UTS REVIEWER

TOPIC: The Political Self

Developing a Filipino Identity: Values, Traits, Community and Institutional Factors

 The beliefs and traditions of pre-colonial Philippines were mainly an indigenous Malay heritage (Baringer,
2006).
 When the Spaniards colonized the islands, the Hispanic culture influenced the natives.
 The Americans shaped the modern Filipino culture.
 The brief occupation of the British (4762-1764) and the Japanese (1942-1945), however, had no cultural
influence in the Philippines at all.

Dr. Patricia B. Licuanan

--Psychologist, educator, and (former) chairperson of the Commission on Higher Education
--Wrote that the strengths and weaknesses of the Filipino character are rooted in factors.

The strengths and weaknesses of the Filipino character are rooted in factors, such as:
1. The home environment
2. The social environment
3. Culture and language
4. History
5. The educational system
6. Religion
7. The economic environment
8. The political environment
9. Mass media
10. Leadership and role models

Strengths of the Filipino Character

The Filipino traits we have in common. The strong aspects of the Filipino character are:
1. Pakikipagkapwa-tao
2. Family Orientation
3. Joy and humor
4. Flexibility, adaptability, and creativity
5. Hard work and industry
6. Faith and religiosity and
7. Ability to survive.

Weaknesses of the Filipino character

Generally, these weaknesses are:
1. Extreme personalism
2. Extreme family-centeredness
3. Lack of discipline
4. Passivity and lack of initiative
5. Colonial mentality
6. Kanya-kanyasyndrome and
7. Lack of self-analysis and self-reflection.

•palakasansystem
•"ningascogon“
•"Filipino time”
•colonial mentality
•kanya-kanyasyndrome
•Crab mentality
•kanya-kanyasyndrome
•Lack of analysis and reflection

Establishing a democratic culture. Democracy is a government in which the supreme power is vested in and
exercised by the people directly or indirectly through a system of representation.

Features that most people would consider desirable:

1. Democracy helps prevent cruel and vicious autocrats from ruling.
2. It fosters human development more fully than do other forms of government.
3. Democracy helps protect fundamental individual rights and interests.
4. Democratic societies provide people the maximum opportunity to take moral responsibility for their choices and
decisions.
5. Democratic societies offer a relatively high chance of political equality.

TOPIC: The Digital Self

The social world of a Western-influenced society, like the Philippines, typically consists of four domains:
1. Family,
2. School
3. Neighborhood
4. Online life
I, Me, Myself, and my user ID online identity
The self that is constructed online is generally called the DIGITAL SELF.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DIGITAL SELF are (Zhao, 2005):
1. Oriented inward
2. Retractable
3. Narrative in nature
4. Multipliable.

SELF-REPRESENTATION
The basic kinds of people you interact with online are:
1. People you do not know at all.
2. People you know both online and offline.
3. People you know only online.

SELECTIVE SELF-PRESENTATION AND IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT

SELF-PRESENTATION BEHAVIOR--any behavior intended to create, modify, or maintain an impression of

ourselves in the minds of others.

WHY DO PEOPLE ENGAGE IN SELF-PRESENTATION?

SELF-PRESENTATION --Helps facilitate social interaction.
--Enables individuals to attain material and social rewards.
--Help people privately construct desired identities.

GENERALLY, SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS ARE USED FOR

-Social Browsing
-Social Searching
-Communication
-Impression management.

IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT -the attempt to control or influence other people's perceptions. There are
two main motives of attempting to manage the impressions of others:

1. Instrumental. This motive is to basically gain rewards and increase one's self-esteem.
2. Expressive. This motivation is about attempting to be in control of one's personal behavior and identity. It is a
response to moral norms, expectations, or restrictions, seeking to show others that he or she, as a person,
is different.

IMPRESSION-MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
1. Self-Promotion
2. Ingratiation
3. Exemplification
4. Intimidation
5. Supplication

HYPERPERSONAL MODEL --This theory suggested that the advantage of computer-mediated communication is that
a person can edit his or her self-presentation, which in turn positively
impressions on the self; thus, greater intimacy is possible (Gonzales&Hancock,2011).

DRUG/ALCOHOL/NICOTINE ABSTINENCE SYNDROME

SYMPTOMS:
1. Anxiety
2. Insomnia
3. Depression Restlessness
4. Headaches
5. Social isolation
6. Irritability
7. Poor concentration

WHAT MAKES US SO ADDICTED?

