Plate Buckling

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1
Plate Buckling 1
PLATE BUCKLING
Prof. Dr. K.M. Amanat
Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

Plate Buckling 2
References
1. Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, 5th Ed., 2009

-Salmon, Johnson and Malhas.
2. Theory of Elastic Stability, 2nd Ed.

-Timoshenko and Gere
3. Buckling Strength of Metal Structures

-Bleich
4. Theory of Plates and Shells. 2nd Ed.

-Timoshenko and Krieger

Plate Buckling 3
Local Buckling Issues…
Local Buckling of Flange
When the flange is in compression, it develops wave formations along

free edges.

Plate Buckling 4
Vertical Buckling of Flange
When the web is too slender, the compression flange may buckle in
the vertical plane a stress less than yield stress.

Plate Buckling 5
Bend Buckling of Web
Compressive stress in the web above neutral axis may cause buckling
of the web.

Plate Buckling 6
Web crippling
Crippled
web
The web may cripple due to direct vertical compressive stress coming
from loads or reactions.

Plate Buckling 7
Vertical buckling of webs
The web may go overall buckling due to direct compressive load

acting towards web in the vertical direction.

Plate Buckling 8
Global Buckling Issues…

Lateral torsional buckling

Plate Buckling 9

Shear buckling of web and tension field action
Longitudinal flexural stress and vertical shear stress causes principle

stresses to develop in diagonal direction in two mutually orthogonal
directions – one compressive and one tensile. The diagonal
compressive stress causes buckling of the web plate in the diagonal
direction creating diagonal waves or wrinkles.

Plate Buckling 10

Shear buckling of web and tension field action
Load

Plate Buckling 11
Governing differential equation for plate bending
My
Mx x Pure Bending Only
Mx
My
y z z
z Hx ǡ Hy
dx Ux Uy
dy
1 1
t/2 ̵ ǣH x ȋV x QV y ȌǡH y ȋV y QV x Ȍ
E E
t/2
Ez §¨ 1 1 ·¸ Ez §¨ 1 1 ·¸
z
dz Vx 2¨U
Q ǡV y Q
1 Q © x U ¸
y ¹ 1 Q 2 ¨© U y U x ¸¹
t Ȁ2 t Ȁ2
U
dT
³t Ȁ 2V x z dydz M x dy ǡ ³t Ȁ 2V y z dxdz M y dx
§ 1 1 ·¸ § 1 1 ·
Mx D¨ Q ǡM y D¨ Q ¸
¨ Ux Uy ¹¸ ¨ ¸
© Uy Ux
N.A
© ¹
E t Ȁ2 2 Et 3
'x dx
z §¨ 'x ·¸
ǡD
1 Q 2 t Ȁ 2
³ z dz
12ȋ1 Q 2 Ȍ
dx zdT © U¹ z
Hx
'x 'x 'x U

Plate Buckling 12
My
Mx x Pure Bending Only
Mx
My
y z Similar to beam curvature formula….
w 2w w 2w
dx
1 1
dy
t/2 ǡ
Ux wx 2 Uy wy 2
z t/2
dz § w 2w w 2w ·¸
Mx D¨ Q ǡ
¨ wx 2 2 ¸
wy ¹
dT ©
U
§ w 2w w 2w ·¸
My D ¨ Q
¨ wy 2 wx 2 ¸¹
N.A
©
'x dx
z §¨ 'x ·¸
dx zdT © U¹ z
Hx
'x 'x 'x U

Plate Buckling 13
Bending and Shear Forces
x Qy
q wM xy
Qx M xy dx My
M xy wx wM x M yx
Mx dx
y z wx
Mx
q
dx
dy
t/2
Wyx wM yx
t/2 M yx dy
Wxy Qx
wQ x
dx My
wM y
dy Qy
wQ y wy
Wyz Wxz wx wy wy
dy
t Ȁ2 t Ȁ2 Vertical equilibrium,
Qx ³t Ȁ 2 W xz dz ǡQ y ³t Ȁ 2 W yz dz ǡ
wQ x wQ y
dxdy dydx qdxdy 0
t Ȁ2 t Ȁ2 wx wy
Mx ³t Ȁ 2
V x zdz ǡM y
t Ȁ 2 ³
V y zdz ǡ
wQ x wQ y
t Ȁ2 t Ȁ2 q 0ǤǤǤǤǤǤȋȌ
wx w y
M xy ³t Ȁ 2
W xy zdz ǡM yx
t Ȁ 2 ³
W yx zdz

