PRELIMINARY TASK 1

CRAFTING YOUR
(While waiting for the others
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task on any paper size and
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WORKING TITLE
From your readings, what are
the main problems with your
chosen topic?
Go to ChatGPT, copy, and paste
your summary of readings
about the problem on your
chosen topic.

After copying and pasting the

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summary of readings about the

:
problem on your chosen topic, type the
following key command:

"With this summary, provide at least

three research titles."
 TYPES OF
QUANTITATIVE
DATA AND
RESEARCH
DESIGNS
MARIFE MUSTACISA-LACABA, Ed.D.
 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE DATA
(BASED ON THEIR SOURCES)

1. Primary Data

• Information collected firsthand by the

researcher specifically for the purpose of
the study at hand.
• This data is original and has not been
previously gathered by anyone else.
• More reliable and relevant to the specific
research question, as it is collected
directly from the source.
• Common methods of collecting primary
data include surveys, interviews,
observations, experiments, and focus
groups.

Ajayi, V. O. (2017). Primary sources of data and secondary sources

of data. Benue State University, 1(1), 1-6.
 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE DATA
(BASED ON THEIR SOURCES)
2. Secondary Data
• Information that has been collected by
someone else for a purpose other than
the current research study.
• This data already exists and has been
gathered from primary sources or
other secondary sources.
• Researchers often use secondary data
for background information, to
supplement primary data, or to
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conduct secondary analyses.
• However, the quality and relevance of
secondary data can vary, and it may
not always perfectly align with the
needs of the current study.

Ajayi, V. O. (2017). Primary sources of data and secondary sources

of data. Benue State University, 1(1), 1-6.
EXERCISE 1
(Is it primary or secondary data?)

1. Observational Data
2. Survey Response
3. Online Database
4. Government Reports
5. Experimental Data

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TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE DATA
(BASED ON THEIR NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS)
1. Discrete Data
• consists of values that are distinct
and separate, with no possible
intermediate values between
them.
• these values are typically
countable and often represent
whole numbers.
• Examples: number of students in a
classroom, the number of cars in a
parking lot, or the number of books
on a shelf.

Mesner, O. C., & Shalizi, C. R. (2020). Conditional mutual information estimation for mixed, discrete and
continuous data. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 67(1), 464-484.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE DATA
(BASED ON THEIR NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS)
2. Continuous Data
• consists of values that can take
any numerical value within a given
range.
• unlike discrete data, there are
infinite possible values between
any two points.
• can be measured and divided into
smaller and smaller increments,
including fractions and decimals
• Examples: height, weight,
temperature, time, and distance.

Mesner, O. C., & Shalizi, C. R. (2020). Conditional mutual information estimation for mixed, discrete and
continuous data. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 67(1), 464-484.
Can a data be
both discrete and
continuous ?
3. Mixed Random Variables
• They may have discrete outcomes
in certain scenarios.
• They may have continuous
outcomes in other scenarios.
• They may have a probability
density function (PDF) that
combines both discrete and
continuous components.
• Examples: age of population, time
to interval, income distribution, etc.

Mesner, O. C., & Shalizi, C. R. (2020). Conditional mutual information estimation for mixed, discrete and
continuous data. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 67(1), 464-484.
EXERCISE 2
(Is it continuous, discrete, or mixed?)

1. Age
2. Sex
3. Family Income
4. Number of Siblings
5. Average academic performance

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TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE DATA
(BASED ON MEASUREMENT SCALES)

1. Nominal Scale

• Nominal scale is the simplest level

of measurement.
• Data are categorized into mutually
exclusive categories with no
inherent order or ranking.
• Examples include gender (male,
female), marital status (single,
married, divorced), and eye color
(blue, brown, green).

Philippi, C. L. (2021). On Measurement Scales: Neither Ordinal Nor

Interval?. Philosophy of science, 88(5), 929-939
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE DATA
(BASED ON MEASUREMENT SCALES)
2. Ordinal Scale
• Ordinal scale orders and ranks data
without specifying the precise differences
between the values.
• Data can be ranked from highest to
lowest or vice versa, but the intervals
between the categories are not equal.
• Examples include socioeconomic status
(low, middle, high), Likert scale ratings
(strongly disagree, disagree, neutral,
agree, strongly agree), and educational
levels (high school, college, graduate
school).

