DNA
(2) Loss of function
REPLICATION
(DEC 2010)
1. Substrate for DNA synthesis is?
(1) Deoxy Nucleotide tri phosphate
(2) Deoxy Nucleoside tri phosphate
(3) Nucleoside pyrophosphate
(4) Ribonucleotide tri phosphate
(JUNE 2013)
2. Origin of replication usually contains
(1) GC rich sequences.
(2) both AT and GC rich sequences.
(3) no particular stretch of sequences.
(4) AT rich sequences.
(DEC 2013)
3. In bacteria chromosomal DNA
replication stops at
(1) one specific locus.
(2) several specific loci.
(3) a single locus, randomly.
(4) from several loci, randomly.
(DEC 2008)
4. Which radioisotope is generally
incorporated in thymine to study DNA
replication process?
(1) 32p (2) 35S
(3) 3H (4) 14C
(JUNE 2009)
5. Which of the following mutation is
most suitable for study of regulation
important molecular phenomenon of cell
like DNA replication?
(1) Gain of function
(3) Suppressor mutation
(4) Conditional mutation
(DEC 2007)
6. Temperature sensitive mutation are
important in molecular biology because it
helps in studying functions of
(1) genes for heat stress
(2) genes for cold stress
(3) genes necessary for survival of cell
(4) genes required for development
(DEC 2012)
7. During DNA replication, events at the
replication fork require different types of
enzymes having specialized functions
except
(1) DNA polymerase III
(2) DNA gyrase
(3) DNA ligase
(4) DNA glycosylase
(JUNE 2004)
8. Among the following enzyme whirls is
not involved in DNA replication process-
(1) Primase
(2) RNA polymerase
(3) DNA polymerase
(4) Helicase
(JUNE 2009)
9. Which statement is correct regarding
functioning of topoisomerase II?
(1) Separate double stranded DNA
(2) Act as primer
(3) Renature the SS DNA
(4) Attach to super coiled DNA and relax
it
(DEC 2013 GU)
10. In E. coli, the major DNA unwinding
protein helicase, DnaB translocate in
(1) 5'→3' direction along the lagging
strand template.
(2) 3'→5 'direction along the lagging
strand template.
(3) 5'→3' direction along the leading
strand template.
(4) 3'→5' direction along the leading strand
template.
(JUNE 2015)
11. Copying errors occurring during
replication are corrected by the proof
reading activity of DNA polymerases that
recognize incorrect bases
(1) at the 5' end of the growing chain and
remove them by 5'→3'exonuclease
activity.
(2) at the 3' end of the growing chain and
remove them by 5'→3'exonuclease activity
(3) at the 3' end of the growing chain and
remove them by 3'→5'exonuclease activity
(4) at the 5' end of the growing chain and
remove them by 3'→5'exonuclease activity
(DEC 2015)
12. You have labelled DNA in a bacterium by
flowing cells in medium containing either 14N
nitrogen or the heavier isotope, 15N.
Furthermore, you have isolated pure DNA
from these organisms, and subjected it to
CSCI density gradient centrifugation leading
separation of light (14N) and heavy (15N)
forms of DNA to different locations in the
centrifuge tube. In the next experiment,
bacteria were regrown first in medium
containing 15N, so that all the DNA made by
cells will be in heavy form. Then
these cells were transferred to medium
containing only 14N and allowed the cells to
divide for one generation. DNAs were
extracted and centrifuged as above in the
CSCI gradient.
A hybrid DNA band was observed at a
positions located between and equidistant
from the 15N and 14N DNA bands. Based on
the above observation, which one of the
following conclusions is correct
(1) Replication of DNA is conservative
(2) Replication of DNA is semi-conservative
(3) Replication of DNA is dispersive
(4) Replication by rolling circle mode
(MODEL PAPER)
13. E. coli cells were grown in N15 medium for
several generations and then shifted to
normal medium for one generation. If the
DNA isolated from the culture would be
centrifuged on a CSCl equilibrium density
gradient, the result will be
(1) a single band of double helix DNA
consisting of one strand with N14 and another
with N15 label.
(2) single band of double helix DNA
consisting of N14 and N15 in both the strands.
(3) two bands containing double helix DNA
each containing both N14 and N15 label.
(4) two bands containing single stranded DNA
one with N14 and other with N15 label.
(DEC 2012)
14. The semi-conservative nature of DNA
replication was established by Meselson and
Stahl in their classic experiment with bacteria.
They grew bacteria in N15-NH4Cl containing
medium, washed and then incubated in fresh
medium with N14- containing compounds and
allowed to grow for three generations. CSCI
density gradient centrifugation of isolated
DNA established the nature of
semiconservative DNA replication. The
pictorial representation below shows the
position of differentially labeled DNA in CSCI
density gradient.
Had the DNA replication been conservative,
what would have been the pattern?

(JUNE 2006)
15. Semi-conservative mode of DNA
replication in eukaryotes can be
experimentally demonstrated by
using
(1) Bromo dU labeling (2) S35 labelling
(3) In situ hybridization (4) G-banding
(JUNE 2012)
16. In semi-conservative mode of DNA
replication two parental strands unwind and
are used for synthesis of new strands
following the rule of complimentary base
pairing. Synthesis of complimentary strands
require that DNA synthesis proceeds in
opposite direction, while the double helix is
progressively unwinding and replicating in
only one direction.one of the DNA strands
is continuously synthesised in the same
direction as the advancing replication fork
and is called leading strand strands
is synthesized the other whereas
discontinuously in segments and is referred
to as lagging strands. These short fragments
made discontinuously are labelled as okazaki
fragments. These okazaki fragments need to
be matured into continuous DNA strand by
which one of the following combination of
enzymes?
