Professional Documents
Culture Documents
chn2 Module 2nd Edition 2021
chn2 Module 2nd Edition 2021
This module is intended for third year students of Bachelor of Science in Nursing of
Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology. To help students study even they are
staying at home. It will help them integrate principles and concepts of physical, social,
natural and health sciences and humanities in the care of population groups and
communities. Allow the students to assess the health status of the population groups and
communities as client. Prioritized community health needs and concerns and develop
community diagnosis
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Learning Objectives______________________________________________________________________ _
Upon completion of this unit, I will be able to:
1. know major concepts in community health nursing;
2. define community health nursing;
3. enumerate the philosophy and principles of community health nursing;
4. enumerate the features of community health nursing; and
5. discuss the different theoretical Models and Approaches to CHN.
Motivation Activity
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:
Directions: The following grid contains terms associated with Community Health
Nursing (as enclosed in the box below). Find and encircle them. Look for them in all
directions, including backward and diagonally.
S X W P U B L I C H E A L T H
C Z H R I W P R O M O T I O N
H L F E F I F I M Z J K Z E W
O F W V Z F A I M H K Q J G D
O V L E G R Z G U Z J X U K X
L X K N H G I H N Q E R J H G
N J K T G I N D I V I D U A L
U F W I H R G K T D K M N K G
R V L O H S H W Y H W L Z W H
S X H Q W E R T N D F G J K B
E J W D S W V L U X L X L H B
Z T H E O R Y K R H J H Z W F
E X G J S Z V Z S Z F F F F S
A P P R O A C H E S F Z F H H
H Z L V K F V K F F A M I L Y
Pretest
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:
1. This term refers to a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
a. Social
b. Community
c. Health
d. Community health nursing
2. This term refers to a collection of people who interact with one another and whose
common interests or characteristics form unity or belonging.
a. Social
b. Community
c. Health
d. Community health nursing
4. This type of community refers to relational, interactive groups. The place or setting is
more abstract, and people share a group perspective or identity based on culture, values,
history, interests, and goals.
a. Geopolitical communities
b. Phenomenological communities
c. Rural community
d. Urban community
Lesson Proper_______________________________________________________________________________
Features of CHN
There are six essential characteristics of community nursing. These are in the
following:
It is a specialty field of nursing.
The practice combines public health with nursing.
It is population-based.
It emphasizes on wellness and other than disease or illness.
It includes interdisciplinary collaboration.
It amplifies the client's responsibility and self-care.
Theoretical Models/Approaches
The general systems theory is the first of the theories taken up in this section, being
the basis, in part, of several nursing theories that the community health nurse may find
useful. It is the framework of the Community Assessment Tool developed by Maurer and
Smith (2009). Short explanations of Albert Banduria’s Social Learning Theory and models
that community health nurses may use when planning for health promotion and disease
prevention includes Health Belief Model, Milio’s Framework for Prevention, Nola Pender’s
Health Promotion Model, Transtheoretical Model and Lawrence Green’s PRECEDE-
PROCEED Model.
comprehensive structure for assessing health and quality of life needs and designing,
implementing, and evaluating health promotion and other public health programs to meet
those needs.
The PRECEDE–PROCEED planning model consists of four planning phases, one
implementation phase, and 3 evaluation phases.
References___________________________________________________________________________________
Famorca, Zenaida U, Nies, Mary A., McEwan, Melanie,(2013) Nursing Care of the
Community: A Comprehensive Text on Community and Public Health Nursing
Maglaya, Arceli S. ( 2004) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition
https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-
Modules/SB/BehavioralChangeTheories/BehavioralChangeTheories2.html
http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/models_prevention.html
https://nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/pender-health-promotion-model.php
en.wikepedia.org https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRECEDE%E2%80%93PROCEED_model
https://www.nasn.org/advocacy/professional-practice-documents/position-
statements/ps-role
Assessing Learning_________________________________________________________________________
a. Reflection
Activity 1
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:
In today's pandemic Covid-19, how community health nursing helps your present
community? Write your answer in the space provided. (100 words)
b. Post Test
Activity 2
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section: Score:
1. This term refers to a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
a. Social
b. Community
c. Health
d. Community health nursing
2. This term refers to a collection of people who interact with one another and whose
common interests or characteristics form the basis of unity or belonging.
a. Social
b. Community
c. Health
d. Community health nursing
3. This term provides for and delivers health and safety programs and services to
workers, worker populations, and community groups. The practice focuses on the
promotion and restoration of health, prevention of illness and injury, and protection
from work-related and environmental hazards
a. Community health nurse
b. School Nurse
c. Occupational Health Nursing
d. Mental Health Nursing
8. Which of the following are the two HBM components of health-related behavior?
a. The desire to avoid illness, or conversely get well if already ill
b. The belief that a specific health action will prevent, or cure, illness.
c. Both a and c
d. None of the above
Activity 3
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section: Score:
1. Select a theory or conceptual model. Evaluate its potential for understanding health in
individuals, families, 400 children in an elementary school, a community of 20,000
residents, and 500 workers within a corporate setting.
2. Apply HBM and Penders HPM in the following situation: Cecille for prenatal 30 years
old, G2P0 came to the health center for a prenatal consultation. For her first pregnancy,
she availed a traditional birth attendant (hilot) that ended in stillbirth. However, she
wants a healthy baby, the reason for an early consultation.
Learning Objectives________________________________________________________________________
Upon completion of this unit, I am able to:
Motivational Activity
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:
Direction: Write ten words in the space provided that will describe the picture below.
Pretest
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:
1. This term refers to a collection of people who interact with one another and whose
common interests or characteristics form the basis of unity or belonging.
a. Social
b. Community
c. Health
d. Community health nursing
2. This term refers to areas that are settled places outside towns and cities.
a. Rural
b. Suburban
c. Urban
d. None of the above
4. This type of community refer to relational, interactive groups, in which the place or
setting is more abstract, and people share a group perspective or identity based on
culture, values, history, interests and goals.
a. Geopolitical communities
b. Phenomenological communities
c. Rural community
d. Urban community
Lesson Proper______________________________________________________________________________
Types of Community
There are three classifications of community according to Untalan, Tuesca (2005)
COPAR, first is Rural or the Open lands usually places in the provincial areas where people
make earn their living by agriculture and things of sort, mostly less dense and more
spacious. Urban or the City is a non-agricultural type of community, the community is dense
and mostly populating the whole community, the major source of income are the industrial
products and technology. Suburban or the Capitals, it is usually the capital of the provinces
where there is a mix of agriculture and industry, although technology is not in its highest
peak, technology is utilized to increase the productivity of both industrial and agriculture
side.
Components of a Community
References
Famorca, Zenaida U, Nies, Mary A., McEwan, Melanie,(2013) Nursing Care of the
Community: A Comprehensive Text on Community and Public Health Nursing
Maglaya, Arceli S. ( 2004) Nursing Practice in the Community 5th Edition
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_environments
https://www.rideshark.com/2017/07/19/sustainablecommunities/
http://nursingexercise.com/community-health-nursing-overview/
Assessing Learning_________________________________________________________________________
a. Reflection
Activity 4
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:
Interview at least two community health nurses regarding their opinions on the focus of
community health nursing. Do you agree? (100 words)
b. Post Test
Activity 5
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section: Score:
Directions: Encircle the correct answer
3. The following are the factors that affect the health of the community except:
a. physical factor
b. social/cultural factor
c. community organization
d. individual capability
4. The nurse's role in the community means he/she ensures health care services, not just
to individuals and families but also to groups and population of the community
a. Clinician Role
b. Educator Role
c. Advocate Role
d. Managerial Role
5. It is widely recognized that health teaching is a part of good nursing practice and one
of the primary functions of a community health nurse (Brown, 1988). Assesses the
knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviors, practices, stage of change, and skills of
the community people and provide health education according to knowledge level.
a. Clinician Role c. Advocate Role
b. Educator Role d. Managerial Role
6. The issue of clients’ rights is important in health care today. Every patient or client has
the right to receive just equal and human treatment.
a. Clinician Role c. Advocate Role
b. Educator Role d. Managerial Role
8. Community health nurses seldom practice in isolation. They must work with many
people including clients, other nurses, physicians, social workers and community
leaders, therapists, nutritionists, occupational therapists, psychologists, epidemiologists,
biostaticians, legislators, etc. as a member of the health team.
a. Collaborator Role
b. Leader Role
c. Researcher Role
d. None of the above
9. The nurse instructs, influences, or persuades others to effect change that positively
affects people's health. Its primary function is to useful change of health policy based on
community people health; thus, the community health nurse becomes an agent of
change.
a. Collaborator Role
b. Leader Role
c. Researcher Role
d. None of the above
10. In this role the community health nurses engage in systematic investigation,
collection and analysis of data to solve problems and enhance community health nursing
practice. Based on the research result, community nurses improve their service quality
and improve community people's health.
a. Collaborator Role
b. Leader Role
c. Researcher Role
d. None of the above
Learning Objectives_______________________________________________________________________ _
Upon completion of this unit, I am able to:
1. enumerate and explain the tools used in health statistics and epidemiology;
2. discuss the demography;
3. know and apply calculation of different health indicators;
4. know the Philippine health situation; and
5. explain the epidemiology in the field of nursing
Motivational Activity
Pretest
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:
Direction: Write at least five words from the picture below and explain it on tour
own words.
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:
3. This term is generally based on the disease specific incidence or prevalence for
the common and severe disease.
a. Morbidity Indicators
b. Incidence
c. Cohort
d. None of the above
4. This term measures the number of new cases, episodes, or events occurring
over a specified period of time, commonly a year, within a specified population at
risk.
a. Morbidity Indicators
b. Incidence
c. Cohort
d. None of the above
Lesson Proper_____________________________________________________________________________
The main concern of public health is preventing the disease, prolonging life, and
promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts.
Epidemiology is concerned with studying factors that influence the occurrence and
distribution of diseases, detects disability or death, which occur in groups aggregation of
individuals. It is the study of the spread of the disease in a group of individuals as in public
health. On the other hand, health statistics, as defined by the World Health Organization,
refer to quantitative data and the classification of such data according to probability theory
and the application to them of methods such as hypothesis testing. Health statistics include
empirical data and estimates related to health, such as mortality, morbidity, risk factors,
health service coverage, and health systems. Epidemiology and health statistics, therefore,
are the backbone of the prevention of disease.