Plate Buckling 14
Bending and Shear Forces
x Qy
q wM xy
Qx M xy dx My
M xy wx wM x M yx
Mx dx
y z wx
Mx
q
dx
dy
t/2
Wyx wM yx
t/2 M yx dy
Wxy wQ
Qx x dx My
wM y
dy Qy
wQ y wy
Wxz wx wy dy
Wyz wy
Moment equilibrium about x axis,

wM xy wM y
dxdy dydx Q y dxdy 0 [neglecting higher order terms]
wx wy
wM xy wM y wM yx wM x
Q y 0, similarly, Q x 0 .....(b)
wx wy wy wx
wQ x wQ y
Detremining Qx and Qy from above in putting in q 0 We get,
wx wy
Plate Buckling 15

Bending and Shear Forces w2M x w 2 M yx w2M y w 2 M xy
q
x wx 2 wxwy wy 2 wxwy
q
since W xy W yx we observethat M xy M yx .
y w2M x w 2 M xy w2M y
z Therefore, 2 q..... ..(c)
wx 2 wxwy wy 2
Neglecting the effect of Qx and Qy on curvatures we can derive similar to pure
bending case,
§ w2w w 2 w ·¸ § w2w w 2 w ·¸ w2w
Mx D¨ 2 Q , M D¨ Q and M xy M yx D(1 Q )
¨ wx w y 2 ¸ y ¨ wy 2 w x 2 ¸
wxwy
© ¹ © ¹
Substituting values of Mx, My and Mxy in (b),
wM x wM yx w § w2w w2w ·
Qx D ¨ 2 2 ¸
wx wy wx ¨© wx wy ¸¹
wM y wM xy w §¨ w 2 w w 2 w ·¸
Qy D
wx wy wy ¨© wx 2 wy 2 ¸¹
w4w w4w w4w q
Substituting values of Mx, My and Mxy in (c), 2
wx 4 wx 2 wy 2 wy 4 D

Plate Buckling 16
Governing differential equation for plate buckling
Bending, Shear and Membrane Forces Buckling occurs in presence of membrane forces
q
x These forces are in addition to previous forces
Nxy
Nx All forces are in xy plane. Therefore, their equilibrium
Ny in xy plane are not affected by forces (Q or M) acting
y Nyx z in other planes.
dx
x
Nx dw w 2 w
slope dx
dx wx 2 Nx, Ny = In-plane normal forces
z dw wN x Nxy, Nyx = In-plane shear forces
slope Nx dx
dx wx
x
Ny wN xy Equilibrium in x-y plane…
N xy dx
wx wN x wN yx
wN x 0
dy Nx Nx dx wx wy
wx
wN y wN xy
y wN yx 0
wN y N yx
wy
dy wy wx
Ny dy
wy

Plate Buckling 17
Bending, Shear and Membrane Forces Nx = Stress resultant, force/width
q
x Nxdy = Total normal force on left face
Nxy
Nx Vertical projection of this force on z axis,
y Nyx
Ny
ww
ww
z ww w 2 w N x dy
dx slope dx wx wx
x wx wx 2
Nx slope
ww w 2 w
dx
wx wx 2
§ wN x · § ww w 2 w ·¸
wN x ¨ Nx dx ¸dy¨ 2 dx
z ww Nx dx §
¨ Nx
wN x ·
dx ¸dy © wx ¹ ¨© wx wx ¸
¹
wx wx © wx ¹
x
Ny wN xy Total vertical projection corresponding to Nx forces
N xy dx ww § wN x · § ww w 2 w ·¸
wx N x dy ¨ Nx dx ¸dy¨ 2 dx
wN x wx © wx ¹ ¨© wx wx ¸
¹
dy Nx Nx dx
wx w2w wN x ww
Nx dxdy dxdy
y wN yx wx 2 wx wx
wN y N yx dy
Ny dy wy Similarly, for Ny forces, the vertical projection is,
wy w2w wN y ww
Ny dxdy dxdy
wy 2 wy wy