(1) DNA Pol III and DNA ligase
(2) DNA pol I and DNA ligase
(3) DNA pol II and DNA ligase
(4) DNA gyrase and DNA ligase
(DEC 2013 GU)
17. The following statements were made
about bacterial DNA gyrase, which introduces
negative supercoiling in DNA.
A. If gyrase activity is inhibited, there is an
increase in replication initiation at the origin.
B. If gyrase activity is inhibited, there is a
decrease in replication initiation at the origin.
C. Gyrases are usually ATP-dependent.
D. When gyrase introduces negative
supercoils, it decreases, the linking number of
a DNA loop by two.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are NOT
true?
(1) C and D (2) only B
(3) B and C (4) only A
(SEPT 2022-I)
18. Which one of the tollowtng statements
made about the is INCORRECT
(1) The rate of forward movement ot DnaB
helicase along the template DNA increases
10-fold when DnaB and DNA POI III interact,
thus ensuring that the helicase does not
move ahead rapidly without the polymerase.
(2) The transient interaction of the primase
with the helicase allows activation of primase
activity by 1000- fold, promoting RNA primer
synthesis.
(3) The length of the Okazaki fragments is
typically restricted to 1000-2000 nucleotides.
(4) The E. coli ori C carries repeats of two
sequence motifs: repeats of a 9-mer that
collectively form the site at which the origin
first becomes single-stranded, and repeats of
a 13-mer to which the DnaA initiator protein
binds.
(DEC 2017)
19. In E. coli, though DNA polymerase I (POI
l) plays an essential role in the replication
process, it is not the major polymerase.
Instead, the enzyme responsible for
advancement of replication fork is POI Ill.
From the four structures (A, B, C and D)
given below, students made several
interpretations about the shorter arm
being extended by POI I and/or POI III.

Which one of the interpretation written below
is correct?
(1) A will be extended by POI Ill but not by
Pol I.
(2) Neither B nor C will be extended by either
POl I or Pol III.
(3) C will be extended by both Pol I and POl
III.
(4) D will be extended only by POl I, but not
by POI III.
(DEC 2015)
20. Although ribonucleoside triphosphates
(rNTPs) are present at approximately IO-fold
higher concentration than deoxyribo-
nucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) in the
cell but they are incorporated into DNA at a
rate that is more than 1000-fold lower than
dNTPs. This is because
(1) DNA polymerase cannot discriminate
between dNTPs and rNTPs. But as soon as
rNTPs are incorporated in the DNA chain,
they are hydrolyzed due to the presence of
2'-OH group.
(2) DNA polymerase cannot dtscrirntnate
between dNTPs and rNTPs. But IIS soon as
rNTPs are incorporated in the DNA chain,
they are excised by the proof reading activity
of DNA polymerase.
(3) DNA polymerase efficiently discrtrrunatee.
Between rNTPs and dNTPs, because its
nucleotide binding pocket cannot
accommodate a 2'-OH on the
incoming nucleotide.
(4) DNA polymerase cannot discriminate
between rNTPs and dNTPs. Since the rate of
transcription jn cell is 106 times faster than
replication, it cannot compete with RNA
polymerase for rNTPs.
(DEC 2019 ASSAM)
21. Which one of the following statements
about DNA replication is INCORRECT?
(1) During DNA replication,
When adjacent bidirectional forks converge,
the lagging strand will meet the leading
strand of the same template strand
(2) Mispaired nucleotide at the 3'-OH end of
the primer strand triggers the 3-5'
exonucleolytic proof reading activity
(3) In a replication bubble moving
bidirectionally, the same parental DNA strand
cannot serve as a template for both the
lagging and leading strand synthesis
(4) DNA replication involves a RNA-DNA
chimeric molecule
(SEPT 2022-II)
22. Which one of the following statements
about DNA replication is INCORRECT?
(1) Once DNA replication commences, it
always continues uninterrupted until the
entire process is complete.
(2) Eukaryotic genomes replicate from
multiple origins of replication.
(3) A consensus sequence for the origins of
DNA replication has been identified in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
(4) Both, fully methylated as well as non-
methylated oriC can initiate DNA replication,
while hemi-methylated oriC does not.
(DEC 2013)
23. In a cell free extract containing DNA
polymerase I, Mg2+, dATP, dGTP, dCTP and
dTTP 3H), the following DNA
molecules were added:
a. Single stranded closed circular DNA
molecule containing 824 nucleotides.
b. Single stranded closed circular DNA
molecule having 1578 nucleotides base
paired with a linear single standard DNA
molecule of 824 nucleotides having a
free-3'-OH group.
c. Double stranded linear DNA molecule
containing 1578 nucleotides having free-3'OH
group at both ends.
d. Double stranded closed circular DNA
molecule having 824 nucleotides.
The rate of DNA synthesis was measured by
incorporation of thymidine in the DNA
molecule and expressed as the percentage of
DNA synthesis relative to total DNA input.
Which one of the following graphs represents
the correct result?
(JUNE 2012)
24. Double stranded DNA replicates in a
semi-conservative manner. In an in vitro DNA
synthesis reaction, dideoxy CTP and, dideoxy
CMP were individually added in excess (in
separate reaction tubes) in addition to dNTPs
and other necessary reagents. Rate of DNA
Synthesis was measured by incorporation of
3H-thymidine. The four graphs drawn below
represent the rate of DNA synthesis in two
separate reaction tubes.
Which of the following graphs represents the
expected data?