Tools
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related
states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the prevention
and control of health problems.
Demography is the science which deals with the study of the human population size,
composition, and distribution in space. Population size simply refers to the number of
people in each place or are at a given time. When population is characterized in relation to
certain variables such as age, sex, occupation, or educational level, then the population
composition is being described. The three events are affected depending on how fast or how
slow people are added to the population as a result of births, deaths and migration
occurring in the community.
Population Size
Population size of a place allows the nurse to make comparisons about population
changes over time. It helps rationalize the types of health programs or interventions which
are going to be provided for the community.
One method of measuring the population size is by determining the increase in the
population resulting from excess of births compared to deaths. This can be done in two
ways:
1. Natural increase is simply the difference between the number of births and the
number of deaths occurring in a population in a specified period of time.
2. Rate of Natural Increase is the difference between the Crude Birth Rate and the
Crude Death Rate occurring in a population in a specified period of time.
The second method of measuring population size is to determine the increase in the
population using data obtained during two census periods. This implies that the increase in
the size of the population is not merely attributed to excess in births but also effect of
migration. These are:
1. Absolute increase per year measures the number of people that are added to the
population per year.
2. Relative increase is the actual difference between the two census counts
expresses in percent relative to the population size made during an earlier
census.
relative increase = Pt – Po
Po
where:
Pt = population size at a later time
Po = population size at an earlier time
Population Composition
The composition of the population is commonly described in terms of its age and
sex. The nurse utilizes data on age and sex composition to decide who among the
population groups merits attention in terms of health services and programs.
1. Sex Composition. To describe the sex composition of the population, the nurse
computes for the sex ratio. The sex ratio compares the number of females in the
population, it represents the number of males for every 100 females in the
population.
2. Age Composition. There are two ways to describe the age composition of the
population.
a. Median age divides the population into two equal parts. So, if the median age
is said to be 19 years old, it means half of the population belongs to 19 years
and above, while the other half belongs to ages below 19 years old.
b. Dependency ratio compares the number of economically dependent with the
economically productive group in the population. The economically
dependent are those who belong to 0-14 and 65 and above age groups.
Considered to be economically productive are those within the 15 to 64 are
group. The dependency ratio represents the number of economically
productive
3. Age and Sex Composition of the population can be described at the same time
using population pyramid. It is a graphical presentation of the age and sex
composition of the population
Spatial Distribution
The distribution of the population in space can be described in terms of urban-rural
distributions, population density and crowding index. The measures help the nurse decide
how meager resources can be justifiably allocated based on concentration of population in a
certain place
1. Urban-rural distribution simply illustrates the proportion of the people living in
urban compared to the rural areas.
2. Crowding index will describe the ease by which a communicable disease will be
transmitted from one host to another susceptible host. This is described by dividing
the number of persons in a household with the number of rooms used by the family
for sleeping.
3. Population density will determine how congested a place is and has implications in
terms of the adequacy of basic health services present in the community. It can be
computed by dividing the number of people living in a given land area.
Health Indicators
The Global Reference List of 100 Core Health Indicators is a standard set of 100
indicators prioritized by the global community to provide concise information on the health
situation and trends, including responses at national and global levels. It will be reviewed
and updated periodically as global and country priorities evolve, and measurement
methods improve. This publication contains the 2015 version.
Crude Birth Rate- a measure of one characteristic of the natural growth or increase
of a population
Crude Death Rate- a measure of one mortality from all causes that may decrease
population
Infant Mortality Rate measures the risk of dying during the 1sy year of life. It is a
useful index of a community's general health condition since it reflects the changes
in the environment and medical conditions of a community.
Total No. of live deaths under one year of age in a given calendar year
IMR= Total No. of registered live births of the same calendar year X 1,000
2010*
Diseases
Number Rate
Leading Causes of Mortality refers to the number of deaths in a given area or period,
or from a particular cause.
The leading causes of death are diseases of the heart, diseases of the vascular
system, pneumonias, malignant neoplasms/cancers, and all forms of tuberculosis, accidents,
COPD and allied conditions, diabetes mellitus, nephritis /nephritic syndrome and other
diseases of respiratory system. Among these diseases, six are non-communicable and four
are the major NCDs such as CVD, cancers, COPD, and diabetes mellitus.
Life Expectancy refers to the number of years a person can expect to live. By
definition, life expectancy is based on an estimate of the average age that a particular
population group will be when they die.
Highly urbanized and independent cities provide both hospital services and primary care
services. The private sector, consisting of for-profit and non-profit healthcare providers, is
largely market oriented, where health care is generally paid for through user fees at the
point of service. The introduction of social health insurance administered by the Philippine
Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) since 1995 aimed to provide financial risk
protection for the Filipino people. The rapid expansion of its membership in the past five
years is considered a positive development as the government pursues universal health
coverage. In terms of physical infrastructure, the Philippine health sector has 1224
hospitals, 2587 city/rural health centers, and 20 216 village health stations (2016 figures).
Health Financing
Total health expenditure (THE) has consistently increased since 2005 and compares
well with neighbors like Indonesia. Government health expenditure has increased
significantly in nominal terms, but it has been eclipsed by private sector funding sources,
which have grown rapidly with the economy. Much of THE is for personal care, although the
government has raised public health spending since 2007. The three major flows of public
health financing have overlapping coverage. The DOH funds regional and apex hospitals,
while local government units (LGUs) fund primary- and secondary-level care. PhilHealth
reimburses government as well as private health facilities. It reportedly covers 92% of the
population, 40% of which is the poor population, and subsidized by the government for
premium payments. Covered services are focused on inpatient care and inadequate
outpatient care that only covers PhilHealth's poor members. Financial protection is limited,
resulting in a high level of household out-of-pocket (OOP) payment.
staff, and specialists. While deployment programs are easing these problems somewhat,
these strategies result in monitoring and sustainability problems. Patient satisfaction and
user experience of health services may show improvements. Still, balance billing, i.e., service
charges set by the hospital, which are not covered by PhilHealth case rate payment, are
billed to the patient, and outside-hospital purchases continue to impoverish patients. The
limited number of health facilities relative to the growing population, overprovision of
physicians, underprovision of care, and poor physician adherence to clinical practice
guidelines contribute to low quality of care.
Health Status
Filipinos tend to live longer now than in previous decades, with life expectancy at
birth increasing from 62 years in 1980 to 69 years in 2016. Filipinas live longer (73 years)
than their men counterparts (66 years). The life expectancy trend is reflective of improving
living conditions in recent years. Mortality rates declined from 291 and 209 per 1000 men
and women, in 1980 to 261 and 136, respectively, in 2016 (Table 1.3). The past is
characterized by difficult times with sporadic armed conflicts in the countryside, pervasive
political unrest and mass protests in urban centers, widespread poverty and income
inequality across the country, poor nutrition, and inadequate health care underprivileged
majority.
While the country continues to combat pneumonia and TB as the leading cause of
death among Filipinos, it faces an increasing number of diseases of the heart, diseases of the
vascular system, malignant neoplasms, and diabetes. Among external causes, road traffic
accidents are also becoming a major cause of death. This essentially places the Philippines
in epidemiological transition, referred to as the triple burden of disease, in light of the
observed rise in NCDs and the actual prevalence of infectious diseases, and the health
impact of globalization and climate change. This disease pattern indicates that even as
degenerative diseases and other lifestyle-related illnesses increase, communicable diseases
are still widely prevalent. At the same time, road safety has become a severe public health
problem.
References
Zenaida U. Famorca, Mary A. Nieves, Melanie McEwen (2013).Nursing Care of the
Community. Elsevier Singapore
Araceli S. Maglaya (2004). Nursing Practice in the Community. 4thEdition. Argonauta
Corporation Philippines
Frances Prescilla l. Cuevas (2007). Public Health Nursing in the Philippines 10th edition.
National League of Philippine Government Nurses, Incorporated. Philippines
https://www.who.int/topics/statistics/en/
https://www.britannica.com/science/epidemiology/Basic-concepts-and-tools
https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/community-health-nursing-notes/community-
assessment/
Assessing Learning__________________________________________________________________________________
a. Reflection
Activity 6
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:
Examine a recent publication (whether hard or e-copy) by any agency that gathers data
to serve as a secondary source of information for public health practitioners. Choose one
data point and discussed how a public health worker could utilize this in the
performance of his/her function.
b. Post Test
Activity 7
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section: Score:
Directions: Calculate the relevant health indicator for each of the following, show your
computation, add a necessary sheet of paper if necessary
1. Borja conducted a study to estimate bacteriology's prevalence confirmed
pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) among inmates and jail guards in seven prisons in
the Philippines. They defined PTB through direct sputum smear microscopy
(DSSM) and sputum culture. A respondent was considered a case of PTB if at
least two out of three DSSM results were positive or if the culture is positive. Out
of the 1,433 male inmates included in the study, 42 were bacteriology confirmed
cases of PTB. Compute and interpret the prevalence of active PTB among male
inmates in the seven prisons included in the study.
2. In 2008, there were 1,917,693 live births in the Philippines and 17, 835 infant
deaths. Suppose 2,675 of the infant deaths occurred during the neonatal period,
whereas 15, 160, during the postneonatal period. Given this data, calculate the
neonatal, postneonatal, and IMR's.
Learning Objectives__________________________________
Upon completion of this unit, I am able to:
MOTIVATIONAL ACTIVITY
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:
Directions: The following grid contain terms associated with Community Health Nursing
(as enclosed in the box below). Find and encircle them. Look for them in all directions
including backwards and diagonally.
C X W O B S E R V A T I O N H
O Z H R L A N O I T I D A R T
P L F E F R F I M Z J K Z E W
A F W V Z V A I M H K Q J G D
R V L E C E N S U S J X U K X
N X K N H Y I H N Q E R J H G
A J K T G D I A G N O S I S F
N F W I H R G K T D K M N K G
D V L O M A H A S Y S T E M H
Pretest
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:
Lesson Proper_______________________________________
Assessment of Community Health Needs
A community needs assessment provides community leaders with a snapshot of local
policy, systems, and environmental change strategies currently in place and helps to identify areas
for improvement. With this data, communities can map out a course for health improvement by
creating strategies to make positive and sustainable changes in their communities.