Plate Buckling 18
Bending, Shear and Membrane Forces
q
x
Nxy Vertical projection corresponding to Nxy
Nx
ww
On ab: N xy dy
y Ny wy
Nyx z
x § wN xy
· § ww w 2 w ·
¨ N xy ¸dy¨ ¸
Ny wN xy On cd: ¨ wx
dx ¸ ¨ wy wxwy dx ¸
N xy dx © ¹ © ¹
wx Adding and discarding higher order terms,
dy wN x w2w wN xy ww
Nx Nx dx N xy dxdy dxdy For Nxy
wx wxwy wx wy
y wN y wN yx Similarly for Nyx forces we get,
Ny dy N yx dy
wy wy w2w wN yx ww
N yx dxdy dxdy For Nyx
wxwy wy wx
Nxy a Nyx x
ww d ww w w 2 Adding and noting that Nxy=Nyx, the total
wy dx
wy wxwy vertical projection of shearing forces,
b
y wN
xy w2w wN xy ww wN xy ww
wN yx c N xy wx dx 2 N xy dxdy dxdy dxdy
N yx
wy
dy
wxwy wx wy wy wx

Plate Buckling 19
Bending, Shear and Membrane Forces Equilibrium in xy plane…
q
x wN x wN xy wN y wN yx
Nx
Nxy 0 0
wx wy wy wx
y Ny
Nyx z
Adding all vertical components of Nx, Ny and Nxy we get,
§ 2
wN x ww · § 2 wN y ww ·
¨ N x w w dxdy dxdy ¸ ¨ N y w w dxdy dxdy ¸
¨ wx 2
w x wx ¸ ¨ wy 2
wy wy ¸
© ¹ © ¹
§ 2 wN xy ww wN xy ww ·
¨ 2 N xy w w dxdy dxdy dxdy ¸
¨ wxwy wx wy wy wx ¸
© ¹
ª w2w w2w w 2 w § wN x wN xy · ww § wNy wN xy · ww º
«N x Ny 2 N xy ¨¨ ¸ ¨
¸ wy ¨ wy wx
¸
¸ wx » dxdy
¬« wx 2
wy 2
wx wy © wx wy ¹ © ¹ ¼»
ª w2w w2w w2w º
«N x Ny 2 N xy » dxdy Vertical component of all in-plane forces
¬« wx 2 wy 2 wxwy »¼

Plate Buckling 20
Now consider vertical equilibrium of the element dxdy under action of all forces, i.e.
Q and N forces,
wM xy Qy
Qx M xy dx
M xy wx M yx
My dx
wM x x
Mx dx
wx Nx ww w 2 w
Mx slope dx
wx wx 2
z dw wN x
slope Nx dx
dx wx
wM yx
M yx dy
wQ wM y wQ y wy
Qx x dx My dy Qy dy
wx wy wy
wQx wQ y ª w2w w2w w2w º

dxdy dydx qdxdy « N x Ny 2 N xy » dxdy 0
wx wy ¬« wx 2 wy 2 wxwy »¼
wQx wQ y § w2w w2w w 2 w ·¸

¨ q N x N 2 N
wx wy ¨ wx 2
y
wy 2
xy
wxwy ¸¹
©

Plate Buckling 21
q
x
Nxy
Nx
y Ny
Nyx
z
wQx wQ y § w2w w2w w 2 w ·¸

¨ q N x N 2 N
wx wy ¨ wx 2
y
wy 2
xy
wxwy ¸¹
©
w2M x w 2 M xy w2M y § w2w w2w w 2 w ·¸

2 ¨ q N x N 2 N
wx 2 wxwy wy 2 ¨ wx 2
y
wy 2
xy
wxwy ¸¹
©
w4w w4w w4w 1 §¨ w2w w2w w 2 w ·¸

2 q Nx Ny 2 N xy
wx 4 wx 2 wy 2 wy 4 D ¨© wx 2 wy 2 wxwy ¸¹

Plate Buckling 22
Plate Buckling Example - 1 In-plane force only in x direction.