(DEC 2003)
25. Type of proofreading activity bv DNA
polymerase I in E.coli is
(1) 5’-3’ exonuclease
(2) 5'-3' endonuclease
(3) 3'-5' exonuclease
(4) 3'-5' endonuclease
(DEC 2010)
26. Among the following which iS termed as
proof reading activity of DNA polymerase?
(1) 5'→3' polymerase activity
(2) 3’→5’ polymerase activity
(3) 5'→3' exonuclease activity
(4) 3'→5’ exonuclease activity
(DEC 2008)
27. Among the following which activity is
absent in bacterial DNA polymerase I
(1) 5’→3’ Polymerase activity
(2) 3’→5’ Polymerase activity
(3) 5'→3’ Exonuclease activity
(4) 3'→5' Exonuclease activity
(DEC 2015)
28. In eukaryotic replication, helicase loading
occurs at all replicators during
(1) Go phase (2) G1 phase
(3) S phase (4) G2 phase
(DEC 2011)
29. While replicating DNA, the rate of mis-
incorporation by DNA polymerase is 1 in 105
nucleotides. However, the actual error rate in
the replicated DNA is 1 in 109 nucleotides
incorporated. This is achieved mainly due
to
(1) spontaneous excision of mis-incorporated
Nucleotides
(2) 3'→5' proofreading activity of DNA
polymerase
(3) termination of DNA polymerase at mis-
incorporated sites
(4) 5'→3’ proof reading activity
(DEC 2017)
30. In all organisms, it is critical that
replication initiation be tightly controlled to
ensure that chromosome number and cell
number remain appropriately balanced. Given
below are several statements regarding
regulation of replication in E. coli.
A. Hemi-methylation and sequestration of
oriC (origin of replication) by a protein called
SeqA prevents initiation of replication.
B. Availability of DnaA protein is an important
requirement for initiation of replication.
C. The ratio of ADP : ATP is important as high
level of ADP is required for initiation of
replication.
D. Recruitment of Hda protein by sliding
clamp inhibits ATP hydrolysis required for
initiation of replication.
Which of the above statements are NOT true?
(1) A and B (2) B and C
(3) C and D (4) D and A
(DEC 2015)
31. It takes 40 minutes for a typical E. coli
cell to completely replicate its chromosome.
Simultaneous to the ongoing replication, 20
minutes of a fresh round of replication is
completed before the cell divides. What
would be the generation time of E. coli
growing at 37oC in complex medium?
(I) 20 minutes
(3) 60 minutes
(2) 40 minutes
(4) 30 minutes
(JUNE 2018)
32. E. coli takes 40 min. to duplicate its
genome using a bi-directional mode of
replication. If E. coli were to use
uni-directional mode of replication to
synthesize a full copy of DNA complementary
to just one of the strands of the genome, it
would take
(1) 40 min (2) 80 min
(3) 20 min (4) 60 min
(JUNE 2016)
33. In E. coli grown under nutrient rich
conditions, replication of entire genome takes
about 40 min., yet it can divide every 20 min.
This is so because:
(1) While E. coli divides every 20 min, equal
transfer of genetic material occurs only in the
alternate rounds of cell divisions.
(2) A second round of genome replication
begins before the completion of first round of
replication, and by the time cell is ready to
divide, two copies of the genome are
available.
(3) Genome replication cell division are not
coordinated with each other.
(4) During cell division, only one of the
strands of the genome whose synthesis can
be achieved in 20 min, is transferred to the
daughter cell.
(DEC 2002)
34. Speed of DNA replication in mammals is
256 bp/sec, so for replication of 3X109 bp
DNA it will take a very long time, but it is
completed within few hours because
(1) Most of DNA is intron
(2) High amount of Repetitive DNA
(3) Multiple origin of replication
(4) Only small portion is replicated in one
cycle
(JUNE 2006)
35. If bacterial genome and plasmid are
allowed to replicate in same manner using
same replication machinery then
(1) Plasmid DNA will complete replication first
(2) Bacterial DNA will complete replication
first
(3) Both will replicate at same time
(4) It depends on GC content of both DNA
(JUNE 2016) B. Among the Okazaki fragments, synthesis
36. Two experiments were performed. In the of (iv) occurs prior to the synthesis of (iii) and
first one, Okazaki fragments were prepared (i)
from a replicating cell of E. coli grown in the C. Among the Okazaki fragments, synthesis
presence of 32P. In the other, the two strands of (ii) occurs prior to the synthesis of (iii) and
of E. coli chromosome were separated (iv).
into a H strand and L strand, immobilized Which one of the following options represents
onto a nitrocellulose membrane and the correct statement(s)?
hybridized with the Okazaki fragments (1) A only (2) B only
prepared in the first experiment. (3) A and B (4) A and C
Which one of the following options correctly
describes the observation? (FEB 2022-II)
(1) Okazaki fragments will hybridize to only H
strand
(2) Okazaki fragments will hybridize to only L
strand
(3) Okazaki fragments will hybridize with both
H and L strands
(4) Because the H and L strands have been
prepared from different cultures of E. coli, the
Okazaki fragments will hybridize to neither

(JUNE 2002)
37. Telomeres consist of 39. In the figure above, replication of DNA
(1) Simple tandem repeats beginning from the origin of replication of the
(2) Nucleolar organizer region chromosome of a newly identified bacterium
(3) GC rich sequences having a double stranded circular DNA
(4) Single copy repeats genome is shown. Characterization of DNA
polymerase responsible for genome
(DEC 2019) replication showed that DNA synthesis
38. The figure below shows the structure of a occurred in to direction and it depends on the
replication fork. presence of a primer (as is the case in
Escherichia coli). Polarities ot DNA (5' or 3')
are as shown. Replication begjns at a point
marked ‘O’ on the left of the bubble. and
both the parent strands were replicated
concurrently. The longer arrow inside the
bubble shows the leading strand, whereas
the shorter arrows (marked a, b, c) show the
Okazaki fragments. The model depicts a:
(i) bidirectional mode of replication wherein
synthesis of the Okazaki fragment marked 'c'
occurs prior to those marked 'a' and 'b'
(2) bidirectional mode of replication wherein
synthesis of the Okazaki fragment marked 'a'
occurs prior to those marked 'b' and 'c'
(3) unidirectional mode of replication wherein
Based on this information following synthesis of the Okazaki fragment marked 'c'
statements are made: occurs prior to those marked 'a' and 'b'.