Primary Data
Collecting Primary Data- it may be obtained either through observation or through
direct communication with respondents in one form or another through personal
interviews. There are several ways of collecting pri-mary data. Primary data can be
obtained in several ways. However, the most common techniques are observation, survey,
and informant interview and community forum. Primary data collection is quite expensive
and time consuming compared to secondary data collection.
In the personal interviews, the interviewer asks questions gen-erally in a face to face
contact. Through interview method more and reliable information may be obtained.
Personal information can be obtained easily under this method. However, it is a very
expensive and time-consuming method, especially when large and widely spread
geographical samples are taken.
Disease Registries
A disease registry is a special database that contains information about people
diagnosed with a specific type of disease. Most disease registries are either hospital based
or population based. A hospital-based registry contains data on all the patients with a
specific type of disease diagnosed and treated at that hospital. A population-based registry
contains records for people diagnosed with a specific disease type who reside within a
defined geographic region. For example, a hospital can have a breast cancer registry with
records for all the women in their breast cancer treatment program. The hospital-based
registry would not include all the women with breast cancer in the community, since some
women may go elsewhere for treatment.
Census Data
Information about the members of a given population collected from a government
census. A census is a regularly-occurring and official count of a particular population.
Census data provides more than just a population count. Other variables include ethnicity
breakdowns, income, and housing values.
Bar Graph
Bar charts are one of the most commonly used types of graph and are used to
display and compare the number, frequency or other measure (e.g. mean) for different
discrete categories or groups. The graph is constructed such that the heights or lengths of
the different bars are proportional to the size of the category they represent. Since the x-
axis (the horizontal axis) represents the different categories it has no scale. The y-axis (the
vertical axis) does have a scale and this indicates the units of measurement. The bars can be
drawn either vertically or horizontally depending upon the categories and length or
complexity of the category labels. There are various ways in which bar charts can be
constructed, making them a very flexible chart type.
Histogram
Histograms are a special form of bar chart where the data represent continuous
rather than discrete categories. For example, a histogram could be used to present details of
the average number of hours exercise carried out by people of different ages because age is
a continuous rather than a discrete category. However, because a continuous category may
have many possible values the data are often grouped to reduce the number of data points.
For example, instead of drawing a bar for each individual age between 0 and 65, the data
could be grouped into a series of continuous age ranges such as 16-24, 25-34, 35-44, etc.
Unlike a bar chart, in a histogram both the x- and y-axes have a scale. This means that it is
the bar area that is proportional to the size of the category represented and not just its
height.
Pie Charts
Pie charts are a visual way of displaying how the total data are distributed between
different categories. The example here shows the proportional distribution of visitors
between different types of tourist attractions. Similar uses of a pie chart would be to show
the percentage of the total votes received by each party in an election. Pie charts should
only be used for displaying nominal data (i.e. data that are classed into different categories).
They are generally best for showing information grouped into a small number of categories
and are a graphical way of displaying data that might otherwise be presented as a simple
table.
Line Graph
Line graphs are usually used to show time series data – that is how one or more
variables vary over a continuous period of time. Typical examples of the types of data that
can be presented using line graphs are monthly rainfall and annual unemployment rates.
Scatter Plots
Scatter plots are used to show the relationship between pairs of quantitative
measurements made for the same object or individual. For example, a scatter plot could be
used to present information about the examination and coursework marks for each of the
students in a class. In the example here, the paired measurements are the age and height of
children
Community Diagnosis
In the assessment of the community’s health status, the nurse considers the degree
of detail or depth she should go into. A nurse may decide to assess a specific population
group in a community, in which case, she may not opt to conduct comprehensive
assessment of that group and at the same time, focus on the specific problems of that same
group. It is important therefore, to decide on the objectives of the community diagnosis, the
resources and time available to implement.
Demographic variables
The analysis of the community’s demographic characteristics should show the size,
composition and geographical distribution of the population as indicated by the following:
It is also important to know whether there are population groups that need special
attention such as indigenous people, internal refugees and other socially dislocated groups
as a result of disasters, calamities and development programs.
7. Data Collation. After data collection, the nurse is now ready to put together all
information. There are two types of data that may be generated. They are either
numerical data which can be counted or descriptive data which can be described.
8. Data Presentation. Data presentation will depend largely on the type of data
obtained. Descriptive data are presented in narrative reports.
9. Data analysis in community diagnosis aims to established trends and patterns in
terms of health needs and problems of the community. It also allows for comparison
of obtained data with standard values.
10. Identifying Community Health Nursing Problems. Community health nursing
problems are categorized as:
a. Health status problems is described in terms of increased or decreased
morbidity, mortality, fertility, or reduced capability for wellness.
b. Health resources problems is described in terms of lack of or absence of
manpower, money, materials, or institutions necessary to solve health problems,
c. Health related problems is described in terms of existence of social, economic,
environmental, and political factors that aggravate the illness-inducing
situations in the community
11. Priority Setting. After the problems have been identified, the next task is to
prioritize which health problems can be attended to considering the resources
available at the moment. In priority setting, the following criteria:
a. Nature of the condition/problem presented- problems are classified by the
nurse as health status, health resources or health-related problems.
b. Magnitude of the problem-refers to the severity of the problem which can be
measured in terms of the proportion of the population affected by the problem.
c. Modifiability of the problem-refers to the probability of reducing, controlling or
eradicating the problem.
d. Preventive potential-refers to the probability of controlling or reducing the
effects posed by the problem.
e. Social concern-refers to the perception of the population or the community as
they are affected by the problem and their readiness to act on the problem.
Criteria Weight
Nature of the problem
Health status 3
Health resources 2 1
Health-related 1
Magnitude of the problem
75%-100% affected 4
50%-74% affected 3 3
25%-49% affected 2
<25% affected 1
Modifiability of the problem
High 3
Moderate 2 4
Low 1
Not modifiable 0
Preventive potential
High 3
Moderate 2 1
Low 1
Social Concern
Urgent community concern; express readiness 2
Recognized as a problem but not needing urgent 1 1
attention
Not a community concern 0
and those actors they see as powerful and who affect their lives. Participatory researchers
act as facilitators and work towards attaining equality in these two relationships. Local
people involved in participatory research processes are often subordinate in their own
social context, while outside researchers are often perceived as experts who impose their
views. Transforming these dynamics is achieved by enabling local people to articulate their
views and express their knowledge by describing and analyzing their own situations and
problems. Many participatory research processes also have an action component that
involves the participants in successive cycles of analysis, reflection and action.
Example:
Health Problem High incidence and prevalence of intestinal parasitism among children
Goal To reduce the incidence and prevalence of intestinal parasitism among
children of Sitio A.
Objectives 75% of children below six years old will test negative for parasites after
one year
institutions, community partners and organizations, and others collaborate to reach specific
groups of people for intentional dialogue. Social mobilization aims to facilitate change
through an interdisciplinary approach.
Principles of community organizing include: Community development is a process;
Community development is a holistic approach for addressing the community's needs;
Empowerment results from influence, participation, and community education;
Development ensures environmental stewardships; Development is tied to sustainability;
Partnership provides access to resources.
The following are the emphasis of COPAR: Community working to solve its own
problem. The direction is established internally and externally. The development and
implementation of a specific project are less important than the development of the
community's capacity to establish the plan. Consciousness-raising involves perceiving
health and medical care within the total structure of society.
The following are the importance of COPAR: COPAR is an important tool for community
development, and people empowerment. This helps the community workers generate
community participation in development activities. COPAR prepares people/clients to
eventually take over the management of a development programs in the future. COPAR
maximizes community participation and involvement; community resources are mobilized
for community services.
Principles of COPAR include: People, especially the most oppressed, exploited, and
deprived sectors are open to change, have the capacity to change, and are able to bring
about change. COPAR should be based on the interest of the poorest sector of the
community. COPAR should lead to a self-reliant community and society.
Phases of COPAR
COPAR has four phases, namely: Pre-Entry Phase, Entry Phase, Organization-
building phase, and sustenance and strengthening phase.
Pre-Entry Phase-Is the initial phase of the organizing process where the community
organizer looks for communities to serve and help. Activities include:
For preparation: Train faculty and students in COPAR. Formulate plans for
institutionalizing COPAR. Revise/enrich curriculum and immersion program—coordinate
participants of other departments.
For Site Selection: Initial networking with local government. Conduct preliminary
special investigation. Make a long/short list of potential communities. Do an ocular survey
of listed communities.
Criteria for Initial Site Selection: Must have a population of 100-200 families.
Economically depressed. No strong resistance from the community. No serious peace and
order problem. No similar group or organization holding the same program.
of the activities depends on how much the community organizers have integrated with the
community.
Guidelines for Entry: Recognize local authorities' role by paying them visits to
inform their presence and activities. Her appearance, speech, behavior, and lifestyle should
be in keeping with those of the community residents without disregard of their being role
model. Avoid raising the consciousness of the community residents; adopt a low-key profile.
Activities in the Entry Phase: Integration. Establishing rapport with the people in
continuing effort to imbibe community life, living with the community, seek out to converse
with people where they usually congregate, lend a hand in household chores, avoid
gambling and drinking. Deepening social investigation/community study, verification, and
enrichment of data collected from the initial survey, conduct baseline survey by students,
results relayed through community assembly.
For Core Group Formation: Leader spotting through sociogram. Key persons must
be approachable by most people. Must be an opinion leader. They are approached by key
persons and never or hardly consulted.
Sustenance and Strengthening Phase. In this phase, the community organization has
already been established, and the community members are already actively participating in
community-wide undertakings. At this point, the different committees set up in the
organization-building phase are already expected to be functioning by planning,
implementing, and evaluating their own programs, with the overall guidance from the
community-wide organization.
Key Activities include Training of CHO for monitoring and implementing of
community health programs. Identification of secondary leaders. Linkaging and networking.
Conduct of mobilization on health and development concerns. Implementation of livelihood
projects.
Environmental Sanitation
Environmental Sanitation is still a health problem in the country. Diarrheal disease
ranked fifth in 2010 causes of morbidity among the general population. The Department of
Health, through the Environment Health Services, has the authority to act on all issues and
concerns in environment and health, including the Sanitation Code of the Philippines (PD
856, 1978). The World Health Organization defined Environmental Sanitation as the
promotion of hygiene and the prevention of disease and other consequences of ill-health,
relating to environmental factors.