Nx= compressive (Stress resultant)
a
y = -b/2
Nx b/2 x
Nx b/2
y = +b/2
y w4w w4w w4w 1 §¨ w2w w2w w 2 w ·¸
2 q Nx N 2 N
D ¨© wxwy ¸¹
y xy
wx 4 wx 2 wy 2 wy 4 wx 2 wy 2
w4w w4w w4w 1 §¨ w 2 w ·¸
2 Nx
wx 4 wx 2 wy 2 wy 4 D ¨© wx 2 ¸¹
§ w 4w w 4w w 4w ·¸ w 2w
Writing Nx=Vxt D¨ 2 V xt 0
¨ wx 4 wx 2 2
wy w y 4 ¸
wx 2
© ¹
Assumption:
Edges b (x = 0 and x = a) are simply supported.
Edges a (y = -b/2 and y = +b/2) are elastically restraint

Plate Buckling 23
Plate Buckling Example - 1

a
y = -b/2
Nx x b/2
Nx b/2
y=+b/2
y
w 0
§ w2w w 2 w ·¸ Edges b (x=0 and x=a) are simply supported.
Mx D¨ 2 Q 0
¨ wx wy 2 ¸¹
©
w2w
Edges b (x=0 and x=a) are straight. 0
wy 2
Therefore the boundary conditions become,
w 0
w2w On edges x=0 and x=a [along short edges]
2
0
wx

Plate Buckling 24

a
y = -b/2
Nx x b/2
Nx b/2
y=+b/2
y
The differential equation and boundary condition is satisfied by
nSx
w Y sin (n 1,2,3..... )
a
Where Y is a function of y which is yet to be determined. Putting w in the
fourth order differential equation we have,
§ nS · d Y ª§ nS · V c t § nS · º
2 4 2
d 4Y 2
Fourth order ordinary
2¨ ¸ «¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ »Y 0
dy 4 © a ¹ dy
2
«¬© a ¹ D © a ¹ »¼ differential equation
Here, Vc=Vx critical stress at which plate buckles.

Plate Buckling 25

a
y = -b/2
Nx x b/2
Nx b/2
y=+b/2
y
2
Introducing the notation, P 2 V c t § a · the fourth order equation of Y becomes,
¨ ¸
D © nS ¹
݀ସܻ ݊ߨ ଶ ݀ଶܻ ݊ߨ ସ
ସ െʹ ଶ൅ ͳ െ ߤଶ ܻ ൌ Ͳ
݀‫ݕ‬ ܽ ݀‫ݕ‬ ܽ
This equation determines the parameter P which can be used to determine the
critical stress Vc
2
§ nS · D 2
Vc ¨ ¸ P
© a ¹ t

Plate Buckling 26

a
y = -b/2
Nx x b/2
Nx b/2
y=+b/2
y
The general solution of equation of Y is,
Y C1 coshN1 y C2 sinhN1 y C3 cosN 2 y C4 sin N 2 y
Where N1 and N2 are defined by,
nS nS
N1 P 1 N2 P 1
a a
Thus the general solution for w becomes,
nSx
w C1 coshN1 y C2 sinh N1 y C3 cosN 2 y C4 sin N 2 y sin
a

Plate Buckling 27

a
y = -b/2
Nx x b/2
Nx b/2
y=+b/2
y
Case-I: Edges a elastically restrained, edges b simply supported
Same restraint on edges y = -b/2 and y = +b/2: Displacement w must be symmetric in y direction
nSx
a
Anti-symmetric functions in y w4
nS
w4 C4 sin N 2 y C4 sin P 1 y
a
nS b nS b
w4, y b / 2 C4 sin P 1 , w4, y b / 2 C4 sin P 1
a 2 a 2
Therefore, C4 and similarly C2 must vanish

Plate Buckling 28

a
y = -b/2 y M
Nx x b/2
Nx b/2
y=+b/2
M z
y
Case-I: Edges a elastically restrained, edges b simply supported Supporting and
Restraining plate
nSx
Therefore, w C1 coshN1 y C3 cosN 2 y sin
a
Boundary conditions w 0 at y rb / 2
Also M M i.e. angle of rotation of buckling plate at edges are same as the angle
of rotation of restraining plate.
At edges a, we assume My ] M where ] is a proportionality factor (stiffness)
§ w2w w 2 w ·¸ w2w
But My D¨ Q and 0 along edges y = r b/2
¨ wy 2 wx 2 ¸¹ y wx 2
© r
b
2

Plate Buckling 29

Rigid connection
a
y = -b/2 y M
Nx x b/2
Nx b/2
y = +b/2
M z
y
Restraining plate
w2w
Therefore, ] M D at y rb / 2
wy 2
D w2w ww
M at y r b / 2 But, M M r at y rb / 2
] wy 2 wy
ww D w 2 w
Therefore, r 0 at y rb / 2
wy ] wy 2
2D ww b w 2 w
denoting, ] we can write r ] 0 at y rb / 2
b] wy 2 wy 2

