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Science
Quarter 4 - Module 5 & 6
SEASONS

JOHN RHYAN A. CABASAN

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

MODULE
TILTED EARTH AND
5
ITS POSITION

The Earth moves mainly in two ways: it spins on its axis and
goes around the Sun, and as the Earth spins around the Sun, the
Moon also revolves around the Earth. Can you imagine all these
“motions” happening at the same time? It is a fantastic thing that
we do not feel that the Earth is moving. In reality, the planet is LEARNING
speeding around the Sun at 30 kilometers each second.
OBJECTIVES
In this module, you are going to
But even if we do not actually see the Earth or Moon moving, we
learn about the relation of the
can observe the effects of their motion. For example, because the
season to the position of the sun
Earth rotates, we experience day and night. As the Moon goes in the sky and causes of seasons
around the Earth, we see changes in the Moon's appearance. In in the Philippines (S7ES-IVh-9)
this module, you will learn that the motions of the Earth and
Moon have other effects. Read on and find out why. After this module, you are
expected to:
1. Relate the tilt of the earth to
the length of Daytime; and the
length of Daytime to the
amount of energy received.
2. Explain the position of the
Earth in its orbit to the height
of the Sun in the sky.
3. Distinguish the height of
the Sun in the sky to the
amount of energy received.
 Activity 1: Where is the Sun in the Sky?
Materials Needed:
• pencil
• crayons

Procedure:
1. Arrange the position of the sun in the correct sequence based on:
a. time
b. angle
c. height
Arrange and draw your answer in the box below. One answer is already provided for you and served
as a guide.

Q.1. What is the position of the sun at 12:00 noon on earth?

Answer: ___________________________

Q.2 At what angle does the sun have at 3:00 p.m. on earth?
Answer: ___________________________

Q.3 Explain the relationship between the height and the angle of the sun as observed in the earth?
Answer: _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

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 Activity 2: Length of Day and Night
Materials Needed:
• Record of sunrise and sunset

Procedure:
1. Given the data of sunrise and sunset, get the average and fill up the table below. Then draw four
bar graphs of the data below. The time of sunrise and sunset on four different days of a year in the
Philippines is given in Table. For each given date, darken the space from the left and up to sunrise
time. Also darken spaces from sunset time to midnight.

Figure 1 Graph on the length of day and night

Q.1. On which of the four dates is daytime longest (or nighttime shortest)?
Answer: ___________________________

Q.2 On which of the four dates is nighttime longest (or daytime shortest)?
Answer: ___________________________

Consider the data in table 1 as representative of the gradual changes in length of days and nights that
takes place as months pass by. The changes are similar for the succeeding years.
Q3. From December 22 to June 21, is the length of daytime increasing or decreasing?
Answer: ___________________________
Q4. From June to December 22, is the length of daytime increasing or decreasing?
Answer: ___________________________

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EARTH IN ITS HEIGHT OF THE ORBIT TO THE SUN
IN THE SKY
Earth's rotation or spin is the rotation of planet Earth around in its own axis. (See figure 2) Earth rotates
once in about 24 hours with respect to the Sun. At the same time the earth spins on its axis it also orbits,
revolves around the Sun. The movement of the earth around the sun which takes 365.25 days to
complete is called Revolution.

Figure 2 The Height of the Sun in the sky

The Rotation of the earth around the sun is the basis for understanding other solar system patterns that
relate today and night and the length of the Day.

You probably think that daytime and nighttime are always equal. But you can infer from the activity 2
and Figure 1 that the length of daytime changes from month to month. When the North Pole is tilted
23.5 degree toward the Sun, (See figure 3) Daytime will be longer than nighttime in the Northern
Hemisphere. Tilt is the angle of inclination of the earth which is equal to 23. 5 degrees and which makes
it somewhat slanting.

Figure 3 Sun rays affects the Day and Night of the Earth

The drawing (figure 4) shows the location of the earth at different times of the year. Note that the axis
of the Earth is not vertical: it is tilted.

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 Figure 4 Location of the Earth different times of the year

The letter “N” refers to the North Pole (northern hemisphere) while “S” refers to the South Pole
(southern hemisphere).