Environmental factors
These are environmental factors which impact on the infectious agents and
transmission of disease. These include Disposal of human excreta; Sewage; Household
waste, and other waste likely to contain infectious agents; Water drainage; Domestic water
supply; Housing.
Sanitation practices
These are various hygienic practices of the communities, basic knowledge, skills,
human behaviors, and social and cultural factors concerning health, lifestyles, and
environmental awareness. These include: Personal hygiene (washing, dressing, eating);
Household cleanliness (kitchen, bathroom cleanliness); Community cleanliness (waste
collection, common places)
Protect the public from food-borne and water-borne illnesses and unsanitary,
unwholesome, misbranded, or adulterated foods; Enhance industry and consumer
confidence in the food regulatory system, and Achieve economic growth and development
by promoting fair trade practices and sound regulatory foundation for domestic and
international trade.
The food safety regulatory system combines various processes to ensure that food
safety standards are met. Food safety standards refer to the formal documents, which
contain the food requirements that the food processors need to comply with such human
health is safeguarded. These safety standards are implemented by law and authorities.
Some of the processes under the regulatory system include inspection, testing, data
collection, monitoring, and other activities carried out by various food safety regulatory
agencies.
Sanitation
The World Health Organization defined sanitation as the provision of facilities and
services for the safe management of human excreta from the toilet to containment and
storage and treatment onsite or conveyance, treatment and eventual safe end use or
disposal. More broadly sanitation also included the safe management of solid waste and
animal waste. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of infectious diseases such as cholera,
typhoid and dysentery world-wide. It also contributes to stunting and impaired cognitive
function and impacts on well-being through school attendance, anxiety and safety with
lifelong consequences, especially for women and girls. Improving sanitation in households,
health facilities and schools underpins progress on a wide range of health and economic
development issues including universal health coverage and combatting antimicrobial
resistance
Source: 1993 Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water, Published by DOH
Street cleansing
A reliable and regular street cleansing system that removes discarded water-
bearing containers and cleans drains to ensure they do not become stagnant and breed
mosquitoes will both help to reduce larval habitats of Ae. aegypti and remove the origin of
other urban pests.
Building structures
During the planning and construction of buildings and other infrastructure,
including urban renewal schemes, and through legislation and regulation, opportunities
arise to modify or reduce potential larval habitats of urban disease vectors, including Ae.
aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and An. stephensi. For example, under revised legislation in
Singapore, roof gutters are not permitted on buildings in new developments because they
are difficult to access and maintain. Moreover, property owners are required to remove
existing gutters on their premises if they are unable to maintain them satisfactorily.
Built Environment
A built environment is developed in order to satisfy residents' requirements. Human
needs can be physiological or social and are related to security, respect, and self-expression.
People want their built environment to be aesthetically attractive and to be in an accessible
place with a well-developed infrastructure, convenient communication access, and good
roads, and the dwelling should also be comparatively cheap, comfortable, with low
maintenance costs, and have sound and thermal insulation of walls. People are also
interested in ecologically clean and almost noiseless environments, with sufficient
relaxation options, shopping, fast access to work or other destinations, and good
relationships with neighbors.
Monitoring and evaluation are closely related. Monitoring, which is done at the
implementation phase, compares the actual progress (of the implementation of the
program) against what was planned. The purpose of monitoring is to identify deviations or
problems so that corrective actions or interventions can be instituted immediately. This
implies reporting to appropriate persona or offices at regular intervals.
Focus of Evaluation
There are three major foci of program evaluation: inputs, processes, and results or
outcomes, and these should be viewed within its context.
The program results output, effect, and impact correspond to the three levels of program
objectives: short term, intermediate or medium-term, and long term. Outputs are the
specific products or services which an activity is expected to produce from its inputs to
achieve its objectives (short term). The effects are the outcomes of the use of project
outputs (intermediate). The impact is the outcome of program effects and is an expression
of broader, long-range program objectives.
After one year, the evaluator can collect and analyze data on the program's outputs,
such as: number of fully immunized children, the number of sanitary toilets constructed and
the number of patients who completed their short-course chemotherapy. The effects of
these could be measured a few years later. With high program outputs, it is expected that
the incidence of tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, measles, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis
B, and diarrheal diseases will be reduced significantly. A program's long-term effect or
impact, such as an increase in the average life expectancy and improvement in life quality,
will manifest after a longer period of time.
Types of Evaluation
There are three types of evaluation:
Planning Evaluation: same as program monitoring. Planning Evaluation programs
are used to improve program performance by influencing immediate decisions about the
activities, especially how they can be re-planned and/or improved. It enables the
assessment of: Who is being reached by the program; What information is reaching them;
Whether or not things are going according to plan; The need for change
Formative Evaluation: initial assessment in order to develop appropriate, effective
programs. The formative evaluation comprises of activities undertaken to furnish
information that will guide the design of health programs. Formative evaluation enables us
to assess: Who is most affected by the problem? ; What knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs
exist?; What is the level of access to services? ; What are the barriers to action?; What are
the communication habits and preferences? Common sources of data are: Monitoring data;
Existing epidemiologic and program reports; Interviews with program managers,
stakeholders; Baseline survey data of intended audience; Media rating data ; Service
statistics; Other program records
Summative or Impact Evaluation: examines specific program outcomes and
accomplishments. This is used to assess the program's success and judge its worth by
assessing its effectiveness in light of relevant problems. It enables the assessment of
whether the appropriate behaviors were realized, and these changes can be attributed to
the intervention.
Example:
Sample Evaluation Plan Format
What to Evaluate Data/Information Data collection Sources of Data/
and Evaluation Needed Methods/Tools Information
Indicators
3. Collect Relevant Data. The evaluator's primary aim is the generation of accurate
and reliable data. Prior to actual data collection, data collection methods and tools
should be field-tested, and data collectors should be trained.
4. Analyze Data. Evaluators should assess the quality of the data before they start
the analysis. What do the figures/ statistics mean? What do qualitative data reveal?
Depending on the type of evaluation being conducted. The main questions that
should be asked are: Is the program relevant? Is it progressing in accordance with
the program plan? Is it effective? What are the lessons that could be learned from
the program?
5. Make Decisions. If the intervention or program was effective and efficient, this
could be continued and/or applied to another client or group, given similar
circumstances. If the program is not relevant, the evaluator should recommend its
modification.
6. Report/ Give Feedback. The result of the program evaluation should be submitted
to local authorities such as mayor, chair of the Sangguniang Bayan committee on
health, and to the Local Health Board. It should be noted that these are the key
decision-makers in the local health system. An executive summary should be
prepared for them. It should contain a brief description of the focus and procedures
of the evaluation, summary, and interpretation of evaluation results, conclusions,
and recommendations. The nurse and other health workers must be prepared to
make a presentation to the Sangguniang Bayan or to the Local Health Board. If the
nurse will be asked to make a presentation, you must prepare good visual aids. A
good written report and an impressive oral presentation can influence decision-
makers positively.
Example:
Sample Format
Executive Summary of Program Evaluation
Brief Description:
Focus/Coverage/Objectives:
Procedures:
Conclusions:
Recommendations:
Fact – information about clients and their care must be factual. A record should
contain descriptive, objective information about what a nurse sees, hears, feels, and smells.
Accuracy – information must be accurate so that health team members have confidence in it
Completeness – the information within a record or a report should be complete, containing
concise and thorough information about a client's care. Concise data are easy to understand.
Currentness – ongoing decisions about care must be based on currently reported
information. Organization – the nurse communicates in a logical format or order.
Confidentiality – confidential communication is information given by one person to another
with trust and confidence that such information will not be disclosed.
References
Zenaida U. Famorca, Mary A. Nieves, Melanie McEwen (2013).Nursing Care of the
Community. Elsevier Singapore
Araceli S. Maglaya (2004). Nursing Practice in the Community. 4thEdition. Argonauta
Corporation Philippines
Frances Prescilla l. Cuevas (2007). Public Health Nursing in the Philippines 10th edition.
National League of Philippine Government Nurses, Incorporated. Philippines
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/agriculture/different-ways-of-collecting-primary-
data/44384
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/agriculture/different-ways-of-collecting-primary-
data/44384
Assessing Learning_______________________________________
a. Reflection
Activity 10
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:
Directions: Collect data on population, location, and social systems on your own
barangay. Present it using methods you have learned in this unit. Use another sheet of
paper if necessary.
b. Post Test
Activity 11
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section: Score:
Directions: Encircle the correct answer
4. In this method, the nurse asks questions gen-erally in a face to face contact. This
method obtained more and reliable information. Personal information can be obtained
easily under this method.
a. Observation
b. Survey
c. Personal interview
d. Community Forum
6. In this method data means data that are already available i.e., they refer to the
data which have already been collected and analyzed by someone else
a. Primary Data
b. Secondary Data
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
7. One of the most commonly used types of graph and are used to display and
compare the number, frequency or other measure (e.g. mean) for different
discrete categories or groups. The graph is constructed such that the heights or
lengths of the different bars are proportional to the size of the category they
represent.
a. Bar Graph
b. Line Graph
c. Pie Chart
d. Histogram
8. This is a special form of bar chart where the data represent continuous rather
than discrete categories. For example, it could be used to present details of the
average number of hours exercise carried out by people of different ages because
age is a continuous rather than a discrete category
a. Bar Graph
b. Line Graph
c. Pie Chart
d. Histogram
9. These are a visual way of displaying how the total data are distributed between
different categories. The example here shows the proportional distribution of
visitors between different types of tourist attractions.
a. Bar Graph
b. Line Graph
c. Pie Chart
d. Histogram
10. These are usually used to show time series data – that is how one or more
variables vary over a continuous period of time
a. Bar Graph
b. Line Graph
c. Pie Chart
d. Histogram
Learning Objectives__________________________________
Upon completion of this unit, I am able to:
MOTIVATIONAL ACTIVITY
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section:
Directions: Write a least five sentences that describe the pictures below.
Pretest
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:
Directions: Encircle the correct answer
1. It is a lot like orientation day at college or a new job. You could even compare it
to going out on a first date. The team has just been introduced, and everyone is
overly polite and pleasant.
a. Forming stage
b. Storming Stage
c. Norming Stage
d. None of the above
3. In this stage, members start to notice and appreciate their team members'
strengths. Groups begin to settle into a groove. Everyone is contributing and
working as a cohesive unit.
a. Forming stage
b. Storming Stage
c. Norming Stage
d. None of the above
4. In this stage, members are confident, motivated, and familiar enough with the
project and their team that they can operate without supervision. Everyone is on
the same page and driving full-speed ahead towards the final goal.
a. Forming stage
b. Storming Stage
c. Norming Stage
d. None of the above
Lesson Proper_____________________________________
Stages of Development
In 1965, a psychologist named Bruce Tuckman said that teams go through 5 stages
of development: forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. The stages start
from the time that a group first meets until the project ends.