Plate Buckling 30

Rigid connection
a
y = -b/2 y M
Nx x b/2
Nx b/2
y=+b/2
M z
y
Restraining plate
] = co-efficient of restraint (= flexibility), dimensionless
] = 0, edges are fully restraint
] = ∞, edges are simply supported
nSx ww b w 2 w
putting w C1 coshκ1 y C3 cos κ 2 y sin in r ] 0 and w 0
a wy 2 wy 2
And setting y=b/2 we get two equations with C1 and C3 as unknowns,
b b
C1 coshN1 C3 cosN 2 0
2 2
§ b b· b§ 2 b 2 b·
¨ C1N1 sinh N1 C3N 2 sin N 2 ¸ ] ¨ C1N1 coshN1 C3N 2 cosN 2 ¸ 0
© 2 2¹ 2© 2 2¹

Plate Buckling 31

ª b b º
« coshN1 cosN 2 » ª C1 º
2 2
« »« » 0
«§¨ N1 sinh N1 b ] b N12 coshN1 b ·¸ §¨ N 2 sin N 2 b ] b N 2 2 cosN 2 b ·¸» ¬C3 ¼
¬«© 2 2 2¹ © 2 2 2 ¹»¼
For non-trivial solution, determinant of co-efficient matrix must be set to zero.

b b
coshN1 cosN 2
? 2 2 0
§ b b 2 b· § b b 2 b·
¨ N1 sinh N1 ] N1 coshN1 ¸ ¨ N 2 sin N 2 ] N 2 cosN 2 ¸
© 2 2 2¹ © 2 2 2¹
b b b
N1 tanh N1 N 2 tan N 2 ] N12 N 2 2 0 STABILITY CONDITION
2 2 2
2
§ nS · D 2 nS nS
We previously had Vc ¨ ¸ P N1 P 1 N2 P 1
© a ¹ h a a

Plate Buckling 32

Denoting aspect ratio D= a/b we can write,
2
1 § nS · D 2 b nS b nS
Vc ¨ ¸ P N1 P 1 N2 P 1
b2 © D ¹ t 2 2D 2 2D
The stability condition becomes,
§S n· §S n· n
P 1 tanh¨ P 1 ¸ P 1 tan¨ P 1 ¸ S]P 0
©2 D¹ ©2 D¹ D
A transcendental equation in P and D for a given value of n.
Special case: Simply supported edges a. Thus ] = ∞. Also tanh is always between +1 and -1.
Therefore,
§S n·
tan¨ P 1 ¸ f ª§ D · 2 º
2
©2 D¹ 2
P «¨ ¸ 1»
S n S «¬© n ¹ »¼
P 1
2 D 2

Plate Buckling 33

Special case: Simply supported edges a.
1 § nS · D ª§ D · º
2 2 2
1 § nS · D 2
Therefore, Vc ¨ ¸ P Vc ¨ ¸ «¨ ¸ 1»
b2 © D ¹ t b 2 © D ¹ t «¬© n ¹ »¼
Et 3
substituting, D In the expression of Vc,
12ȋ1 Q 2 Ȍ
2 2 2
S 2E
§ t · ªD n º S 2E §t ·
Vc ¨ ¸
2 ©b¹ «
» ¨ ¸ k
12ȋ1 Q Ȍ ¬n D¼ 2 ©b¹
12ȋ1 Q Ȍ
2
ªD n º
where k «n D»
¬ ¼
Thus, when k is minimum, Vc is minimum

k varies with D and n

Plate Buckling 34

Special case: Simply supported edges a. 2
ª 1º
Setting n=1 k1 « D
k ¬ D »¼
n=4
n=1
n=3
n=2
2
ªD 2 º
Setting n=2 k2 «2 D»
¬ ¼
2
ªD 3 º
4 ¬ ¼
2
ªD 4 º
¬ ¼
D
1 2 3 4
We observe that k becomes minimum when D=1, 2, 3 for

n=1, 2, 3.. respectively.
And k becomes high for small or high values of D= a/b

Plate Buckling 35

Example: Let D= 2 k
n=4
n=1
n=3
n=2
k1 =6.25
We get different k for different n
k3=4.69
k2=4
What does n signifies?
D
2
nSx
Examine the expression of deflected shape w C1 cosh κ1 y C3 cos κ 2 y sin
a
The deflected shape shall be sine curve in x direction – n indicates the number of half
sine waves defining the deflected shape.