A. (i) represents the leading strand while (ii), (4) unidirectional mode of replication wherein
(ii) and (iv) represent the Okazaki fragments. synthesis of the Okazaki fragment marked 'a'
occurs prior to those marked 'b' and 'c'.
(SEPT 2022- II) (MODEL PAPER)
40. The long DNA strand depicted below is 43. DNA repair, synthesis and recombination
serving as a template for lagging strand DNA are intimately connected and inter
synthesis. dependent. An apparent commonality
between processes of DNA replication
and repair in the enzymatically catalyzed
synthesis of DNA polynucleotide segments,
which can be assembled with pre-existing
polynucleotides, leading to repair or
replication. Synthesis of these polynucleotide
The short lines represent the newly segments is catalyzed by a group of enzymes
synthesized okazaki fragments. DNA-dependant DNA polymerases. In the
At which position among A, B, C and D would case of E.coli, DNA polymerase has been
DNA primase act next? isolated in three distinct forms whereas five
(1) A (2) B main types of polymerase have been isolated
(3) C (4) D from mammalian cells. All the polymerases
synthesize polynucleotides only in the 5'→3'
(DEC 2019) direction. If polynucleotide chains could be
41. In the diagram below, the dotted line elongated in 3’→5' direction, the hypothetical
marks the point of initiation of bidirectional growing 5' terminus, rather than the
replication incoming nucleotide, would carry a tri-
c, phosphate that is unsuitable for further
elongation. The 3'→5' exonuclease activity is
not associated with all the polymerases and
only present in
(A) All E. coli DNA polymerases
(B) Pol l, Pol IV, Pol V, Pol α, Pol β.
(C) Pol l, Pol III, Poi Ꟙ, Poi ϵ
A. On the right side of the dotted line, leading (D) Pol l, Pol IV, POl α, Poi ϵ.
strand synthesis occurs using the upper The correct statements are
strand as the template. (1) (A) and (B) (2) (A), (B) and (C)
B. On the right side of the dotted line, leading (3) (C) only (4) (A), (C) and (D)
strand synthesis occurs using the lower
strand as the template. (JUNE 2010)
C. A ligase deficient (lig-) mutant would affect 44. Among the following which DNA
replication of the upper strand on the left polymerase lacks proof reading activity?
side of the dotted line. (1) DNA polymerase α primase activity
D. A ligase deficient (lig-) mutant would affect (2) DNA polymerase Ꟙ
replication of the lower strand on the left side (3) DNA polymerase ϵ
of the dotted line. (4) Both DNA polymerase α and ϵ
Which one of the following options represents
the combinations of the correct statements? (JUNE 2008)
(1) A and D (2) B and C 45. Which of the following statement is
(3) B and D (4) A and C correct with reference to replication in
eukaryotes?
(DEC 2014) (1) Single origin and continuous replication
42, During replication, the RNA primer is (2) Multiple origin and semi-discontinuous
degraded by the 5' - 3' exonuclease activity replication
of (3) Multiple origin and continuous replication
(1) RNAse H (4) Single origin and semi-discontinuous
(2) FEN-1 (flap endonuclease 1) replication Nick translation means
(3) Topoisomerase II B
(4) DNA polymerase
(JUNE 2010)
46. Nick translation means
(1) Translation by cytosolic ribosome
(2) Translation of protein from stalled sites
(3) Replication by ONA polymerase I after
removing RNA primers
(4) Replication of DNA by DNA polymerase I
from nicks produced by DNase treatment
(JUNE 2019)
47. for Escherichia coli chromosomal DNA
replication, which one of the following
statements is true?
(1) DNA polymerase I is the main polymerase
required for DNA replication
(2) DNA polymerase I though identified
originally by Kornberg as the one responsible
for replication, is not important for the DNA
replication process
(3) Requirement of DNA polymerase I is in
the context of removal of RNA primer needed
for DNA synthesis, and then fill in the same
with DNA equivalent
(4) DNA polymerase I is the primary enzyme
for error prone DNA synthesis in response to
SOS.
(SEPT 2022-II)
48. The following statements refer to the E.
coli replicative DNA polymerase:
(A) DNA POI I displays very limited
processivity and possesses 3’→5' exonuclease
activity, allowing fidelity of DNA replication.
(B) DNA POI III is suitable for leading strand
DNA synthesis due to its high processivity
and 5→3' exonuclease activity that removes
incorrect nucleotides incorporated during
DNA synthesis.
(C) DNA POI I possesses 5→3' exonuclease
activity which allows removal of the RNA
primer while its 3' polymerase activity allows
it to fill the gap created by removal of the
RNA primer
(D) DNA POI III is suitable for lagging strand
DNA synthesis due to its low processivity and
5’→3' exonuclease activity.
Which one of the options below represents
the combination of all correct statements?
(1) D only (2) B and C
(3) A and B (4) A and C
(JUNE 2023-II)
49. A mutant DNA polymerase was found to
have higher error rate and synthesized only
short DNA fragments. In the statements
below, potential explanations are given.
