FUNDAMENTALS OF STRUCTURE

By Lecturer:
Doğ an TÜRK
LET’S REMEMBER:

WHAT IS «STRUCTURE»?
LET’S REMEMBER:

STRUCTURE IS …

…the part that forms and protects the shape of the object under the
influence of the environment.
FOR DESIGNERS AND CIVIL ENGINEERS:

STRUCTURE REFERS TO…

LOAD
BEARING
SYSTEM…
LOAD BEARING SYSTEM (STRUCTURE)

!Subsystem)that resists and

carries the loads applied on)
the building.
LOAD BEARING SYSTEM (STRUCTURE)

!What are the loads?

!How they are carried?
LOADS:
Dead
Load Live1loads
(roof) (collected snow)

Live1Loads(people,1
Wind load

furniture)
Dead loads,1
(walls,floors)

Live1loads(collected
water)

Earthquake load
Soil and hydraulic
loads
HOW THE LOADS ARE CARRIED BY A
STRUCTURE SYSTEM?
STRUCTURE SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION (DUE TO LOAD BEARING)

! MASONRY STRUCTURES
! SKELETON (FRAMED) STRUCTURES
! SUSPENTION AND PRE-STRESS STRUCTURES
! THIN SHELLS
! CARVED STRUCTURES
! PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES
STRUCTURE SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION (DUE TO LOAD BEARING)

! MASONRY STRUCTURES
! SKELETON (FRAMED) STRUCTURES
! SUSPENTION AND PRE-STRESS STRUCTURES
! THIN SHELLS
! CARVED STRUCTURES
! PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES
SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM
! Skeleton structure is a rigid load bearing system
which consists of linear load bearing elements and
supported by planar components for horizontal
loads.

! In other words;
«The loads are transfered to foundation and soil by a
skeleton which is composed by columns ,beams and slabs.»
SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM
SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM
SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM

Load
bearing
skeleton

Shell

Finishing
component
SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM
SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM
! By CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS;

- Wood
- Steel
- Reinforced Concrete
- Composite Material
By CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS;

Wood Skeleton
Construction

Wood Skeleton
Construction
By CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS;

Skeleton Structure
Construction
(With structural steel)

Lightweight steel
skeleton structure
By CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS;

Reinforced Concrete Skeleton

Structure
ELEMENTS OF SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM

!FOUNDATIONS
!COLUMNS AND SHEAR WALLS
!BEAMS
!SLABS
ELEMENTS OF SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM

!FOUNDATIONS

!COLUMNS AND SHEAR WALLS

SPACING
!BEAMS
!SLABS
Vertical
ELEMENTS OF SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM

Shear Wall

Column
Horzizontal

Beam
Floor
ELEMENTS OF SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM
LOAD

FLOOR SLAB

BEAMS

COLUMNS

FOUNDATIONS

SOLID GROUND
ELEMENTS OF SKELETON
STRUCTURE SYSTEM: SLABS
ELEMENTS OF SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM: SLABS

It is a system element which is

usually horizontally constructed to
transfer the loads on it to beams or
columns.
 BETONARME
CONCRETE
Floor systems according
to structural material

ÇELİK
STEEL

HAFİF ÇELİK
LIGHT-
GAUGE
AHŞAP
WOOD
ELEMENTS OF SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM: SLABS
ELEMENTS OF SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM: SLABS
CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE
FLOORS YERİNDE DÖKME
BETONARME 1. Düz Plak Döşeme
DÖŞEME SİSTEMLERİ Two-way flat plate
CONCRETE SLABS 2. Mantar Başlıklı
Döşeme
PLAK DÖŞEMELER Two-way flat slab

3. Kirişli Plak Döşeme

Two-way slab and
Concrete slabs are plate
structures that are
beam
reinforced to span either
one or both
directions of a structural
bay. 1. Nervürlü Döşeme
One-way joist slabs
CONCRETE JOIST SLABS
2. Asmolen Döşeme
DİŞLİ DÖŞEMELER One-way joist slabs

3. Kaset Döşeme
Two-way waffle slabs
ELEMENTS OF SKELETON
STRUCTURE SYSTEM: BEAMS
ELEMENTS OF SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM: BEAMS

It is a structural element that transfers the

loads from the upholstery to the vertical
elements (columns) and is longer (at least 6
times) in length and height. They are
usually only affected by bending, tension
and shear forces.
ELEMENTS OF SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM: BEAMS
ELEMENTS OF SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM: BEAMS
ELEMENTS OF SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM: BEAMS
ELEMENTS OF SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM: BEAMS
ELEMENTS OF SKELETON
STRUCTURE SYSTEM: COLUMNS
AND SHEAR WALLS
ELEMENTS OF SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM: COLUMNS AND
SHEAR WALLS

!Columns are vertical elements that

transfer the loads from the slabs and
beams to the bottom floors and foundation
of the structure.
ELEMENTS OF SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM: COLUMNS AND
SHEAR WALLS
!If the horizontal
loads are large,
columns are
designed as
”shear walls" by
increasing a
dimension.
ELEMENTS OF SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM: COLUMNS AND
SHEAR WALLS
Shear Walls