Plate Buckling 36

n=1
D= 1 D= 2
D= 3 D= 4

Plate Buckling 37

n=2
D= 1 D= 2
D= 3 D= 4
D

Plate Buckling 38

n=3
D= 1 D= 2
D= 3 D=4

Plate Buckling 39

n=4
D= 1 D= 2
D= 3 D= 4
D

Plate Buckling 40
Plate Buckling Example - 1 Minimum Buckling Stress modes

Special case: Simply supported edges a. S 2E § t ·
2
Vc ¨ ¸ k
12ȋ1 Q 2 Ȍ © b ¹
k
n=4
n=1
n=3
n=2
D= 1, n=1
D= 2, n=2
4
D= 3, n=3
D
1 2 3 4
D= 4, n=4 k=4 in all cases

Plate Buckling 41

2
a S 2E §t ·
Vc ¨ ¸ k
2 ©b¹
y = -b/2 x 12ȋ1 Q Ȍ
Nx b/2
2
Nx ªD n º
b/2 where k «n D»
y=+b/2 ¬ ¼
y
At common points, k and D are same
k for two adjacent values of n.
n=4
n=1
n=3
n=2
2 2
ªD n º ª D n 1º
?« » « n 1 D »
¬n D¼ ¬ ¼
D n(n 1)
4 For n 1, D 2
n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4 For n 2, D 6
For n 3, D 12
D
2 6 12

Plate Buckling 42
Plate Buckling Rigid connection
Simply supported rectangular plates y M

2
1 § nS · D 2
Vc ¨ ¸ P
b2 © D ¹ t
2
ª§ D · 2 º §D ·
2 4
§ D · [see slide 11] M z
2 «¨ ¸ 1» 1 2¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
P
«¬© n ¹ »¼ ©n¹ ©n¹ Supporting and
Restraining plate
The above equation is for simply supported edges, i.e. ] =∞. For other finite
values of ], the above expression can be written with sufficient accuracy (error
less than 1%) as,
2 4
2 §D · §D ·
P 1 p¨ ¸ q¨ ¸
©n¹ ©n¹
Here p and q depend on magnitude of ] and can be calculated from the stability
condition,
§S n· §S n· n
P 1 ¨ P 1 ¸ P 1 ¨ P 1 ¸ S]P 0
©2 D¹ ©2 D¹ D

Plate Buckling 43
Plate Buckling
Rectangular plates with finite restraint on edges a
2
1 § nS · D 2 For a particular value of ], the stability
Vc ¨ ¸ P condition [slide 42] can be solved for P to
b2 © D ¹ t
determine values of p and q.
1 § nS · D ª §D · º
2 2 4
§D ·
Vc ¨ ¸ «1 p¨ ¸ q¨ ¸ »
b 2 © D ¹ t «¬ ©n¹ © n ¹ »¼ p
3
Eh
putting, D 2.5
12 (1 Q 2 )
2.0
S 2 E § h · ª§ n · §D · º
2 2 2
Vc ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ p q¨ ¸ »
«
12ȋ1 Q 2 Ȍ © t ¹ «¬© D ¹ © n ¹ »¼
2 2
§n· §D · ]
Introducing the notation k ¨ ¸ p q¨ ¸ q ≈0.8
©D ¹ ©n¹
2
S 2E § t · 5.0
Vc ¨ ¸ k
12ȋ1 Q 2 Ȍ © b ¹
For minimum Vc , k must be minimum. 1.0

wk ]
≈ 2.5
Setting 0 We get k p2 q
wD

Plate Buckling 44
Plate Buckling
Rectangular plates simply supported at edges b, elastically restrained on one edge a
and free at other edge a compression flange
Elastically restraint
a
x
y=0
Nx Nx b web
y = +b Free edge
y
Free edge
g
b
Web also deflects, i.e

web provides some degree of restraint

Plate Buckling 45
Plate Buckling
and free at other edge a Rigid connection
a b
x y
y=0
M
Nx Nx b
y = +b
y
M
Free edge
Supporting and
We choose x axis along restrained edge. Restraining plate
z
No symmetry about x axis.
Therefore, full equation for w must be used.
nSx
a
Where N1 and N2 are defined by,
nS nS
N1 P 1 N2 P 1
a a