Social validation is an important part of being human. Hence, a Facebook "Like" or a Twitter "Favorite" is a social
signal that makes us feel good and makes us want to crave more.

BOUNDARIES OF THE SELF ONLINE:

A. PRIVATE VS. PUBLIC
B. PERSONAL/INDIVIDUAL VS. SOCIAL
C. PRIVATE VS. PUBLIC PRIVATE.
The prevalent definition among social psychologists is "private" refers to mental events in a person that are
inherently unobservable by others.
What social psychologists consider as "public" are behaviors that are open to the observations of other
people.

SUMMARY OF THE VARIOUS USES OF THE TERMS PRIVATE AND PUBLIC:

PRIVATE
1. Phenomenological experience
2. Acting only for self
3. Actor controls access to information regarding self
4. Acting in the interest of a limited number of people

PUBLIC
1. Observable behavior
2. Acting as an agent for others
3. Information about self not controlled by the actor
4. Acting in the interest of the community

Possible advantages of making your online profile public:

1. It facilitates open communication that could lead to better and faster information discovery and delivery.
2. It allows open discussion on ideas and the posting of news, asking questions, and sharing of links.
3. It provides an opportunity to widen business contacts.
4. It targets a wide audience, making it a useful and effective tool to increase your network of friends.
5. If you are an entrepreneur, it improves your business reputation and client base with minimal use of advertising.
6. It helps expand market research, implement marketing campaigns, deliver communications, and direct interested
people to specific websites.

Possible RISKS of making your online profile public:

1. It opens up the possibility for hackers to commit fraud and launch spam and virus attacks.
2. It increases the risk of people falling prey to online scams that seem genuine, resulting in data or identity theft.
3. It potentially results in negative comments and bashing.

Some advantages of making your online profile private:

1. You have control over viewers.
2. You only connect with those you want to communicate with.
3. Your online profile is protected from scammers and bashers.

Some RISKS of making your online profile private:

1. Your network is very limited; thus, you close your doors to opportunities that social networking brings.
2. Your engagement is very low.
3. You do not get to meet interesting people with whom you can exchange ideas or learn from.
4. If you are an entrepreneur, a private profile will not help grow your business.

Individual vs. social identity

PERSONAL(INDIVIDUAL)IDENTITY--is the concept you develop about yourself that evolves over the
course of your life.
Characteristics of personal identity:
1. The emphasis is on the individual.
2. It is created through differences in personal characteristics when
comparing these with others.

SOCIAL IDENTITY --Social psychologists Henri Tajfel and John Turner (1979) theorized that social identity—a
person's sense of whom he/she is based on group membership(s).
Characteristics of social identity:
1. The emphasis is on what the person has in common with the members of his or her group.
2. It is created based on similarities with others.

Factors that affect an adolescent's sexuality:

1. Hormones
2. Personality or temperament
3. Social or environmental factors such as
a. Attitude of parents toward sexuality
b. Parenting style
c. Peer relationship
d. Cultural influences.)
4. Media and the Internet.

TOPIC: MANAGING AND CARING FOR THE SELF

SUBTOPIC A. LEARNING TO BE A BETTER PERSON
According to Pierre Paul Gagné et al. (2009):
“Metacognition enables students to be more active in their learning, i.e., to mobilize all of their resources in order to have successful learning
experiences. In order to do this, they must know how they learn and be aware of the steps that are followed and the means that
used to
acquire knowledge, solve problems, and perform tasks.”
 2.2. STUDY STRATEGIES: What shall the students do now to make learning effective?
Popular study strategies and learning techniques based on a
meta study evaluated by Dunlosky et al. (2013)
1. Practice over time.
a. Practice testing --Any form of testing for learning which a student is able to do on his or her
own “more is better.”
b. Distributed practice--Distributing the learning over time, not cramming.
2. Questioning and explanation:
a. Elaborative interrogation -A complex name for a simple concept– asking oneself why something
is the way it is or a particular concept or fact is true, and providing
the answer.
b. Self-explanation--A similar process, through which the explanation might take the form of answering
why but also other questions, as well as relating new information to information
which is already known.
3. Producing summaries of texts
-involve the reading and comprehension of text, identify the most important information within it and to
encapsulate it briefly in one’s own words.
- requires a complex set of skills
-Summarizing may be the first stage of a learning process, with other techniques such as self-testing, and
self-explanation
4. Highlighting and underlining portions of text
-Also includes rereading
-Highlighting tended to work better for students who were more adept at in identifying the crucial-to-be-
remembered aspects of a text