The first stage of team development is forming, which is a lot like orientation day at
college or a new job. You could even compare it to going out on a first date. The team has
just been introduced, and everyone is overly polite and pleasant. Most are excited to start
something new and get to know the other team members at the start.
During this stage, you may discuss member's skills, background, and interests;
Project goals; Timeline; Ground rules; Individual roles.
As the group starts to familiarize themselves, roles and responsibilities will begin to
form. Team members need to develop relationships and understand what part each person
plays. But, because this stage focuses more on the people than on the work, your team
probably won't be very productive.
The next stage is storming. Have you ever reached the point in a relationship where
you become aware of a person's characteristics, and they frustrate or annoy you? Perhaps
they squeeze the toothpaste from the top of the tube instead of the bottom? Eat with their
mouth open? Or they listen to the same Drake song 15 times in a row?
Well, congrats, you've entered the storming stage. Being in a team is like being in a
relationship. At first, you may think someone is perfect and flawless. But then you realize
that they aren't. Once you're aware of their flaws, you either learn to embrace them or end
quickly. In the storming stage, the reality and weight of completing the task at hand have
now hit everyone. The initial feelings of excitement and the need to be polite have likely
worn off. Personalities may clash. Members might disagree over how to complete a task or
voice their concerns if they feel that someone isn't pulling their weight. They may even
question the authority or guidance of group leaders. But, it is important to remember that
most teams experience conflict. If you are the leader, remind members that disagreements
are normal. Some teams skip over the storming stage or try to avoid conflict at whatever
cost. Avoidance usually makes the problem grow until it blows up. So, recognize conflicts
and resolve them early on.
During the norming stage, people start to notice and appreciate their team
members' strengths. Groups begin to settle into a groove. Everyone is contributing and
working as a cohesive unit. Of course, you may still think that your tech guy's choice in
music is obnoxious. But, you also admire his knowledge of web design and coding skills, and
value his opinions on anything tech-related. Storming sometimes overlaps with norming. As
new tasks arise, groups may still experience a few conflicts. If you've already dealt with
disagreement before, it will probably be more comfortable to address this time.
If you've reached the fourth stage, pat yourself on the back. You're on your way to
success. In the performing stage, members are confident, motivated, and familiar enough
with the project and their team that they can operate without supervision. Everyone is on
the same page and driving full-speed ahead towards the final goal. The fourth stage is the
one that all groups strive to reach. Yet, some do not make it. They usually fail to overcome
conflict and can't work together.
In 1977, Tuckman added a fifth stage called adjourning. (Sadly, not a perfect rhyme.)
Once a project ends, the team disbands. This phase is sometimes known as mourning
because members have grown close and feel a loss now that the experience is over.
Helping members analyze the here and now experiences. The third intervention to
keep group analyze, negotiate, and resolve conflicts is to focus on the members' feelings and
experiences in the present moment, in the here and now. Essentially this intervention helps
members recognized, examine, and understand the "how" and "why" of interactions or
behavior soon after the group members experience them. Sample communications
techniques that shall help the facilitator initiate or utilize the here-and-now process
illumination include:
a) “Is there anything you can feel/say about how we are going through this
group experience?”
b) “Can we describe what’s happening to our group for the last few minutes?”
c) “What do you think are the reasons why we feel we are on a dead-end since
a few minutes ago?”
d) “How have we been discussing the issues? What re the feeling generated in
us by this group experience? Why do we feel this way?”
e) What insights can we derive from this experience? What are the implications
of our insights to help us identify alternatives?”
The facilitator can utilize structured exercises to help members experience conflict
and analyze the here-and-now event it brings. Instead of just task serving roles can be
incorporated, any number of the following self-serving roles can be added to the structured
exercise (Wilson and Kneisi 1979, p444)
effectively, the group may not be allowed to grow from the earlier stages or eventually
undergo dissolution.
The following are the nurse's general ideas on how to get started in partnership and
collaboration to work: The nurse must involve all the stakeholders in the process of forging
partnership and cooperation with the community. In working together, the nurse and the
community face risks together. It is important, therefore, that they need to know and trust
each other. Determine how each organization views the problem, how it is proposed to
solve the problem and how it perceives an organizational relationship can solve the
problem. Organizations should agree on the kind or level of relationship and formulate
ground rules that will become the basis for decision-making. The following are the most
important points: Listen to what each has to say. Points of agreement can only be reached if
there is an exchange of information. Take time to listen to people who voice different
opinions or concerns. Keep an open mind. Try to identify points of unity from diverse
opinions. Don't force organizations to give up their identities. Remember, organizations
work together for the common good. They do not work together just so they can outdo each
other.
References
Zenaida U. Famorca, Mary A. Nieves, Melanie McEwen (2013).Nursing Care of the
Community. Elsevier Singapore
Araceli S. Maglaya (2004). Nursing Practice in the Community. 4thEdition. Argonauta
Corporation Philippines
Frances Prescilla l. Cuevas (2007). Public Health Nursing in the Philippines 10th edition.
National League of Philippine Government Nurses, Incorporated. Philippines
https://toggl.com/stages-of-team-development/
Assessing Learning___________________________________
a. Reflection
Activity 13
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:
b. Post Test
Activity 14
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section: Score:
Directions: Encircle the correct answer
1. In this stage members are confident, motivated and familiar enough with the
project and their team that they can operate without supervision. Everyone is on
the same page and driving full-speed ahead towards the final goal.
a. Forming stage c. Norming Stage
b. Storming Stage d. None of the above
2. This phase is sometimes known as mourning because members have grown
close and feel a loss now that the experience is over.
a. Forming stage c. Norming Stage
b. Storming Stage d. None of the above
Learning Objectives__________________________________
Upon completion of this unit, I am able to:
MOTIVATIONAL ACTIVITY
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section:
Directions: Write at least five sentences that describe the picture below.
Pretest
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:
Directions: Encircle the correct answer
5. Factors affecting e-Health in the country includes all of the following except:
a. Limited health budget
b. The emergence of free and open source software
c. Decentralized government
d. None of the above
Lesson Proper______________________________________
E-Health
The World Health Organization defines eHealth as the use of information and
communication technologies for health. It supports the delivery of health services and
management of health systems to become more efficient and effective. eHealth is described
also as a means to ensure that "the right health information is provided to the right person
at the right place and time in a secure, electronic form to optimize the quality and efficiency
of health care delivery, research, education and knowledge. The application of information
and communication technologies in health has rapidly increased for the past years and
gained significance not only in the Department of Health but in the entire health sector. The
DOH has continuously addressed the challenges and demands to improve health care
service deliveries and outcomes further. Many countries have recognized the importance of
adopting information and communication technology in health, also called eHealth, to
optimize processes and improve data collection, processing, and analysis. The adoption of
ICT has provided a concrete foundation for health investments and innovations. Countries
have formulated their own eHealth agenda to establish direction and plan the necessary
steps to achieve their intended vision, mission, and goals.
According to WHO, e-health encompasses three main areas: (1) The delivery of
health information, for health professionals and health consumers, through the internet and
telecommunications. (2)Using the power of information technology and e-commerce to
improve public health services. (3)The use of e-commerce and e-business practices in
health systems management.
Nurses are knowledge managers. They constantly process raw patient data into
valuable information to deliver evidence-based and individualized interventions. The
healthcare system builds heavily on accurate recording of obtained data. Paper-based
methods may bring inconvenience, especially when it comes to interoperability of health
services, information back up, and instant data access. A number of bigger problems may
also emerge. Continuity and interoperability of care stops in the unlikely event that a record
gets misplaced. Illegible handwriting poses misinterpretation. Patient privacy is
compromised. Data are difficult to aggregate. Actual time for patient care gets limited
The nursing process begins with obtaining data through assessing the patient's
signs and symptoms. In order for the information to be valuable, data must have the
following characteristics (Abdelhak et al.,2012). Accuracy-this ensures that documentation
reflects the event as it happens. Accessibility- This data characteristic that ascertains data
availability should be the patient or any member of the healthcare staff's needs.
Comprehensiveness-data inputted should be complete. Consistency/ Reliability-having, no
discrepancies in data recorded, makes it consistent. Currency-all data must be up-to-date
and timely. Definition-data should be properly labeled and clearly defined.
The DOH has learned from the results of experimentation and early adoption phase
since 1988, the start of developing software for Field Health Services and Information
System, and has continuously developed or built other applications or information systems.
The use of ICTs in the DOH has remarkably supported and improved some of the
Department's functions. ICTs have been used in the areas of innovative technological
changes, networking, and infrastructure, office automation, development, and
implementation of computer-based systems. From the limited resources in terms of ICT
personnel and funds, the DOH Management has augmented the budget on ICT to accomplish
and support the ICT strategic goals and direction fully. Existing information systems and
data sources are being integrated or harmonized to eventually address other challenges like
establishing the DOH data warehouse, quality database, and establishing a more responsive
information system and access to and sharing knowledge products. For remote and
underserved areas and vulnerable populations, the DOH has implemented telemedicine in
selected pilot areas through the National Telehealth Center, National Institute for Health,
University of the Philippines, Manila. The DOH has also developed and implemented mobile
technology solutions in reporting cases through the Health Emergency Management Staff's -
Surveillance in Post Extreme Emergencies and Disasters (SPEED) with WHO support. There
are several mobile technology applications developed and for implementation, e.g. Text TB
for reporting inventory of tuberculosis drugs, maternal and neonatal death reporting, and
routine health data reporting.
By 2020 eHealth will enable widespread access to health care services, health
information, and securely share and exchange patients’ information in support to a safer,
quality health care, more equitable and responsive health system for all the Filipino people
by transforming the way information is used to plan, manage, deliver and monitor health
services.