And this is how it looks like the Position of the Sun based on the time, angle, and height.

Figure 5 Position of the sun based on the time, angle, and height

The figures below show how the Earth oriented with respect to the Sun during month of June, March,
September, and December in the Philippine Setting.

• In June, the Northern Hemisphere faces

the sun.
• Length of daytime is longer than
nighttime.
• More energy is received making the place
warmer.

Figure 6 Position of the earth during the month of June

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 • In September, same amount of energy is received
because the length of daytime and nighttime are
equal.

Figure 7 Position of the earth during

the month of September

• In December, the Northern

Hemisphere is tilted away from the
sun.
• The length of daytime is shorter than
the night.
• The amount of energy received is
lesser, making the place colder.
Figure 8 Position of the earth during the month of December

• In March, daytime is as long as the night.

• The Philippines is located at 40º to 220º N latitude. The
vertical rays sweep over the country twice a year.
• In the Philippines, the longest daytime is in June and the
shortest daytime is in December.

Figure 9 Position of the earth during

the month of March

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 WHAT’S THE ANGLE GOT TO DO WITH IT?
Direct rays means that the rays of the sun hit the ground at 90 degrees. The rays are vertical or
perpendicular to the ground. When the sun’s rays strike the ground at a high angle, each square meter
of the ground receives a greater amount of solar energy than when the rays inclined (See figure 10). On
the other hand, when the Sun’s rays come in at an oblique angle, each square meter of the ground will
receive a lesser amount of solar energy. That’s because at lower the angles, solar energy distributed
over a wide area. The place will then experience less heating up (See figure 11).

Figure 10 In the tropics, the warm season is due to the Sun’s Figure 11 The cold season is the result of the Sun’s rays striking the
rays hitting the ground directly. To an observer, the position ground at a lower angle. To an observer, the Sun at midday will not be
of the Sun at noon will be exactly overhead. directly above; it will be lower in the sky.

Activity 3: Let’ s See What Have You Learned

Directions: Write True if the statement is correct and write False if the statement is incorrect.

Statement True or False

1. Earth rotates once in about 24 hours with respect to the Sun.
2. Early morning sun is as intense as mid- day or late afternoon sun.
3. When the North Pole is tilted 23.5 degree toward the Sun, Daytime will be
longer.
4. Daytime and nighttime are always equal.
5. In March, daytime is as long as the night
6. As the Earth orbits the Sun, the orientation of the Earth stays unstable
7. The axis of the earth is usually vertical and sometimes tilted.
8. In June, the Northern Hemisphere directly faces the sun.
9. The rays are vertical or perpendicular to the ground as the earth rotate on its
axis.
10. The cold season is the result of the sun’s rays striking the ground at a higher
angle.

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ASSESSMENT
Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer

1. A kind of rays are vertical or perpendicular 6. Which is true about the axis of the Earth?
to the ground. A. The axis of the Earth is tilted.
A. oblique rays B. The axis of the Earth is vertical.
B. direct rays C. The axis of the Earth is perpendicular to the
C. sun rays earth’s planar revolution around the sun.
D. UV rays D. The earth spin on its axis and rotates in 12
hours.
2. A kind of rays that strike the ground at a
high angle, each square meter of the ground
receives a greater amount of solar energy than 7. This refers to the inclination of the earth
when the rays are inclined. which is equal to 23.5 degrees which makes
A. oblique rays the earth somewhat slanting in position.
B. direct rays A. revolution
C. sun rays B. tilt
D. UV rays C. rotation
D. sun’s rays
3. How does revolution cause change in the
seasons? 8. When direct rays of the sun hit the northern
A. by changing the position of the hemisphere hemisphere, what month would this be
facing the sun exhibited?
B. by having the occurrence of day and night A. December
C. by rotating on its axis B. September
D. by receiving uneven angles at which the C. June
sun’s ray strikes D. March

