are small transparent visual aids which can be viewed with the help of a slide projector or
slide viewer. Slides can be effective promoters of discussion, can help to make abstractions
concrete and can lean realism to an otherwise academic discussion. Based on the method of
preparation they can be classified into:

The Advantages of Slides:-

The advantages of slides are as follow:

 They are compact.

 Slides are easy to carry.
 They are easy to store and can be preserved for a long period of time.
 Less eye soaring and increased visual impact.
 Speed of slide presentation can be controlled by the teacher so that each slide can be
discussed for the desired length of time.
 A remote-control extension allows the teacher to walk around or stand in front of the
class and still control the slides, it is also easy to back up the previous slides if a question
arises pertaining to them.
 Slide projectors are light weight and easy to carry.
The Disadvantages of Slides:-

 The disadvantages of slides are that:

 They are expensive and can easily get dirty and smudged with finger prints.
 Projector bulbs do not last very long and are expensive to replace.
 Reduced room light is necessary to get a clear image on the screen.

 PowerPoint Presentation:-

PowerPoint uses slides with a horizontal or 'Landscape' orientation. The software was designed
as a convenient way to display graphical information that would support the speaker and
supplement the presentation. The slides themselves were never meant to be the 'star of the show'.
PowerPoint can be an effective tool to present material in the classroom and encourage student
learning. PowerPoint, when effectively planned and used, can enhance instruction.

Drawbacks of PowerPoint:-

 Though its name is PowerPoint, it makes teacher powerless.

 PowerPoint can reduce the opportunity for classroom interaction (by being the primary
method of information dissemination).
  PowerPoint can lead to information overload, especially with long sentences and
paragraphs.
 PowerPoint can drive the instruction and minimize the opportunity for spontaneity and
creative teaching.
 Teacher just read out slides and if light go, she feels handicapped effecting teaching.

D. Audiovisual Aids:-
 Television:-

Television constitutes an important medium widely used to disseminate information to its

viewers. Television is being acknowledged as powerful medium of mass education.

Importance of television:-

 It is a versatile educational vehicle.

 It stimulates & reinforces ideas, beliefs & tendencies already possessed by the on
looker.
 It offers opportunities of seeing & listening to the scenes & events
 It can teach large no. of students at one time.

Limitations:-
  It’s dependence on power.
 It’s mostly one way nature of communication.
 Motion can’t be shown as easily as on film.

GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE USE OF AUDIOVISUAL AIDS:-

 Avoid too much information on any single visual. Use boldface type in a font size that can be
easily read.
 Use sans serif type because it produces a sharper image for slides and transparencies.
 Limit the fonts you use to two per visual.
 Use a type size and font that contrasts distinctly with the background.
 Avoid visuals that use too many colors more than four on any one aid.
 Avoid making your audience study your aids. If they are busy trying to decipher your visual
aid, they will not be listening to you.
 Bar graphs, circle graphs, simple diagrams, pictures, and lists are standard types of visual
aids. Whatever aid you decide to use, limit the aid to only the concept, data, or point you are
trying to make. Use bar graphs, line graphs, or circle graphs rather than tables, particularly if
the table has more than one column. Tables are harder to interpret than a graphic presentation
of the content. Also, tables can easily contain too much information and are more acceptable
in written reports, where the reader has time to study them.
 Be sure that what the visual says is immediately evident.
 Use technology whenever possible. Some websites have visuals that you can use for
presentations about that topic.
 Technology allows speakers to download graphs, drawings, and figures from the World Wide
Web. The Web is perhaps one of the richest, newest, most colorful sources of visual aids.
  Journal:-

Power point Versus Chalk and Talk: Perception among Nursing Students an
Exploratory Study

Author - Ms. Divya Shettigar, Mrs. Priya Aranha² ET AL. Lecturer, Dept of Community Health
Nursing, Yenepoya Nursing College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT

Introduction:-The emerging technologies and the technological advances made day by day are
changing the methods and techniques of teaching around us. The technique of teaching has seen
drastic changes in the last decade with the new techniques available ranging from Power-point
presentation to the video class rooms which converts the traditional class rooms to smart class
rooms. Keeping this in mind the present study was planned to compare the two instructional aids.

Method:-In this study cross sectional descriptive survey was used. Nursing students were
selected through Non probability convenient sampling. The data was collected using
questionnaire based survey about their views and perception of two methods of lecture delivery,
via: PPT presentation and using a chalkboard. For each of the two methods, the students were
asked to rank nine comments on a four-point scale: strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly
disagree. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 16 and the results expressed as proportions.

Results:- In our study where more than 97% of our study respondents emphasized the value of
chalk and talk and declared it as the more effective and useful teaching tool in their learning
experience compared to PowerPoint (86%) and recommended it for teaching.

Conclusion: The study concluded that both chalk and talk as well as power point presentation
are the effective instructional aids in nursing education and both can be used in combination for
the effective delivery of classroom instructions.

KEY WORDS: Chalk and Talk, PowerPoint, Perception, Nursing students.

  Summary:-

Audio-visual material must be seen in their relationship to teaching as a whole and to the
learning process as a whole, until teacher understands the relationship between audio-visual
material and teaching process. An AV aids is an instructional device in which the message can
be heard as well as seen. The sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce
learning. It helps the process of learning i.e. motivation, classification and stimulation. It
provides significant gains in informational learning, retention, recall, thinking and reasoning,
activity interest, imagination, better assimilation and personal growth and development.
  Bibliography:-
1. Sudha R. “Nursing Education principal and Concepts”. 1 st edition. New Delhi: JAYPEE
Publisher; 2013. P. 119-154
2. Sodhi JK,Kaur S. “Comprehensive Textbook of Nursing Education”. 1 st edition. London:
JAYPEE Publisher; 2017. P.
3. Basheer P Shabeer. “Text book of Nursing Education”. 1st edition. Mahalakshipuram,
Bangalore; EMMESS Publisher; 2015. P.
4. D Elakkuvana Bhaskara Raj. “Text Book of Nursing Education”. 2 nd edition. New Delhi:
EMMESS medical publisher; 2019. P. 195-216
5. Journal: Author- Ms. Divya Shettigar, Mrs. Priya Aranha²,Et Al “Power point Versus
Chalk and Talk: Perception among Nursing Students an Exploratory Study”

https://ijop.net/index.php/mlu/article/download/2354/2055 January-March 2021, Vol. 21, No. 1