Plate Buckling 46
Plate Buckling
a b
x y
y=0
M
Nx Nx b
y = +b
y
M
Free edge
Supporting and
Restraining plate
z
Boundary conditions…
At y=0: w=0 and M = M
At y=b: My=0 and Qy=0
By applying four boundary conditions, we can determine four constants C1, C2, C3 and C4

Plate Buckling 47
Plate Buckling
and free at other edge a
Boundary condition same at y = 0 as before

ww b w 2 w
We can write ] 0 at y 0 [Compare with eqn. on slide 29]
wy 2 wy 2
using expression for w in two boundary conditions at y=0 leads,
C1 C3 0
b
C2N1 C4N 2 ] (C1N1 C3N 2 )
2 2
0
2
determining C1 and C2 from above two an putting in w,
ª 2
b N1 N 2
2
N º nSx
w «C3 (cos N 2 y coshN1 y ] sinh N1 y) C4 (sin N 2 y 2 sinh N1 y)» sin
¬« 2 N1 N1 ¼» a

Plate Buckling 48
Plate Buckling
Boundary conditions at y = b b
y
§ w2w w2w · M
My D¨¨ 2 Q ¸ 0 at y b
© wy wx 2 ¸¹
w § w2w w2w ·
Qy D ¨¨ 2 (2 Q ) 2 ¸¸ 0 at y b M
wy © wy wx ¹
Supporting and
Putting w in above two equations we get two equation in C3 and C4. Restraining plate
z
Setting determinant of those two equation to zero we can arrive at
buckling condition,
r 2N1 t 2N 2 N
2 2
2rt
r t
2 2
tanh N1b tan N 2b h(t 2 tanh N1b r 2 1 tan N 2b) 0
cosh N1b cos N 2b N1N 2 N2
2 2
2 § nS · 2 § nS · b N12 N 22
where r N1 (2 Q )¨ ¸ , t N 2 (2 Q )¨ ¸ and h ]
© a ¹ © a ¹ 2 N1
nS nS
Where N1 and N2 are defined by, N1 P 1 N2 P 1
a a

Plate Buckling 49
Plate Buckling
and free at other edge a
In a manner similar to previous example we can write the critical stress,
2ª 2 2º
S 2E §t · §n· §D ·
Vc ¨ ¸ «¨ ¸ p q¨ ¸ »
12ȋ1 Q 2 Ȍ © b ¹ «¬© D ¹ ©n¹ »¼
2 2
§n· §D ·
Denoting k ¨ ¸ p q¨ ¸
©D ¹ ©n¹
2
S 2E § t ·
Vc ¨ ¸ k
12(1 Q 2 ) © b ¹
For minimum Vc we can have as before,

k p2 q

Plate Buckling 50
Plate Buckling, Uniform compression: General

All solution leads to the general form of solution
2
S 2E §t ·
Vc ¨ ¸ k Here k depends on boundary condition
12ȋ1 Q 2 Ȍ © b ¹

Plate Buckling 51

All solution leads to the general form of solution
2
S 2E §t ·
Vc 2
¨ ¸ k
12ȋ1 Q Ȍ © b ¹
Here k depends on
boundary condition
Wave length, O= Eb

Plate Buckling 52

Code provisions (elastic) Therefore for plates, we can plot Fcr vs b/t
2 2
S E §t ·
Vc ¨ ¸ k
2
12ȋ1 Q Ȍ © b ¹ Fcr

Replacing Vc with Fcr we can
have S 2 Ek
Fcr
2 Fy 12ȋ1 Q 2 Ȍȋb Ȁ t Ȍ2
S 2E §t·
Fcr ¨ ¸ k
12(1 Q 2 ) © b ¹
S 2 Ek
Fcr ...... (a)
12ȋ1 Q 2 Ȍȋb Ȁ t Ȍ2
b/t
The form of the above equation In ideal situation, Fcr vs b/t curve shall follow eqn. (a)
is similar to the Euler's column until Fcr equals to Fy (point A in above Fig.). However,
buckling formula due to presence of residual stress and other issues, the
S 2E relation follows a transition curve.
Fcr
ȋKL Ȁ r Ȍ2