A. The 5' to 3' exonuclease activity is
compromised.
B. The 3' to 5' exonuclease activity is
compromised.
C. The polymerase tends to frequently
dissociate from the template.
D. The polymerase is unable to unwind the
DNA template during replication.
Which one of the following options represents
the combination of all correct statements?
(1) A and B (2) C and D
(3) A and D (4) B and C
(JUNE 2023-I)
50. The following statements refer to factors
regulating the fidelity of DNA replication.
A. The 5' to 3' exonuclease activity of the
replicative DNA polymerase.
B. Imbalanced intracellular concentrations of
the four dNTPs.
C. Increased intracellular concentrations of
INTPs resulting in increased incorporation of
rNTPs during DNA synthesis, which are not
easily removed by the polymerase's proof-
reading activity.
D. Removal of incorrectly incorporated
nucleotides by the mismatch repair system.
Which one of the following options gives the
combination of all correct statements?
(1) A and D only (2) B, C and D
(3) B and C only (4) A, B and D
(JUNE 2019)
51. During replication, RNaseH removes all of
the RNA primer except the ribonucleotide
directly linked to the DNA end. This is
because
(1) it can degrade RNA and DNA end. From
their 5' end.
(2) it can only cleave bonds between two
ribonucleotides.
(3) it can degrade RNA and DNA from their 3'
end.
(4) activity of RNaseH is inhibited by the
presence of duplex containing both strands
as DNA.
(DEC 2010)
52. In prokaryotes during replication, the
lagging strand is synthesized in a series of
short fragments known as Okazaki fragments,
consequently requiring many primers. The
RNA primers of Okazaki fragments are
subsequently degraded by DNA polymerase I
and the gap are filled. How DNA polymerase I
fills the gap once the primer have been
removed from lag ging stand?
(1) DNA polymerase I has its own primer
(2) DNA polymerase I do not require primer
(3) DNA from leading stand serves as primer
(4) 3'-ends of existing Okazaki fragments on
lagging stand serves as primer
(JUNE 2019)
53. In a human cell line, a large fraction of
double-strand DNA breaks are repaired by
non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). An
inhibitor of FLAP endonuclease will affect
(1) recruitment of DNA—dependent kinase
(2) gap trimming
(3) DNA unwinding
(4) pairing of micro-homology regions.
(JUNE 2017)
54 In eukaryotic replication, priming of DNA
synthesis and removal of RNA catalyzed by
(1) DNA Pol α and PCNA, respectively
(2) DNA Pol α and FEN 1, respectively
(3) DNA Pol Ꟙ and FEN 1, respectively.
(4) DNA Pol ϵ and PCNA, respectivelv.
(JUNE 2008)
55. In eukaryotes shortening of
chromosomes from ends is prevented bv
(1) DNA polymerase (2) RNA polymerase
(3) Telomerase (4) Transposase
(JUNE 2018)
56. E. coli DNA ligase catalyses formation of a
phosphodiester bond between the adjoining
3' hydroxyl, and the 5' phosphoryl ends in
DNA duplexes. The energetic need for this
reaction is met by the hydrolysis of NAD+ to
NMN+ and AMP in a three-step reaction.
Following statements are being made about
the mechanism of this reaction.
(i) AMP is linked to the 5' phosphoryl end of
the nicked DNA.
(ii) Adenylyl group of NAD+ is transferred to
the ϵ-amino group of Lys in DNA ligase to
form a phosphoamide adduct.
(iii) DNA ligase catalyses the formation of a
phosphodiester bond by the nucleophilic
attack of the 3' hydroxyl group onto the
phosphate and releases AMP.
Based on the statements made above,
identify the correct sequence of the reaction
steps.
(1) (i)-(ii)-(iii) (2) (i)-(iii)-(ii)
(3) (ii)-(i)-(iii) (4) (iii)-(i)-(ii)
(FEB 2022-I)
57. Which one of the following proteins is
essential for both the initiation of DNA
replication as well as the continued
advance of the replication fork?
(1) ORC (2) Geminin
(3) Cdc45 (4) Cdc6
(NOV 2020-II)
58. The followjng statements are made with
reference to the replication of DNA.
A. The eukaryotic counterpart of the bacterial
B- clamp protein is proliferating cell nuclear
antigen (PCNA)
B. Mutation inactivating one of the subunits
of the Mcm 2-7 complex negatively affects
the initiation of DNA replication in eukaryotes,
but has no effect on elongation of the
replication fork
C. All DNA polymerases responsible for
replicating the eukaryotic genome catalyze
DNA chain extenston jn a DNA template-
dependent manner.
D. The FENI protein plays a role in the
synthesis of the lagging strand during DNA
replication as well as in base excision repair
Which one of the following options represents
INCORRECT
(1) B only (2) B and C only
(3) B and O only (4) A, B and C
(FEB 2022-I)
59. The following statements are made With
reference to DNA replication:
A. Camptothecin causes intra- strand and
jnter-strand crosslinks in DNA, leading to
stalling of replication forks.
B. Prevention of re-initiation of DNA
replication during the same cell cycle is
mediated by regulating the loading of the
initiator complex ORC.
C. A glu → ala mutation in the nucleotide
building pocket of DNA polymerase III could
lead to the incorporation of ribonucleotides in
the extending DNA chain.
D. A mutation in the gene encoding
Topoisomerase II could lead to entanglement
of DNA daughter strands during replication.
Which one of the following options represents
all correct statements?