4. Why is it summer in the Southern 9. Only one hemisphere receives direct rays
Hemisphere when it is winter in the Northern from the sun. This is so because:
Hemisphere? A. the earth is round
A. The Southern Hemisphere is closest to the B. the earth is big
sun C. the earth is shifted horizontally
B. The Southern Hemisphere receiving the D. the earth is tilted
most direct rays from the sun
C. The Southern Hemisphere has a path of 10. During what specific months do we
warm winds from the North experience a cold climate in the Philippines?
D. The Southern Hemisphere balances out the A. February to September
temperatures in Earth B. December to February
C. August to November
5. Why does the air temperature rise in the D. October to December
summer?
A. We are closer to the sun 11. The length of time between sunrise and
B. The sun's rays are more direct, and days are sunset
longer A. day length
C. The amount of daytime is reduced in the B. long sunset
summer C. day short
D. The amount of nighttime is reduced in the D. solstice
summer

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12. What effect does the tilting of the earth 13. What causes day and night?
have? A. revolution of the earth
A. When the Earth is tilted away from the sun, B. orbit of the earth
we have day. C. moon blocks the sun
B. When the Earth is tilted away from the sun, D. rotation of the earth
we have night.
C. It changes the angle that the Sun strikes the 14.How long does it take for the earth to rotate
Earth in different land areas. around the sun?
D. It causes the Earth to be farther away from A. 365.90 days
the Sun at Different times of the year. B. 365.25 days
C. 365 days
D. about 365.75 days

15. How long does earth’s rotation last?

A. about 1 hour
B. 90 hours
C. 24 hours
D. 24 1/2 hours
PERFORMANCE TASK
Fill Me Up!
Directions: Fill in the table below, on the first column Draw the figures how the Earth oriented with
respect to the Sun on the given month by the second column and write the description on the third
column.
Draw the position of the Earth with respect
Month Description
to the position of the Sun

June

September

December

March

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MODULE 6
SEASONS IN EARTH’S
LATITUDES

The Earth's shape is described as an oblate spheroid; because of

its spherical shape, solar energy is uneven. The Earth revolves in
its orbit in a counterclockwise manner. As the Earth rotates
around the Sun, the Sun's rays seem to sweep from a northerly
direction to southward and back within the year, causing the
LEARNING
alternate change in the slanting and vertical ray’s position of the OBJECTIVES
Sun. In this module, you are going to
learn about the relationship of the
latitude of an area to the amount
of energy the area receives and
the tilt of the Earth and the
seasons (S7ES-IVh-9)

After this module, you are

expected to:
1. Explain how the latitude of an
area affects the amount of
energy it receives.
2. Relate how the tilt of the Earth
causes the change in seasons.
Activity 4: Light it up!
Materials Needed:
• flashlight
• clay or paper or other materials that can be
molded into a ball
• pen

Procedure:
1. Mold the clay or your paper into a ball around Figure 12 Setup for Activity 4
the middle of the pen., draw an equator around
the ball. (See the picture on the right for your reference.)

2. Turn on the Flashlight. Hold the pen with the end cap pointing to the right at about 30ºangle from
the vertical.

3. The mobile phone flashlight represents the Sun; focus the light on the right side of the ball of clay

Q1. How does the sunlight strike the tilted Earth?

Answer: __________________________________________________________________________

Q2. Which hemisphere receives more energy?

Answer: ___________________________________________________________________

Q3. How could this leaning affect the energy from the sun on particular places?
Answer: ___________________________________________________________________

Activity 5: On Point!
Directions: Refer to the diagram below. Answer the questions briefly.

Q1. Which part of the Earth receives the most solar energy?
Answer: ______________________________________

Q2. Which part of the earth receives the least solar energy?
Answer: __________________________________

Q3. How does latitude relate with the solar energy received?
Answer: ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
THE SUN’S RAYS AND LATITUDE
Various parts of Earth's surface receive different amounts of sunlight. The Sun's rays strike Earth's
surface mostly direct at the equator. This focuses the rays on a small area. Since the rays hit more
directly, the area is heated more. Take a closer look at the figure below. Observe that the Earth is tilted
on its axis; because of these, the Sun's rays strike the surface at an incline or slant direction at the poles;
they are less focused. This made the rays to spread over a wide area. Because the Sun's rays hit/strike
at a slant, the area is heated less. The less focused the rays are, the less energy an area receives, and the
cooler it is; the more focused the rays are, the more energy an area receives and the warmer it is.