Factors affecting e-Health in the country includes: Limited health budget. The
emergence of free and open source software. Decentralized government. Target users are
unfamiliar with the technology. Surplus of “digital native” registered nurse
eLearning
Health education, which is essential in health promotion and maintenance, can be facilitated
by ICT. eLearning is basically the use of electronic tools to aid in teaching. It can be done
synchronously, asynchronously, or in a combination of both. This can be in the form of
simple instructional videos and information text blast to social network help groups and
interactive simulations.
References
Zenaida U. Famorca, Mary A. Nieves, Melanie McEwen (2013).Nursing Care of the
Community. Elsevier Singapore
Araceli S. Maglaya (2004). Nursing Practice in the Community. 4thEdition. Argonauta
Corporation Philippines
Frances Prescilla l. Cuevas (2007). Public Health Nursing in the Philippines 10th edition.
National League of Philippine Government Nurses, Incorporated. Philippines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1761894/
http://ehealth.doh.gov.ph/#openModal11
Assessing Learning___________________________________
a. Reflection
Activity 16
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:
Directions: Write your answers in the space provided. You may use an extra sheet
of paper if necessary.
If you were to initiate ICT projects that can improve community health, what
features would be installed? What community health problems would it address?
How can you ensure that the target end users would use this technology? (100
words)
b. Post Test
Activity 17
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section: Score:
Directions: Encircle the correct answer
2. Factors affecting e-Health in the country includes all of the following except:
a. Limited health budget
b. The emergence of free and open source software
c. Decentralized government
d. None of the above
4. This is the nurse's role in eHealth wherein he/she monitors the trends of
disease through EMR, maintaining the quality of data inputted.
a. Data and records manager
b. Change agent
c. Educator
d. Client’s advocate
6. This is the nurse's role in eHealth, wherein he/she provides health education
to individuals and families through ICT tools.
a. Data and records manager
b. Change agent
c. Educator
d. Client’s advocate
7. This is the nurse's role in eHealth wherein he/she present the patient's case to
a remote medical specialist, noting salient points for case assessment, evaluation,
and treatment.
a. Client’s advocate
b. Educator
c. Telepresenter
d. Researcher
8. This is the nurse's role in eHealth wherein he/she safeguard the patient's
records, ensuring the security, and confidentiality and privacy of all patient
information are being upheld.
a. Client’s advocate
b. Educator
c. Telepresenter
d. Researcher
9. This is the nurse's role in eHealth wherein he/she is responsible for identifying
possible points for research and developing a framework based on the data
aggregated by the system.
a. Client’s advocate
b. Educator
c. Telepresenter
d. Researcher
10. All of the following statements about e-Health are correct except:
a. Data are readily mapped, enabling more targeted interventions and
feedback.
b. Data can be easily retrieved and recovered
c. Redundancy of data is minimized.
d. Resources are not used efficiently.
Learning Objectives__________________________________
Upon completion of this unit, I am able to:
1. enumerate and explain a community health nurse's role in the national and global
health care delivery system.
MOTIVATIONAL ACTIVITY
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section:
Directions: Write at least five sentences that relate to the picture below.
Pretest
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:
Directions: Encircle the correct answer
1. Nine out of ten people breathe polluted air every day. This statement is:
a. Correct
b. Incorrect
c. Neither
d. Don’t know the answer
2. The primary cause of air pollution (burning fossil fuels) is also a major
contributor to climate change. This statement is:
a. Correct
b. Incorrect
c. Neither
d. Don’t know the answer
3. In October 2018, WHO held its first ever Global Conference on Air Pollution
and Health in Geneva. This statement is:
a. Correct
b. Incorrect
c. Neither
d. Don’t know the answer
4. WHO will work with governments to help them meet the global target of
reducing physical inactivity by 15% by 2030 – through such actions as
implementing the ACTIVE policy toolkit to help get more people being active
every day. This statement is:
a. Correct
b. Incorrect
c. Neither
d. Don’t know the answer
5. Every year, WHO recommends which strains, should be included in the flu
vaccine to protect people from seasonal flu. This statement is:
a. Correct
b. Incorrect
c. Neither
d. Don’t know the answer
Lesson Proper_______________________________________
"national dengue epidemic." Receiving far less attention but no less significant,
tuberculosis—the "boring emergency"—continues to plague the country, with an estimated
591,000 cases and 26,000 deaths last year alone, earning for the country the unwelcome
distinction of ranking fourth globally in terms of TB incidence.
While much of the public’s attention concerned the dengue vaccine, the nature of the
disease means that it will require various actions from the personal to the national level
toward primary and secondary prevention—that is, mosquito control as well as access to
quality outpatient, emergency and inpatient care.
As for tuberculosis, Health Secretary Francisco Duque’s call for “not business as
usual” last year at the United Nations must be renewed, with particular attention given to
strengthening the role of primary care (including barangay health workers) in following up
patients, rethinking the “directly observed treatment, short-course” program, and
enhancing coordination between public and private health care providers.
HIV/AIDS. Despite increased public attention and the welcome visibility of people
living with HIV (PLHIV), the infection remains on the rise, even as efforts toward promoting
condom use and increasing testing remain inadequate. In absolute terms, HIV incidence
remains low, with the UNAIDS estimating a country total of 77,000 cases. However, the rate
of increase—174 percent over the past decade is among the world's highest. Moreover,
while the national incidence is relatively low, it is much higher in certain populations.
Unfortunately, buried in the stigma and lack of information is the fact that HIV is
both preventable and manageable. But we need to remove cultural, economic, bureaucratic,
and physical barriers to enable access to comprehensive education, confidential testing,
antiretrovirals, and pre-exposure prophylaxis—including for minors. RA 11166 addresses
these concerns, but the government should strive for their full implementation if we are to
arrest this trend.
Global Health
The world is facing multiple health challenges. These range from outbreaks of
vaccine-preventable diseases like measles and diphtheria, increasing reports of drug-
resistant pathogens, growing rates of obesity and physical inactivity to the health impacts
of environmental pollution and climate change and multiple humanitarian crises.
To address these and other threats, 2019 sees the start of the World Health
Organization's new 5-year strategic plan – the 13th General Programme of Work. This plan
focuses on a triple billion target: ensuring 1 billion more people benefit from access to
universal health coverage, 1 billion more people are protected from health emergencies,
and 1 billion more people enjoy better health and well-being. Reaching this goal will require
addressing the threats to health from a variety of angles.
Here are 10 of the many issues that will demand attention from WHO and health
partners in 2019:
Vaccine Hesitancy
Vaccine hesitancy – the reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite the availability of
vaccines – threatens to reverse progress made in tackling vaccine-preventable diseases.
Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective ways of avoiding disease – it currently prevents
2-3 million deaths a year, and a further 1.5 million could be avoided if global coverage of
vaccinations improved. Measles, for example, has seen a 30% increase in cases globally.
The reasons for this rise are complex, and not all of these cases are due to vaccine hesitancy.
However, some countries that were close to eliminating the disease have seen a resurgence.
Dengue
Dengue, a mosquito-borne disease that causes flu-like symptoms and can be lethal
and kill up to 20% of those with severe dengue, has been a growing threat for decades. A
high number of cases occur in the rainy seasons of countries such as Bangladesh and India.
Now, its season in these countries is lengthening significantly (in 2018, Bangladesh saw the
highest number of deaths in almost two decades), and the disease is spreading to less
tropical and more temperate countries such as Nepal, that have not traditionally seen the
disease. An estimated 40% of the world is at risk of dengue fever, and there are around 390
million infections a year. WHO’s Dengue control strategy aims to reduce deaths by 50% by
2020.
HIV
The progress made against HIV has been enormous in terms of getting people
tested, providing them with antiretrovirals (22 million are on treatment), and providing
access to preventive measures such as a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP, which is when
people at risk of HIV take antiretrovirals to prevent infection). However, the epidemic
continues to rage with nearly a million people every year dying of HIV/AIDS. Since the
beginning of the epidemic, more than 70 million people have acquired the infection, and
about 35 million people have died. Today, around 37 million worldwide live with HIV.
Reaching people like sex workers, people in prison, men who have sex with men, or
transgender people is hugely challenging. Often these groups are excluded from health
services. A group increasingly affected by HIV are young girls and women (aged 15–24),
who are particularly at high risk and account for 1 in 4 HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa
despite being only 10% of the population.
References
Zenaida U. Famorca, Mary A. Nieves, Melanie McEwen (2013).Nursing Care of the
Community. Elsevier Singapore
Araceli S. Maglaya (2004). Nursing Practice in the Community. 4thEdition. Argonauta
Corporation Philippines
Frances Prescilla l. Cuevas (2007). Public Health Nursing in the Philippines 10th edition.
National League of Philippine Government Nurses, Incorporated. Philippines
https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170511005884/en/Philippines-
Transformational-Healthcare-Insights-2016-Current-Trends
https://opinion.inquirer.net/125981/public-health-challenges-for-2020-part-
i#ixzz6T7aISJDk
https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019
Assessing Learning___________________________________
a. Reflection
Activity 19
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:
Directions: Write tour answers in the space provided. You may use an extra sheet
of paper if necessary.
As a community health nurse student, how can you help your community in the
present health situation? (100 words)
b. Post Test
Activity 20
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section: Score:
Directions: Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is incorrect,
then encircle the word/ words that make the statement incorrect.
_____________1. Despite increased public attention and the welcome visibility of people
living with HIV (PLHIV), the infection remains on the rise, even as efforts toward
promoting condom use and increasing testing remain inadequate.
_____________2. The healthcare delivery system in the Philippines is dominated by the
public sector (regional, provincial, municipal, and barangay level) while being supported
by private healthcare service providers.
____________3. The private sector is playing a huge role in helping the government address
the gaps in healthcare services.
___________4. Republic Act No. 11223 is also known as the Universal Health Care Act
__________5. In 2019 a measles outbreak claimed the lives of over 560 Filipinos; several
months later, the re-emergence of polio—a disease that has been documented in the
country for decades—was announced.
__________6. Nine out of ten people breathe polluted air every day.
__________7. The primary cause of air pollution (burning fossil fuels) is also a major
contributor to climate change
_________8. Noncommunicable diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, and heart disease, are
collectively responsible for over 70% of all deaths worldwide, or 41 million people.
__________9. Resistance to tuberculosis drugs is a formidable obstacle to fighting a disease
that causes around 10 million people to fall ill, and 1.6 million to die every year.
_________10. Primary health care is usually the first point of contact people have with
their health care system, and ideally should provide comprehensive, affordable,
community-based care throughout life.