(1) A and B only (2) B and C only
(3) C and D only (4) B, C and D only
(DEC 2016)
60. Telomerase, a protein RNA complex, has
special reverse transcriptase activity that
completes replication of telomerase during
DNA synthesis. Although it has many
properties similar to DNA polymerase, some
of them are also different. Which one of the
following properties of telomerase is different
from that of DNA-polymerase?
(1) Telomerase requires a template to direct
the addition of nucleotide
(2) Telomerase can only extent a 3'-OH end
of DNA
(3) Telomerase does not carry out lagging
strand synthesis
(4) Telomerase acts in processive manner
(JUNE 2015)
61. Eukaryotic DNA polymerase a has tightly
associated primase activity but moderate
processivity. DNA polymerase ϵ and Ꟙ are
highly processive but lack primase activity.
Given below are four statements about
leading and lagging strand synthesis in
eukaryotes. Which one is true?
(1) Both leading and lagging strands are
synthesized by DNA polymerase α. Moderate
processivity is essential to maintain fidelity of
replication.
(2) Entire leading and lagging strands are
synthesized by ϵ and Ꟙ. Eukaryotic
replication is primer independent process.
(3) Only the lagging strand synthesis needs
primer and synthesized by DNA polymerase
α.
(4) Primers for both the strands are
synthesized by DNA polymerase α followed by
“Polymerase switching” with ϵ and Ꟙ
(FEB 2022-II)
62. Given below are a set of enzymes in
Column A and enzyme activities in Column B.
Column A Column B
(A) DNA (i) Synthesis of
topoisomerase I Okazaki fragment
(B) DNA (ii) Leading strand
topoisomerase II synthesis
(C) Polymerase ϵ (iii) Double strand
break and ligation
(D) Polymerase Delta (iv) Single strand
(Ꟙ) nicking
choose the option that matches the contents
of column A with that of column B
(1) A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i (2) A-iii, B-iv, C-ii, D-i
(3) A-iv, B-iii, C-i, D-ii (4) A-iii, B-iii, C-iv, D-i
(NOV 2020-II)
63. Given below are few statements related
to DNA replication:
A. Replication in eukaryotic chromosomes
from the origin(s) is initiated multiple times in
each cell cycle while it is initiated only once in
each cell cycle at the origin in bacterial
chromosomes
B. Improper reinitiation of replication in a
eubacterial chromosome is prevented by
hemi-methylation status of the bacterial
origin
C. DNA polymerase III is the major
replication polymerase responsible for de
novo synthesis of both leading and lagging
strands of DNA in E. coli
D. Rolling circle mode of replication produces
multiple units of the original molecule
Which one of the following options represents
INCORRECT statement(s)?
(1) A only (2) Both B and C
(3) Both A and D (4) B only
(DEC 2014)
64. Following are certain statements related
to eukaryotic DNA replication:
A. The genome of multicellular animals
contain many potential origins of replication.
B. During early development, when embryos
are undergoing rapid cell divisions, origin
sites are uniformly activated.
C. "Pulse-chase" technique is used to label
sites of DNA replication.
D. The rate of elongation of different DNA
chains during genome replication varies
drastically.
Which one of the following combinations of
above statements is correct?
(1) A, B and C (2) A, C and D
(3) B, c and D (4) A, B and D
(JUNE 2014)
65. The following statements are made on
DNA replication:
A. Replication fork is a branch point in a
replication 'eye' or 'bubble'.
B. A replication bubble contains two
replication forks.
C. DNA replication is continuous according to
the interpretation made by Okazaki.
D. Multiple priming events are required for
both leading and lagging strands to initiate
DNA synthesis.
Which one of the following is the correct
combination?
(1) A and B (2) B and C
(3) C and D (4) A and C
(DEC 2013 GU)
66. The high processivity of DNA polymerases
during replication is because of their
association with proteins called sliding
clamps. For loading onto DNA, sliding
clamps require sliding clamp-loaders. Which
of the following is true about sliding clamp-
loaders, after they successfully load sliding
clamps?
(1) With sliding clamps, the processivity of
DNA polymerase is very high, hence sliding
clamp- loaders cannot compete and fall off.
(2) Binding of DNA with clamp/clamp-loader
complex is followed by dissociation of the
clamp-loader from the clamp, but it remains
attached to the PT (Primer-template)
junction.
(3) Once recruited, sliding clamp-loaders
remain associated with sliding clamps during
replication.
(4) Binding of DNA with the clamp/clamp-
loader complex is following by ATP hydrolysis
and subsequent release of the sliding clamp
loader.
(SEPT 2022-II)
67. Some of the steps in the process of
eukaryotic DNA replication mentioned below
require hydrolysis of ATP.
(A) Phosphodiester bond formation
(B) DNA strand separation by helicase
(C) Clamp-loader association with clamp and
DNA
(D) Joining of Okazaki fragments
Choose the following option that correctly
identifies all the steps utilizing ATP hydrolysis
(1) A, B and D only (2) B, C and D only
(3) B and C only (4) B and D only.
(DEC 2018)
68. In a genetic assay, randomly generated
fragments of yeast DNA were cloned into a
bacterial plasmid containing gene 'X' essential
for yeast viability on minimal media. The
recombinant plasmid was used to transform a
yeast strain deficient in recombination and
lacking 'X gene. Transformants. which survive
on minimal media and form colonies should
essentially have:
(1) Yeast centromeric sequence which
ensures integrity of the plasmid after
transformation.
(2) Enhancers for the essential gene missing
in the transformed strain.
(3) A sequence similar to bacterial origin of
replication
(4) Yeast autonomous replicating sequence.