Figure 13 Solar energy and Latitude

The tilt of the Earth causes various areas to receive various measures of energy from the Sun. The
difference in solar energy received at different latitudes drives atmospheric circulation. Those places
that get lesser solar energy have less heat. Those Places that get more solar energy have more heat
received. The air above the areas that receives more heat rises and warms up. The air over the areas
that receives less heat is cooler, and so it sinks. The rising warm air and sinking cool air create wind,
which moves air and heat around the planet.

Activity 6: Why do the Seasons Change?

Materials Needed:
• Figure 13 to 15

Procedure:
1. Study Figure 13 carefully. It shows the Earth at various areas along its circle around the Sun. Note
that the hub of Earth isn’t opposite to its plane of circle; it is shifted. The letter “N” alludes toward the
North Pole, while “S” alludes toward the South Pole.

Figure 13 Earth’s location at different times of the year. Take note that the axis of Earth is not vertical; it is tilted or shifted.
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Q1. In which month is the North Pole shifted toward the Sun– in December or June?
Answer: ______________________________

Q2. In which month is the North Pole tilted or shifted away from the Sun– in December or June?
Answer: ______________________________

2. Study Figure 14 carefully. It shows how the Earth is oriented with respect to the Sun during the
month of June.

Figure 14 Where do direct rays from the Sun fall in June?

Q3. In June, which hemisphere receives straight/direct rays from the Sun– the Northern Hemisphere
or Southern Hemisphere?
Answer: ______________________________

3. Study Figure 15 carefully. It shows how the Earth is oriented with respect to the Sun during the
month of December.

Figure 15 Where do direct rays from the Sun fall in December?

Q4. In December, which hemisphere receives direct rays from the Sun- the Southern Hemisphere
or Northern Hemisphere?
Answer: ______________________________

Look at Figure 13 again. Take note that the axis of the Earth is not vertical to the plane of its orbit; it is
tilted from the perpendicular by 23.5 degrees. What is the effect of this tilt or shift?

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In June, the North Pole is shifted or tilted toward the Sun. Naturally, the Northern Hemisphere will
also be tilted toward the Sun. Direct rays from the Sun will be received by the Northern Hemisphere.
(Figure. 2). When the Sun’s rays hit the ground straight/directly, the place will become hotter/warmer
than when the rays are slanted/oblique. This is why it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere at this
time. But the Earth is not stationary or still. The Earth rotates around the Sun. What happens when the
Earth has moved to the other side of the Sun? After six months, in December, the North Pole will be
pointing away from the Sun (Figure 3). The Northern Hemisphere will no longer receive straight/
direct rays from the Sun. The Northern Hemisphere will then experience coldness. For temperate
countries in the Northern Hemisphere, it will be winter. In the tropical Philippines, it is simply the cold
season.

Which part of the Earth receives the direct rays of the Sun in December? As you can see in Figure 4, the
South Pole is tilted toward the Sun. This time the Sun’s direct/straight rays will fall on the Southern
Hemisphere, and it will be summer in the Southern Hemisphere. That’s why, when it is cold in the
Northern Hemisphere, it is warm in the Southern Hemisphere, vice versa.

After another six months, in June of the following year, the Earth will have made one full rotation
around the Sun. The Sun’s straight/direct beams will fall on the Northern Side of the equator again. It
will be warm on the Northern Side of the equator and cold in the Southern Half of the globe once more.
Consequently, the seasons change due to the fact that the straight/direct rays of the Sun move from
one half of the globe to the next as the Earth goes around the Sun.

The four seasons are the

following summer, spring,
winter, and fall. Each season
has its own temperature,
light, and weather patterns
that repeat annually.

Figure 16 The Seasons

In the Southern Hemisphere, the seasons opposite of those in the Northern Hemisphere. The winter
solstice in the Southern Hemisphere is June 20 or 21, while the summer solstice, the longest day of the
year, is December 21 or 22.

Figure 17 The Tropics

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SEASONS IN TEMPERATE REGIONS
In summer, the Northern Hemisphere takes in more energy than it gives off. That is one reason why it
is warmer in this region. When the Northern Hemisphere experiences winter, it gives off more energy
than it takes in. That is one reason why these regions are cooler.