Shear walls are

continues from upper
part to foundation.
Openning holes for
doors/windows is
possible but this holes
should be ordered in
each floor.
FOUNDATIONS
! The foundations of
the buildings;
transfer the loads on
the buildings to the
ground.
FOUNDATIONS
FOUNDATIONS

!Deep !Shallow Foundations:

Foundations: !- Footings
!- Piles !- Mat/Raft Foundations
!- Caissons
 TEKİL TEMELLER (SINGLE

FOUNDATIONS
FOOTING)

TEMELLER
(Münferit, Ayak, Ayrık temeller…)

YÜZEYSEL
SHALLOW

SÜREKLİ TEMELLER
(CONTINUOUS FOUNDATION)
(Mütemadi temeller)

RADYE TEMELLER
(MAT/RAFT FOUNDATION)
(Radye jeneral, plak, radyal temeller…)
FOUNDATIONS

TEMELLER

KAZIK TEMELLER (PILE

FOUNDATIONS)
DERİN
DEEP

• Hazır kazıklar
• Yerinde dökme beton kazıklar
• Kompozit kazıklar

KESON (KUYU) TEMELLER

(CAISSON FOUNDATION)
 TEKİL TEMELLER (SINGLE
FOOTING)

FOUNDATIONS
(Münferit, Ayak, Ayrık temeller…)

TEMELLER
YÜZEYSEL
SHALLOW
SÜREKLİ TEMELLER
(CONTINUOUS FOUNDATION)
(Mütemadi temeller)

RADYE TEMELLER
(MAT/RAFT FOUNDATION)

(Radye jeneral, plak, radyal temeller…)

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

A shallow foundation is a type of building

foundation that transfers building loads to
the earth very near to the surface, rather
than to a subsurface layer or a range of
depths as does a deep foundation.
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Basically( a shallow foundation can be

constructed in two different forms:

5 Footing
5 Mat/raft
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS: FOOTINGS

Single footings+,are
commonly used
for shallow
foundations in,order
to carry and spread,
concentrated loads,,
caused for example
by columns.
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS: FOOTINGS
Single footings
consist of bases
(footings) arranged
separately under
the columns. The
shapes are
generally square or
rectangular and
may be polygons or
circles.
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS: FOOTINGS
Single Footings

Differential settlement – A DISADVANTAGE OF SINGLE FOOTING.

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS: FOOTINGS
Single Footings

.
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS: FOOTINGS
Continuous Footings

It is a system that transfers the loads of

vertical carrier elements such as
multiple columns, shear walls as a whole
and with sufficient rigidity to the soil.
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS: FOOTINGS
Continuous Footings

.
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS: MAT/RAFT
A mat or raft foundation is a thick, heavily reinforced concrete slab that serves as a single monolithic
footing for a number of columns or an entire building.

Mat foundations are used when the allowable bearing capacity of a foundation soil is low relative to
building loads and interior column footings become so large that it becomes more economical to
merge them into a single slab.
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS: MAT/RAFT
A mat or raft foundation
without beam

A mat or raft foundation

with beam
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS: MAT/RAFT
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS: MAT/RAFT
COFFEE BREAK TIME…
!FOUNDATIONS
!COLUMNS AND SHEAR WALLS
!BEAMS
!SLABS

!How are they connected to each other?

The three common types of connec.ons which join a
built structure to its founda.on
are; roller, pinned and fixed. A fourth type, not o;en
found in building structures, is known as
a simple support.
PINNED SUPPORT

The representation of a pinned

support includes both horizontal and vertical
forces. PINNEDCONNECTIONS. In contrast to
roller supports, a designer can often
utilize pinned connections in a structural
system.
PINNED SUPPORT
PINNED SUPPORT
PINNED SUPPORT
PINNED SUPPORT

! A pinned support can resist both vertical and

horizontal forces but not a moment. They will allow
the structural member to rotate, but not to translate in
any direction. Many connections are assumed to be
pinned connections even though they might resist a
small amount of moment in reality. It is also true that a
pinned connection could allow rotation in only one
direction; providing resistance to rotation in any other
direction.
PINNED SUPPORT
ROLLER SUPPORT
ROLLER SUPPORT

Roller supports are free to

rotate and translate along the
surface upon which the roller
rests.
ROLLER SUPPORT
A roller support cannot provide resistance to a lateral
forces. Imagine a structure (perhaps a person) on roller
skates. It would remain in place as long as the structure must
only support itself and perhaps a perfectly vertical load. As
soon as a lateral load of any kind pushes on the structure it
will roll away in reponse to the force. The lateral load could
be a shove, a gust of wind or an earthquake. Since most
structures are subjected to lateral loads it follows that a
building must have other types of support in addition to
roller supports.
ROLLER SUPPORT
ROLLER SUPPORT
FIXED SUPPORT
FIXED SUPPORT

Fixed supports can resist vertical and horizontal forces

as well as a moment. Since they restrain both rotation
and translation, they are also known as rigid supports.
This means that a structure only needs one fixed
support in order to be stable.
FIXED SUPPORT
FIXED SUPPORT
FIXED SUPPORT
FIXED SUPPORT
FIXED SUPPORT
FIXED SUPPORT
FREE BODY DIAGRAM
The
End…