(JUNE 2010)
69, The function of telomerase is
(1) Synthesis of DNA at ends of chromosome
(2) Synthesis at RNA primers
(3) Replication of normal DNA
(4) Reverse transcriptase of causing cancer
(DEC 2016)
70 Telomerase, a RNA-protein complex which
completes the replication of telomeres during
DNA synthesis, is a specialized
(1) RNA dependent DNA polymerase
(2) DNA dependent DNA polymerase
(3) DNA dependent RNA polymerase
(4) RNA dependent RNA polymerase
(JUNE 2013)
71. In order to study the role of telomeres in
DNA replication, genetically engineered mice
were prepared, where the gene for
telomerase RNA was knocked out. When cells
from these knock out mice were taken and
cultured in vitro, they proliferated even after
100 cell divisions which is quite unlikely in the
case of human cells. Which of the following is
the correct reason?
(1) Human and mice are fundamentally
different with respect to their requirements
for telomerase enzyme in the context of DNA
replication.
(2) In vitro, mice DNA becomes circular due
to end to end chromosome fusion and does
not require telomerase for DNA end
replication.
(3) Mice have very long stretch of telomere
DNA sequence compared to that of human.
(4) In vitro, mice DNA replication does not
require the removal of RNA primers.
(DEC 2010)
72. Which statement is correct in relation of
activity of telomerase?
(1) Increase with age
(2) Observed in all cancers and responsible
for immortality
(3) Responsible for apoptosis but not for
ageing
(4) Elongate telomeres
JUNE 2023-II)
73. Which one of the following does NOT
characterize aging?
(I) An insulin/IGF-I signaling system plays an
important role in controlling lifespan.
(2) Lifespan increases due to resistance to
oxidative stress.
(3) Shortening of telomeres.
(4) Female mice with a mutation in the IGF-1
and IGF-2 show reduced lifespan.
(JUNE 2023-I)
74. The following statements are made about
telomeres:
A. proteins (TBPs) are believed to
shield telomeres from the cell's DNA repair
machinery, preventing them from being
recognized as double-strand breaks,
B. Telomeres in human are repeats of
TTAGGGG sequence that can extend upto
150 kb, which are replicated by the action of
TERT in actively dividing cells.
C. In differentiated cells, telomerase is
inactive, leading to shortening of telomeres
over hundreds of cell divisions, damage to
ends of chromosomes, and eventually
apoptosis.
D. The persistence of telomerase activity in
several cancers allows the cells to continue to
proliferate.
Which one of the following options represents
the combination of all correct statements?
(1) A and C only (2) A, B and C
(3) B and D only (4) A, C and D
(JUNE 2015)
75. When circular plasmids having a
centromere sequence are transformed into
yeast cells, they replicate and segregate in
each cell division. However, if a linear
chromosome is generated by cutting the
plasmid, at a single site with a restriction
endonuclease, the plasmids are quickly lost
from the yeast. It is known that genes
on the plasmids are lost because of the
instability of the chromosome ends. What
could be done so as to restore its stability
and can be inherited?
(1) Methylation of adenine residues of the
plasmid.
(2) Complexing the plasmid ends with histone
proteins.
(3) By incorporating telomere sequences to
the end of plasmid.
(4) By incorporating acetylated histone
proteins to the plasmid ends.
(DEC 2010)
76. Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic
chemotherapeutic antibiotic of the
fluoroquinolone drug class. The target of
antibiotic ciprofloxacin is
(1) Replication
(2) Protein synthesis
(3) Cell wall synthesis
(4) Membrane structure
(JUNE 2003)
77. A polypeptide antibiotic isolated from the
genus Streptomyces which intercalates into
DNA, preventing the progression of RNA
polymerase(s) and initiation of DNA
replication both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
is
(1) Rifampicin (2) α-Aminitin
(3) Actinomycin D (4) Cyclohexamide
(JUNE 2016)
78. As topoisomerases play an important role
during replication, a large number of
anticancer drugs have been developed that
inhibit the activity of these enzymes. Which
of the following statements is NOT true about
topoisomerases as a potential anticancer
drug target ?
(1) AS cancer cells are rapidly growing cells.
They contain higher level of topoisomerases.
(2) The transient DNA breaks created by
topotsomerases are usually converted to
permanent breaks in the genome in the
presence of topoisomerase targeted drugs.
(3) As cancer cells often have impaired DNA
repair pathways. they are more susceptible-
towards topoisomerase targeted drugs.
(4) The drugs which specifically target
topoisomerases, usually do not affect normal
fast growing cells.
(JUNE 2019)
79. Following statements have been made
about
removal of supercoiling produced by DNA
unwinding at the replication fork:
A. Accumulation of supercoils is the result of
DNA helicase activity during unwinding of
DNA
B. Problem of DNA supercoiling is valid only
for circular chromosomes of bacteria and not
for the linear chromosomes
C. Supercoiling of DNA is removed by
topoisomerases by breaking either one or
both strands of DNA on the unreplicated DNA
in front of replication fork.
D. Both topoisomerase I and topoisomerase
can remove positive super-coiling during
replication
Which one of the following options has all
correct statements?
(1) A, B and C (2) A B and D
(3) A, C and D (4) B, C and D
(DEC 2011)
80. In an in vitro experiment using radio-
labeled nucleotides, a researcher is trying to
analyze the possible products or DNA
replication by resolving the products using
urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
In one experimental set up RNase H was
added (Set 1), while in another set no RNase
H was added (Set 2),
The possible observations of this experiment
could be
A. There is no difference in the mobility of
labelled DNA fragments between the Set I
and Set 2
B. There is distinct difference in the mobility
of the newly synthesized labeled DNA
fragments between Set I and Set 2
C. The mobility of the newly synthesized
labelled DNA fragments in case of Set 1 is
faster as compared to the Set 2
D. The mobility of the newly synthesized
labelled DNA fragments in case of Set 1 is
slower as compared to the Set 2
Which of the following combinations
represent correct observations?