Spring is the season between summer and winter; during this season, the temperature gradually
increases. When it is spring in the Northern Hemisphere, it will be autumn in the Southern Hemisphere
and vice versa. At the spring equinox, days are approximately 12 hours long, with day length
increasing as the season progresses.

Winter is considered the coldest season of the year; it is between spring and autumn. In many regions,
winter is experienced with freezing temperatures and snow. At the point when it is winter in the
Northern Half of the globe, it is summer on the Southern Side of the equator. Winter usually begins on
December 21 or 22 (In the Northern Hemisphere). This is the winter solstice, where it is the day of the
year having the shortest period of daylight. Summer begins on June 20 or 21, the summer solstice,
which has the most daylight of any day in the year. Spring and fall, or autumn, begin on equinoxes,
wherein days that have equal amounts of daylight and darkness. The vernal, or spring, the equinox
falls on March 20 or 21, and the autumnal equinox is on September 22 or 23.

Summer is the hottest season, falling between spring and autumn. There are long days and shortest
nights (at the summer solstice). At the point when it is summer in the Northern Side of the equator, it
is winter in the Southern Half of the globe and vice versa.

Autumn (fall) marks the transition from summer to winter, In March (Southern Hemisphere) or in
September (Northern Hemisphere). One of its primary highlights is the shedding of leaves from
deciduous trees. At this time, the arrival of the night is earlier than the usual while the arrival of the
day is late. During this season, the temperature cools down noticeably.

SEASONS IN THE TROPICAL REGION

There are two major seasons in tropical countries. In the Philippines, the rainy season starts from June
to November, and the dry season, from December to May. The Dry season may be classified into cool-
dry season from December to February; and hot-dry season from March to May.

Activity 7: You can do more!

Direction: The diagram below shows the Earth’s inclination in the month of June. Use the diagram in
answering the questions.

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Q1. Which part of the earth receives direct rays from the sun?
Answer: ______________________________

Q2. Why does it receive direct rays from the sun?

Answer: ______________________________

Q3. What part of the earth receives oblique rays from the sun?
Answer: ______________________________

Q4. Why does it receive slanting rays from the sun?

Answer: ______________________________

Q5. During this time of the year, what is the season in the
a. Northern hemisphere?
Answer: ______________________________

b. Southern hemisphere?
Answer: ______________________________

Q6. Does Earth’s tilt affect the experienced?

Answer: ______________________________

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ASSESSMENT
Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer

Use this diagram to answer items 1-4

6. What will be the season in the northern
hemisphere in the month of June?
a. Summer
b. Winter
c. Spring
d. Autumn

Use this diagram to answer items 7-10

1. Which part of the Earth receives direct rays

from the Sun?
a. northern hemisphere
b. southern hemisphere
c. eastern hemisphere
d. western hemisphere

2. Why does it receive direct rays from the

Sun? 7. Which part of the Earth receives vertical
a. It is tilted towards the sun rays from the Sun?
b. It is shifted or tilted away from the sun a. northern hemisphere
c. It is not tilted towards the sun b. southern hemisphere
d. none of the above c. eastern hemisphere
d. western hemisphere
3. What part of the Earth receives oblique rays
from the Sun? 8. Which part of the Earth receives oblique
a. northern hemisphere rays from the Sun?
b. southern hemisphere a. northern hemisphere
c. eastern hemisphere b. southern hemisphere
d. western hemisphere c. eastern hemisphere
d. western hemisphere
4. Why does it receive slanting rays from the
Sun? 9. What will be the season in the southern
a. It is tilted towards the sun hemisphere in the month of December?
b. It is shifted or tilted away from the sun a. Summer
c. It is not tilted away from the sun b. Winter
d. none of the above c. Spring
d. Autumn
5. What will be the season in the southern
hemisphere in the month of June? 10. What will be the season in the northern
a. Summer hemisphere in the month of December?
b. Winter a. Summer
c. Spring b. Winter
d. Autumn c. Spring
d. Autumn