Plate Buckling 53

Code provisions (elastic)
S 2 Ek Fcr S 2 Ek 1 1
Fcr
2 2 Fy 2 2 2 2 2
12(1 Q )(b / t ) 12(1 Q )(b / t ) F y 12(1 Q )(b / t ) F y ª 12(1 Q 2 ) F º
«b y »
S 2 Ek «t 2 »
«¬ S Ek »¼
2
b 12(1 Q ) Fy
Denoting Oc
t S 2 Ek
Fcr 1
We can have F
y O2c

Plate Buckling 54

Code provisions (elastic) 2
Fcr 1 b 12(1 Q ) Fy
bȀt ǡ where Oc

Fy O2c t S 2 Ek

ǡ
bȀt

ǡbȀt
Ǥ

bȀt
ǡ
ǤǤǡǦ
Ǥ

Plate Buckling 55

stic)
2
b 12(1 Q ) Fy
Oc
t S 2 Ek
b S 2 Ek
Oc
t 12(1 Q 2 ) Fy
ǡQαͲǤ͵
b E
0.951 Oc k
t Fy
ǡ ǤFcr Fy

Oc αͳǤͲ Ǥ
Oc Fy
Ǥǡ
Oc αͲǤ͹Ǥ

Plate Buckling 56

b E
0.951 Oc k
t Fcr
Putting appropriate values of Oc and k for different cases we can have
Description k Oc b/t
ͲǤͶʹͷ ͲǤ͹ ͲǤͶͷ ‫ܧ‬Ȁ‫ܨ‬௬
ͲǤ͹ ͲǤ͹ ͲǤͷ͸ ‫ܧ‬Ȁ‫ܨ‬௬
ͳǤʹ͹͹ ͲǤ͹ ͲǤ͹ͷ ‫ܧ‬Ȁ‫ܨ‬௬
ͷǤͲ ͲǤ͹ ͳǤͶͻ ‫ܧ‬Ȁ‫ܨ‬௬

a Arbitrarily selected to be about one-third of the way between simply supported and fixed along the
supported edge and free on opposite edge (cases 4 and 5 on slide 51).
b Arbitrarily selected to be about one-third of the way between simply supported and fixed along both
the edges (cases 1 and 3 on slide 51).

Plate Buckling 57

Code provisions (in-elastic)
lastic))
Ǧ

Hyǡǡǡ
ǡ ǤȀ ǡ
H Ǥ
ǤǡOc O0
Ǥ

Plate Buckling 58

ǤǡOc
ͲǤͶ͸

ͲǤͷͺ
Ǥ

ǡ
Oc = ͲǤͶ͸
b E
0.951 Oc k
t Fy
b E
0.438 k
t Fy

Plate Buckling 59

k αͲǤͶʹͷ
b E E
0.438 0.425 0.286
t Fy Fy

ǡǤǤ
ǡͳͷʹͲHyǡ

Ǥ
͹ͻHyǡǦ
Ǥǡ
͵͵Ψǡ
b E E
0.286 u 1.33 0.38
t Fy Fy

Plate Buckling 60
AISC 360-05,
BNBC 2020

Plate Buckling 61
AISC 360-05,
BNBC 2020

Plate Buckling

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Plate Buckling

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1

Prof. Dr. K.M. Amanat

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1

1. Steel Structures: Design and Behavior, 5th Ed., 2009

2. Theory of Elastic Stability, 2nd Ed.

3. Buckling Strength of Metal Structures

4. Theory of Plates and Shells. 2nd Ed.

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

Local Buckling Issues…

Local Buckling of Flange

When the flange is in compression, it develops wave formations along

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1

Local Buckling Issues…

Vertical Buckling of Flange

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

Local Buckling Issues…

Bend Buckling of Web

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1

Local Buckling Issues…

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

Local Buckling Issues…

Vertical buckling of webs

The web may go overall buckling due to direct compressive load

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1

Global Buckling Issues…

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

Global Buckling Issues…

Longitudinal flexural stress and vertical shear stress causes principle

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1

Global Buckling Issues…

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1

Moment equilibrium about x axis,

Governing differential equation for plate bending

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1

wQx wQ y ª w2w w2w w2w º

wQx wQ y § w2w w2w w 2 w ·¸

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

wQx wQ y § w2w w2w w 2 w ·¸

w2M x w 2 M xy w2M y § w2w w2w w 2 w ·¸

w4w w4w w4w 1 §¨ w2w w2w w 2 w ·¸

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1

Plate Buckling Example - 1 In-plane force only in x direction.

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

Plate Buckling Example - 1

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1

Plate Buckling Example - 1