Learning Objectives__________________________________
Upon completion of this chapter, I am able to:
1. know and explain the Filipino culture, customs, traditions, values, traits, and beliefs
that will affect the delivery of health care to the community
MOTIVATIONAL ACTIVITY
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section:
Directions: Write at least five sentences that relate to the picture below.
Pretest
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:
Directions: Encircle the correct answer
4. The view that illness and suffering are the unavoidable and predestined will of
God, in which the patient, family members, and even the physician should not
interfere
a. Tiyaga
b. Lakas ng loob
c. Tatawanan ang problema
d. Bahala na
Lesson Proper______________________________________
Coping Styles
Coping styles common among elderly Filipino in times of illness or crisis include:
Patience and Endurance (Tiyaga): the ability to tolerate uncertain situations; Flexibility
(Lakas ng Loob): being respectful and honest with oneself; Humor (Tatawanan ang
problema): the capacity to laugh at oneself in times of adversity; Fatalistic Resignation
(Bahala Na): the view that illness and suffering are the unavoidable and predestined will of
God, in which the patient, family members and even the physician should not interfere;
Conceding to the wishes of the collective (Pakikisama) to maintain group harmony.
Indigenous traits common among elderly Filipino when faced with illness related to
mental conditions such as devastating shame (Hiya) and sensitivity to criticism (Amor
Propio)
Though such coping mechanisms, perceptions and traits may help elderly Filipino
adjust initially to their illnesses, these tactics also pose barriers and impede implementation
of necessary treatment intervention in a timely fashion.
References
Zenaida U. Famorca, Mary A. Nieves, Melanie McEwen (2013).Nursing Care of the
Community. Elsevier Singapore
Araceli S. Maglaya (2004). Nursing Practice in the Community. 4thEdition. Argonauta
Corporation Philippines
Frances Prescilla l. Cuevas (2007). Public Health Nursing in the Philippines 10th edition.
National League of Philippine Government Nurses, Incorporated. Philippines
https://nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/pender-health-promotion-model.php
en.wikepedia.org https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRECEDE%E2%80%93PROCEED_model
https://www.nasn.org/advocacy/professional-practice-documents/position-
statements/ps-role
Assessing Learning___________________________________
a. Reflection
Activity 22
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:
Directions: Write tour answers in the space provided. You may use an extra sheet
of paper if necessary.
What are the Filipino culture, traditions, customs and values, traits and beliefs
that your family members follow and how it affects the family's health (100
words)
b. Post Test
Activity 23
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section: Score:
1. The following are the Filipinos health beliefs and behaviors and theories of
illness except:
a. Mystical cause
b. Personalistic cause
c. Naturalistic cause
d. None of the above
6. The view that illness and suffering are the unavoidable and predestined will of
God, in which the patient, family members and even the physician should not
interfere
a. Tiyaga
b. Lakas ng loob
c. Tatawanan ang problema
d. Bahala na
9. Indigenous traits common among elderly Filipino when faced with illness
related to mental conditions such as devastating shame (Hiya) and sensitivity to
criticism (Amor Propio)
a. Correct
b. Incorrect
c. Neither
d. I don’t know the answer
10. This concept is central to Filipino self-care practices and is applied to all
social relationships and encounters. According to this principle, health is thought
to be a result of balance, while illness due to humoral pathology and stress is
usually the result of some imbalance.
a. Mystical cause
b. Personalistic cause
c. Naturalistic cause
d. Concept of balance (timbang)
Overview
Community health Nursing is the synthesis of nursing and public health practice
applied to promote and protect the health of the population. It combines all the basic
elements of professional, clinical nursing with public health and community practice. As
nurses of the 21st century, we have duties and responsibilities to keep a dynamic balance
with the ever-changing needs of the health of our society. This unit will explain the positive
qualities and values of a Community Health Nurse.
Learning Objectives__________________________________
Upon completion of this unit, I am able to:
1. identify and explain the personal attributes of a community health nurse; and
2. explain the professional competencies of a community health nurse.
MOTIVATIONAL ACTIVITY
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section:
Directions: Write at least five sentences that relate to the picture below.
Pretest
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:
Directions: Encircle the correct answer
1. The following are the personal attributes of a community health nurse except:
a. Good communication skills
b. Emotional Stability
c. Emphatic
d. Sympathic
2. These attributes include speaking and listening. Based on team and patient
feedback, they can problem-solve and effectively communicate with patients and
families.
a. Good communication skills
b. Emotional Stability
c. Emphatic
d. Sympathic
3. This attribute is the ability to accept suffering and death without letting it get
personal.
a. Good communication skills
b. Emotional Stability
c. Emphatic
d. Sympathic
4. In this attribute, nurses can feel compassion and provide comfort. But be
prepared for the occasional bout of compassion fatigue; it happens to the
greatest of nurses.
a. Good communication skills
b. Emotional Stability
c. Emphatic
d. Sympathic
5. Nurses are often required to work long periods of overtime, late or overnight
shifts, and weekends.
a. Good communication skills
b. Emotional Stability
c. Emphatic
d. Flexibility
Lesson Proper_______________________________________
Personal Attributes
A community health nurse should have good communication skills. Solid
communication skills are a basic foundation for any career. But for nurses, it's one of the
most important aspects of the job. A great nurse has excellent communication skills,
especially when it comes to speaking and listening. Based on team and patient feedback,
they can problem-solve and effectively communicate with patients and families. Nurses
always need to be on top of their game and make sure that their patients are clearly
understood by everyone else. A truly stellar nurse can advocate for her patients and
anticipate their needs.
A community health nurse should have emotional stability. Nursing is a stressful job
where traumatic situations are common. The ability to accept suffering and death without
letting it get personal is crucial. Some days can seem like non-stop gloom and doom. That's
not to say that there aren't heartwarming moments in nursing. Helping a patient recover,
reuniting families, or bonding with fellow nurses are special benefits of the job. A great
nurse can manage the stress of sad situations but also draws strength from the wonderful
outcomes that can and do happen.
A community health nurse should have empathy. Great nurses have empathy for the
pain and suffering of patients. They can feel compassion and provide comfort. But be
prepared for the occasional bout of compassion fatigue; it happens to the greatest of nurses.
Learn how to recognize the symptoms and deal with them efficiently. Patients look to
nurses as their advocates — the softer side of hospital bureaucracy. Being sympathetic to
the patient's hospital experience can go a long way in terms of improving patient care.
Sometimes, an empathetic nurse is all patients have to look forward to.
A community health nurse should be flexible. Being flexible and rolling with the
punches is a staple of any career, but it’s especially important for nurses. A great nurse is
flexible with regards to working hours and responsibilities. Nurses, like doctors, are often
required to work long periods of overtime, late or overnight shifts, and weekends. Know
that it comes with the territory.
A community health nurse should pay attention to detail. Every step in the medical
field is one that can have far-reaching consequences. A great nurse pays excellent attention
to detail and is careful not to skip steps or make errors. From reading a patient’s chart
correctly to remembering the nuances of a delicate case, there’ s nothing that should be left
to chance in nursing. When a simple mistake can spell tragedy for another’s life, attention to
detail can literally be the difference between life and death.
A community health nurse should have interpersonal skills. Nurses are the link
between doctors and patients. A great nurse has excellent interpersonal skills and works
well in a variety of situations with different people. They work well with other nurses,
doctors, and other members of the staff. Nurses are the glue that holds the hospital together.
Patients see nurses as a friendly face and doctors depend on nurses to keep them on their
toes.
A community health nurse should have physical endurance. Frequent physical tasks,
standing for long periods of time, lifting heavy objects (or people), and performing a
number of taxing maneuvers on a daily basis are staples of nursing life. It’s definitely not a
desk job. Always on the go, a great nurse maintains her energy throughout her shift,
whether she’s in a surgery or checking in on a patient. Staying strong, eating right, and
having a healthy lifestyle outside of nursing is important too!
A community health nurse should have problem solving skills. A great nurse can
think quickly and address problems as — or before — they arise.
A community health nurse should have a quick response. Nurses need to be ready to
respond quickly to emergencies and other situations that arise. Quite often, health care
work is simply the response to sudden incidences, and nurses must always be prepared for
the unexpected. Staying on their feet, keeping their head cool in a crisis, and a calm attitude
are great qualities in a nurse.
A community health nurse should be respectful. Respect goes a long way. Great
nurses respect people and rules. They remain impartial at all times and are mindful of
confidentiality requirements and different cultures and traditions.
Professional Competencies
The professional nurse, including the community health nurse, must demonstrate
competence in 11 key areas of responsibility as determined by the Committee on Core
Competency Standards Development for the Board of Nursing of the Philippines and the
Commission on Higher Education Technical Committee on Nursing Education (2005). The
Nursing Core Competency Standards were revised in 2012, building on the same set of key
areas of responsibility. The following are the key areas of responsibility: (1) Safe and quality
nursing knowledge, a nurse must have knowledge of health and illness status of the client,
sound decision making, safety, comfort and privacy of the client, priority setting based on
client's needs, administration of medications and health therapeutics, and use of the nursing
process. (2) Management of resources and environment, organizational workload, use of
financial resources for client care, the mechanism to ensure the proper functioning of
equipment, and maintenance of a safe environment. (3) Health Education, assessment of
client's learning needs, development of health education plan and learning materials, and
implementation and evaluation of the health education plan. (4) Legal responsibility,
adherence to the nursing law, and other relevant laws. (5) Ethicomoral responsibility,
respect for the rights of the client, responsibility, and accountability for own decisions and
actions, and adherence to the international and national code of ethics for nurses. (6)
Personal and professional development, identification of own learning needs; pursuit of
continuing education, involvement in professional and civic activities. (7) Quality
improvement, data gathering for quality improvement, participation in nursing audits, and
rounds. (8) Research, research-based formulation of a solution to problems in client care
and dissemination and application of research findings. (9) Records management, accurate
updated documentation of client care while observing legal imperatives in record keeping.
(10) Communication, during interactions with clients and co-workers, uses therapeutic
communication techniques for the establishment of rapport, identifies verbal and nonverbal
cues, and responds to clients' needs. (11) Collaboration and teamwork, the establishment of
a collaborative relationship with colleagues and other members of the healthcare team.