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11. When the Earth rotates around the Sun, Use this diagram to answer items 13-15
one side of the Earth faces the Sun, and the
other side does not. How does this cause
change in the season?
a. When it faces or leans towards the Sun, the
hemisphere experiences summer. When
the hemisphere is not facing the Sun, it
experiences winter.
b. When it faces or leans towards the Sun, the
hemisphere experiences winter. When the
hemisphere is not facing the Sun, it
experiences summer.
c. When it faces or leans towards the Sun, the
hemisphere experiences spring. When the
hemisphere is not facing the Sun, it 13. In which month is the northern hemisphere
experiences autumn. facing the Sun?
d. None of the above a. June
b. December
12. What is Latitude? c. March
a. lines running up and down d. September
b. lines running parallel
c. measured by imaginary lines that run or go 14. In the month of June, which side of the
around the Earth vertically. Earth faces the Sun?
d. the measurement of the east and west a. northern hemisphere
prime meridian. b. southern hemisphere
c. eastern hemisphere
d. western hemisphere

15. Based on question number 14, what will be

the season in the northern hemisphere at this
time?
a. Summer
b. Winter
c. Spring
d. Autumn

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PERFORMANCE TASK
Monsoon Preparedness Poster
Who doesn’t love the sound of rain, the smell of earth and the sight of bright green trees paired with
blooming flowers? Of course, there are a lot of reasons to love the monsoon season⁠—the most
important one being that it indicates the end of scorching summer heat and provides some much-
needed relief from the sweltering sun. However, from road accidents to power breakdowns, this
wet weather can also cause quite a lot of trouble, especially if you are not prepared in advance.
Therefore, if you really want to enjoy this time of the year without facing any unfortunate incidents,
it is a very good idea prepare ourselves on the possible scenarios during the monsoon season.

Your task is to design a poster that advocate preparedness for the monsoon season. This poster should
be done using a long bond paper. Refer to the rubric below for your guidance in making your poster.

RUBRIC
VERY GOOD GOOD FAIR
CATEGORY
10 points 9 points 8 points
The intended message The intended message No clear message can
to be communicated to be communicated be identified on the
Message
through the poster is through the poster is poster.
clearly identifiable. not clearly identifiable.
The audience that was The audience that was There was no clearly
the intended target for intended target for this defined target
Target audience
this poster is easily poster is not easily audience for this
recognizable. recognized. poster.
The poster is The poster is attractive The poster is
exceptionally attractive in terms of design, distractingly messy or
Attractiveness in terms of design, layout, and very poorly designed.
layout, and neatness. attractiveness though it It is not attractive.
may be a bit messy.

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MODULE 5. TILTED EARTH AND ITS POSITION
Activity 1: Where is the Sun in the Sky?
Answers may vary
Activity 2: Length of Day and Night
Q1. September 23
Q2. December 22
Q3. increasing
Q4. decreasing
Activity 3: Let’s See What Have You Learned
1. true
2. false
3. true
4. false
5. true
6. false
7. false
8. true
9. true
10. false
Assessment
1. B
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. B
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. D
10. B
11. A
12. A
13. D
14. B
15. C
KEY TO ANSWERS
22
MODULE 6. SEASONS IN EARTH’S LATITUDES
Activity 4: Light it up!
Q1. Sun rays strike perpendicularly
Q2. Southern hemisphere
Q3. Sun’s rays strike the surface at a slant near the poles, thus spread the rays over a wide
area and therefore get the less solar energy.
Activity 5: On Point!
Q1. equator
Q2. poles
Q3. The lowest latitude gets the most energy from the Sun and the highest latitude gets the
least energy from the Sun.
Activity 6: Why do the Seasons Change?
Q1. June
Q2. December
Q3. Northern hemisphere
Q4. Southern hemisphere
Activity 7: You can do more!
Q1. Northern hemisphere
Q2. Tilted toward the Sun
Q3. Southern hemisphere
Q4. Tilted away from the Sun
Q5. a. summer
b. winter
Q6. yes
Assessment
1. A
2. A
3. B
4. B
5. B
6. B
7. B
8. A
9. A
10. B
11. A
12. B
13. A
14. A
15. A