(1) A and B (2) B and C
(3) A and D (4) B and D
(DEC 2012)
81. A bacterial population has a plasmid with
copy number 'n'. It was observed that on an
average in one out of 2(n-1) cell divisions.
there was spontaneous plasmid curing. It was
inferred from the observation that:
A. Each cell division does not have equal
probability of plasmid curing.
B. There is no evidence for any mechanism of
plasmid segregation in the two daughter
cells.
C. Plasmid distribution to daughter cells
random.
D. Each plasmid has an equal chance of
being in either of the two daughter cells.
Which of the combinations of above
statements is true?
(1) A and B (2) B and D
(3) only A (4) B, C and D
(DEC 2011)
82. Reverse transcriptase has both
ribonuclease and polymerase activities.
Ribonuclease activity is required for
(1) the synthesis of new RNA strand
(2) the degradation RNA strand
(3) the synthesis of new DNA strand
(4) the degradation of DNA strand
(DEC 2003)
83. Reverse transcriptase of retero virus is-
(1) DNA dependent DNA polymerase
(2) DNA dependent RNA polymerase
(3) RNA dependent DNA polymerase
(4) RNA dependent RNA polymerase
(DEC 2010)
84. Plasmid copy number achieved by
plasmid-encoded control elements that
regulate the initiation of the replication step.
For example in stringent plasmid protein Rep
A dimerize and binds to origin of replication
and donot allow replication more than once.
What mutation may convert this stringent
mode of replication in plasmid into relaxed
one?
(1) Over expression in repA protein
(2) Mutation in repB dimerization domain
(3) Mutation in repA other than dimerization
domain
(4) Gain of function in recognition domain of
repA
(JUNE 2023-II)
85. The ColE1 plasmid has a low to medium
copy number. However, pUC18, which is also
a ColE1- based plasmid, has a high copy
number because:
(1) It has a mutation in RNAI (antisense
RNA) and does not carry the rop gene.
(2) It has a mutation in RNAII (primer for
replication initiation) and does not carry the
rop gene.
(3) It has a mutation in RNAI and the rop
gene is overexpressed.
(4) It has a mutation in RNAII and the rop
gene is overexpressed.
(NOV 2020-I)
86. Following statements were made about
human mitochondrial genome:
A. The replication of both the H and L strands
is unidirectional and begins at specific origins.
B. Majority of the mitochondrial genes encode
for protein products.
C. Though the mitochondrial genome is
extremely compact, the genes never show
any sequence overlap.
D. The CR/D-loop region of mitochondrial
genome exhibits triple stranded structure.
E. Transcription of mtDNA starts bi-
directionally from a common promoter region
in the CR/D-loop region and continues round
the circle.
Which one of the following options contains a
combination of all correct statements?
(1) A, B, D (2) A, D, E
(3) B, D, E (4) B, C, D
(Sept-2022-II)
87. Following statements were made about
mitochondria:
(A) The D loop of the mitochondrial genome
is required for replication, but not for the
regulation of transcription.
(B) The L strand of mitochondrial genome
possesses more cytosine.
(C) In plants, most mitochondrial tRNAs are
encoded by the nuclear genome and then
imported into the mitochondrion.
(D) Cycloheximide inhibits protein synthesis
by mitochondrial ribosomes, but does not
affect eukaryotic cytosolic ribosomes.
(E) Some organisms have been found to
carry linear mitochondrial DNA.
Which one of the following options represents
a combination of the correct statements?
(FEB 2022-I)
88. Reproduction of Φ x 174, a single
stranded DNA phage involves several steps. A
few statements are given below to explain
the mechanism.
A. The single stranded Φ X 174 DNA is
converted into a double-stranded replicative
form (RF)
B. Replication of double stranded replicative
form results in the production of single
stranded phages, about 50% of which are
+ve sense phages and the remaining are -ve
sense phages
C. Replication of the double stranded
replicative form results in the production of
only -ve sense phages
D. Replication of the double stranded
replicative form results in the production of
only +ve sense phages
Choose the option that correctly describes the
process
(1) A only (2) A and B
(3) A and C (4) A and D
ANSWER KEY:

1-2 21 - 3 41 - 3 61 - 4 81 - 4
2-4 22 - 1 42 - 2 62 - 1 82 - 2
3-1 23 - 3 43 - 3 63 - 1 83 - 3
4-3 24 - 1 44 - 1 64 - 1 84 - 2
5-4 25 - 3 45 - 2 65 - 1 85 - 2
6-3 26 - 4 46 - 4 66 - 4 86 - 2
7-4 27 - 2 47 - 3 67 - 4 87 - 4
8-2 28 - 2 48 - 4 68 - 4 88 - 4
9-4 29 - 2 49 - 4 69 - 1
10 - 1 30 - 3 50 - 2 70 - 1
11 - 3 31 - 1 51 - 2 71 - 3
12 - 2 32 - 2 52 - 4 72 - 2
13 - 1 33 - 2 53 - 2 73 - 4
14 - 3 34 - 3 54 - 2 74 - 4
15 - 1 35 - 1 55 - 3 75 - 3
16 - 2 36 - 3 56 - 3 76 - 1
17 - 4 37 - 1 57 - 3 77 - 3
18 - 4 38 - 3 58 - 2 78 - 4
19 - 2 39 - 3 59 - 3 79 - 3
20 - 3 40 - 4 60 - 3 80 - 2