Philippi, C. L. (2021). On Measurement Scales: Neither Ordinal Nor

Interval?. Philosophy of science, 88(5), 929-939
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE DATA
(BASED ON MEASUREMENT SCALES)

3. Interval Scale

• Interval scale orders and ranks data with

equal intervals between the points on the
scale.
• It does not have a true zero point.
• Examples include temperature measured
in Celsius or Fahrenheit, calendar dates
(months, years), and scores on
standardized tests (SAT scores, IQ
scores).
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE DATA
(BASED ON MEASUREMENT SCALES)

4. Ratio Scale

• Ratio scale has all the properties of

interval scale along with a true zero point.
• It allows for the calculation of meaningful
ratios between values.
• Examples include weight, height,
distance, time, and age.

Philippi, C. L. (2021). On Measurement Scales: Neither Ordinal Nor

Interval?. Philosophy of science, 88(5), 929-939
EXERCISE 3
(Identify the type of quantitative data
based on measurement scale).
1. Age
2. Sex
3. Family Income
4. Number of Siblings
5. Average academic performance

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RESEARCH
DESIGNS

MARIFE MUSTACISA-LACABA, Ed.D.

 Description Uses Statistical Use Examples of Studies

Describes
Descriptive Statistics: Survey research to
Descriptive characteristics of a
Mean, Median, Mode, describe demographics
Research Design population or
Range of a community
phenomenon
Examines Studying the relationship
Correlational Correlation Coefficient,
relationships between between stress and
Research Design Regression Analysis
variables academic performance
Tests cause-and- Testing the effectiveness
Inferential Statistics: t-
Experimental effect relationships by of a new drug in
tests, Analysis of
Research Design manipulating improving patient
Variance (ANOVA)
variables outcomes
Examines cause-and- Assessing the impact of
Quasi-
effect relationships Same as Experimental a smoking cessation
Experimental
without random Research Design program using pre-
Research Design
assignment existing groups
Collects data from the Tracking the academic
Longitudinal Data
Longitudinal same participants performance of students
Analysis, Growth Curve
Research Design over time to observe from kindergarten to high
Modeling
changes school graduation
Mustacisa-Lacaba, M.M. & Abadiano, M.N. (2021). Learning Modules for Research
Writing (A Modular Approach). Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
EXERCISE 4
(Identify the research design for each
study).
1. Socio-Economic Development and
Livelihood Opportunities in Rural Samar
2. Evaluating the Effectiveness of
Community Health Programs in Samar
3. Analyzing Patterns of Environmental
Degradation in Samar Using Remote
Sensing Data

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REFEREN CES :

Ajayi, V. O. (2017). Primary sources of data and secondary sources of

data. Benue State University, 1(1), 1-6.

Mesner, O. C., & Shalizi, C. R. (2020). Conditional mutual information

estimation for mixed, discrete and continuous data. IEEE Transactions

on Information Theory, 67(1), 464-484.

Mustacisa-Lacaba, M.M. & Abadiano, M.N. (2021). Learning Modules for

Research Writing (A Modular Approach). Wiseman’s Books Trading,

Inc.

Philippi, C. L. (2021). On Measurement Scales: Neither Ordinal Nor

Interval?. Philosophy of science, 88(5), 929-939.

 TASK 2

RES EARCH DES IG N

1 2 3 4
PROVIDE THE Provide the
Examine your CHOOSE ONE ADVANTAGES IN disadvantages of
three (3) WORKING TITLE TERMS OF SAMPLE, the research
RESEARCH TITLES AND THE ACCURACY OF design and the
RESEARCH DATA, AND ETHICAL manner of
DESIGN ASPECT addressing them
as researchers.
THAN K YO U

+639358531423 m a rife .m u s t a c is a @s s u .e d u .p h