References
Zenaida U. Famorca, Mary A. Nieves, Melanie McEwen (2013).Nursing Care of the
Community. Elsevier Singapore
Araceli S. Maglaya (2004). Nursing Practice in the Community. 4thEdition. Argonauta
Corporation Philippines
Frances Prescilla l. Cuevas (2007). Public Health Nursing in the Philippines 10th edition.
National League of Philippine Government Nurses, Incorporated. Philippines
Assessing Learning___________________________________
a. Reflection
Activity 25
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:
Directions: Write tour answers in the space provided. You may use an extra sheet of
paper if necessary.
What are your personal attributes that will contribute to you working as a community
health nurse? Explain. (100 words)
b. Post Test
Activity 26
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section: Score:
Directions: Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is incorrect
and encircle the word/words that make the statement incorrect. The following are the
key areas of responsibility based on the Nursing Core Competency Standard.
___________1. Safe and quality nursing knowledge, a nurse must have knowledge of the
health and illness status of the client, sound decision making, safety.
___________2.Management of resources and environment, organizational workload, use of
financial resources for client care, a mechanism to ensure the proper functioning of
equipment, and maintenance of a safe environment.
___________3.Health Education, assessment of client’s learning needs, development of
health education plan and learning materials, and implementation and evaluation of the
health education plan.
____________4. Legal responsibility, adherence to the nursing law and other relevant laws.
____________5. Ethicomoral responsibility, respect for the rights of the client, responsibility
and accountability for own decisions and actions and adherence to the international and
national code of ethics for nurses
____________6. Personal and professional development, identification of own learning
needs; pursuit of continuing education, involvement in professional and civic activities.
___________7. Records management, accurate updated documentation of client care while
observing legal imperatives in record keeping
__________8. Uses therapeutic communication techniques for establishment of rapport,
identifies verbal and non-verbal cues and responds to clients’ needs.
___________9. Collaboration and teamwork, the establishment of a collaborative
relationship with colleagues and other members of the healthcare team.
__________10. Research-based formulation of solution to problems in client care and
dissemination and application of research findings.
Overview
Community-based entrepreneurship is considered to be an important instrument
for the realization of potential among marginal and deprived communities isolated from the
mainstream economy and is important in bringing social upliftment. Cultural values, shared
resources, linkages, and mutual trust work for the community, nurtured through close
personal relations for the functioning of economic activities. Entrepreneurial activities
creating local public goods for a community have a comparative advantage over the
absolute market-oriented activities
Learning Objectives_________________________________
Upon completion of this unit, I am able to:
MOTIVATIONAL ACTIVITY
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section:
Directions: Write at least five sentences that relate to the picture below.
Pretest
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section:
Directions: Encircle the correct answer
2. Projects can cover almost anything, including the most obvious section of
concern to any community, the welfare element. This statement is:
a. Correct
b. Incorrect
c. Neither
d. I don’t know the answer
Lesson Proper_______________________________________
To alleviate poverty, development agencies and multinational organizations have
been greatly involved in interventions in the developing world for many decades. It has
been observed that the most widely adopted approaches have often been paternalistic, even
if unintentionally, while ignoring the strength of local institutions (Davis 1993). Most of the
poverty alleviation programs have degenerated into "charity" rather than building the local
and durable self-reliance (Burkey, 1993). It is evident that the real effect of developmental
interventions has been compromising with respect to community development and
eventually contributes to the creation of real poverty rather than alleviation (Cornwall
1998; Crewe, and Harrison 1998; Sachs 1992).
Community-based Project
A community project is a term applied to any community-based project. This covers
a wide variety of different areas within a community or a group of network entities. Projects
can cover almost anything, including the most obvious section of concern to any
community, the welfare element. Welfare community projects would for example be, a
locally run and locally funded orphanage; a Christmas dinner kitchen for the homeless.
Another important sector of importance to the community would be charity. Charitable
projects in the community can include but are not limited to, ecological charities concerned
with either the maintenance of green spaces, or in some cases, the prevention of the
reduction/removal of green spaces.. Most economic community projects are designed at
creating some sort of economic autonomy. It begins when a small collection of motivated
individuals within a community come together with a shared concern: how can our
community respond to the challenges, and opportunities, of peak oil and climate change.
Wellness Clinics
The term wellness refers to the well-being of the person. It is not, therefore,
exclusively linked to aesthetic treatments but also to a new way of approaching the life of
each client. It is a joint effort, both by the clinic that offers its services and by the person
who requires them.
An establishment focused on holistic wellness will provide you with: (1) Specific
treatments to suit your needs. The first step is to visit a specialist to assess your physical
condition and, specifically, what you need. You may prefer to control your weight and to
eliminate accumulated toxins, to better control your stress, to rejuvenate or to simply
recover after a long period of activity. (2)Total integration with the method, diet, exercises,
and programmed activities are always tailored to respect the needs and conditions of each
person. The method includes a more balanced diet, an exercise program, and continuous
check-ups with our doctors and complementary activities such as visits of specialists. (3)
Preventive medicine. It is essential to anticipate a disease and to avoid it. The use of an up to
date and efficient medication prepare your body ready so that your stay in the clinic can be
revulsive that will enable you to face a new stage in your life. (4)Necessary concentric
aspects, the services of these clinics make up a large circle of which other concentric circles
take part. We are referring to genetic medicine to delay aging, aesthetic medicine, internal
balance, the changing of habits, natural therapies, improving your nutrition, cognitive
stimulation, or fitness. (5)The quest for physical and mental balance, it is, possibly, the pillar
of this type of establishments. Physical ailments are the reflection of some mental problems
and vice versa. The choice of treatments and disciplines to achieve your own balance is
essential in achieving success.
References
https://shawellnessclinic.com/en/shamagazine/wellness-clinic-what-is-it/
Assessing Learning___________________________________
a. Reflection
Activity 28
Name: Score:
Course/Year/Section: Date:
Directions: Write tour answers in the space provided. You may use an extra sheet of
paper if necessary.
Think of an entrepreneurial project that can be applied to your barangay that will solve a
certain health problem. What are the objectives of your project? How are you going to
sustain the project?
b Post Test
Activity 29
Name: Date:
Course/Year/Section: Score:
Directions: Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is incorrect
and encircle the word/words that make the statement incorrect. The following are the
key areas of responsibility based on the Nursing Core Competency Standard.
_______________1. Community based projects cover a wide variety of different areas within
a community or a group of networking entities and refer to any project within the
community.
_______________2. Community based projects begins when a small collection of motivated
individuals within a community come together with a shared concern.
_______________3. Most economic community projects are designed at creating some sort of
economic autonomy.
_______________ 4. Wellness clinics are a joint effort, both by the clinic that offers its
services and by the person who requires them.
_______________5. An establishment focused on holistic wellness will provide you with
specific treatments to suit your needs.
______________6. An establishment focused on holistic wellness will provide you total
integration with the method, diet, exercises, and programmed activities that are always
tailored to respect the needs and conditions of each person.
_____________7. An establishment focused on holistic wellness will provide you preventive
medicines, it is essential to anticipate a disease and to avoid it.
____________8. An establishment focused on holistic wellness will provide you quest for
physical and mental balance.
___________9. Community based projects can cover almost anything, including the most
obvious section of concern to any community, the welfare element.
__________10. The choice of treatments and disciplines to achieve your own balance is
essential in achieving success.
I acknowledge that I received the course plan for NCM 113 COMMUNITY HEALTH
NURSING II
I have read the course plan and I understand the remote learning policies, instructions,
expectations and rules (e.g. online submission of requirements, downloading of digital
references, attendance, and attitude and grading system) as stated in the course plan of this
course.
If I have any questions or concerns, I will contact and consult my instructors for further
explanation.
I understand that I am responsible to complete the online assignments, assigned class
presentations, skills performance via video, quizzes and outputs by the due dates.
I agree to be prepared for and attend class on each scheduled meeting.
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course deals with concept, principles, theories and techniques in the care of
population groups and communities utilizing community organizing strategies toward
health promotion, disease prevention, restoration and maintenance, and rehabilitation and
community development. The learners are expected to provide safe, appropriate and
holistic nursing care to clients utilizing the community health nursing process..
COURSE CREDIT: 2 units Lecture /18 weeks/ 36 hours; 2 Hours/Week
SEMESTER SCHEDULE: Additional readings will be assigned as necessary. This schedule
may be modified or change to fit the needs of the class.
E . Different Fields
1.School Health Nursing
2.Occpational Health Nursing
3.Community Mental Health Nursing
d. Disease Registries
e. Census Data
Methods to Present Community Data
C. Community Diagnosis
- Definition
- Types
- Steps in conducting community diagnosis
1. Types
a. Traditional
b. Participatory Action
c. Research (PAR)
2. Schemes in Stating Community Diagnosis
a. NANDA
7th- 8th week b. Shuster and Goppingen
c. Omaha System
F. Environmental Sanitation
1. Health and Sanitation
2. Water and Supply Sanitation
3. Proper Excreta
4. Disposal
5. Food and Safety
6. Vermin and Vector Control
7. Built Environment
G. Documentation and Reporting
13th week 1. Family Health records
2. Community Profile
Working with Groups Towards Community Development
A. Definition of e-health
- Storage
- Retrieval
15th week
- Transmittal
B. Power of Data in Information
C. e-Health Situation in the Philippines
D. Using e-Health in the community
Roles of the Community Health Nurse in e-Health
Current Trends in Public Health: Global and National
Role of a Community Health Nurse in the National and Global Health Care
Delivery System
16th week
Delivery the Health Care to the Filipino Family and Community
A. Filipino Culture
B. Filipino Customs and Traditions
C. Filipino Values, Traits and Beliefs
17th week Positive Qualities and Values of a Community Health Nurse
A. Personal Attributes
Professional Competencies
CLASS POLICIES:
1. Attendance will be subjected to the guideline and protocols of the IATF and DOH, as
well as CHED.
2. Maximum participation is expected in all activities.
3. At all instances, respect for classmates and instructors are expected. Observe proper
decorum even as a netizen.
4. It is expected that all outputs be submitted on time on the designated dates.
5. Anyone violating these policies will be subjected to the Guidance Office for
disciplinary action.
6. All general policies of the College of Nursing and the University will also be
implemented as part of the policies for this course.
GRADING SYSTEM:
GIRLIE DL TAYAO,MAN, RN
ZUZETTE B. CATABONA, MAN, RN DR. JEAN N. GUILLASPER, RN
CECILLE L. ALDAY, MAN, RN,LPT