SUBTOPIC B. SETTING GOALS FOR SUCCESS:

1. The Importance of Goals
2. Albert Bandura’s Self-efficacy
3. Carol Dweck’s Mindset
4. Goal-Setting Theory

1.) The importance of goals

- “conscious goals affect action” (Locke&Latham, 2002)
- goal is the object or aim of an action
-Goals affect performance through four mechanisms (Locke, 2002)
1- Goals serve as a directive function
2- Goals have an energizing function
3- goals affect persistence
4- Goals affect action indirectly
2.) Albert Bandura’s Self efficacy
-Students’ goals can be achieved only if they are worthy of believing these goals can be achieved.
-essential role of self-belief in the students’ lives

Self-efficacy -Developed by Albert Bandura as part of a larger theory, the Social Learning Theory -> Social Cognitive Theory
-important aspect of human motivation and behavior
-they influence the actions that can affect one’s life
As Bandura (1995) explains, Self-efficacy “refers to belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of
action required to manage prospective situations.”
Self-efficacy Theory
-Basic principle: individuals are more likely to engage in activities for which they have high self-efficacy and less likely to
engage in those they do not.
-People behave in the way that executes their initial beliefs; thus, self-efficacy functions as a self-fulfilling prophecy
 People with high assurance in their capabilities:
1. Approach difficult tasks as challenges to be mastered
2. Set challenging goals and maintain strong commitment.
3. Heighten or sustain their efforts in the face of failures or setbacks
4. Attribute failure to insufficient effort or deficient knowledge and skills
5. Approach threatening situations with assurance that they can exercise control over them.
People who doubt their capabilities:
1. Shy away from tasks they view as personal threats
2. Have low aspirations and weak commitment to goals they choose to pursue
3. Dwell on personal deficiencies, obstacles they will encounter, and all kinds of adverse outcomes, rather
than concentrating on how to perform successfully
4. Loosen their efforts and give up quickly in the face of difficulties
5. Are slow to recover their sense of efficacy following failure or setbacks
6. Fall easy victim to stress and depression

Four (4) Main Sources of Efficacy Beliefs (Bandura, 1997)

1. Mastery Experiences--Also known as personal performance accomplishments; are the
most effective way to create a strong sense of efficacy
-Positive example: performing well
-Negative example: failure
2. Vicarious Experiences--These are done through observance of social models that also influence one’s perception of
self-efficacy.
--Most important factor: degree of similarity between the observer and the model.
-Increase in Self-efficacy example: Mentoring programs
-Decrease in Self-efficacy example: witnessing failure
3. Verbal or Social Persuasion--A way of strengthening people’s beliefs that they have what it takes to succeed
- influenced by encouragement and discouragement
-Positive example: “You can do it. I have confidence in you.”
-Negative example: “This is unacceptable. I thought you can handle this task.”
4. Emotional and Psychological States--The state a person is in will influence how he or she judges self-efficacy
Stress reactions or tension – signs of vulnerability and poor
performance
- Positive emotions- can boost confidence in skills
-Physiological feedback: giving a speech, making presentation, taking an exam
3. Carol Dweck’s Mindset

Mindest--A simple idea discovered by world-renowned Stanford University psychologist Carol Dweck in decades of research on
achievement and success.
- are beliefs, beliefs about one’s self and one’s most basic qualities
TYPES OF MINDSET:
Fixed mindset – traits are just given
- creates internal monologue that is focused on judging
Growth mindset – qualities can be developed through dedication and effort
-“What can I learn from this? How can I improve? How can I help my partner do this better?”
Mindset Four (4) Simple Steps to Begin Changing
Mindset (according to Carol Dweck’s Mindset)
1. Learn to hear your fixed mindset “voice”.
2. Recognize that you have a choice.
3. Talk back to it with a growth mindset voice.
4. Take the growth mindset action

4. Goal Setting Theory

-People recognize as necessary for their success.
-“A Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance”, Locked and Latham (1990)
-They reinforced the need to set specific and difficult goals
Five (5) Principles of Goal Setting
-To motivate, goals must have:
1. Clarity--clear goals are measurable and unambiguous
- less misunderstanding
2. Challenge-- One of the most important characteristics of goal: level of challenge
--Challenging= important= effort= impressive
3. Commitment--Goals must be understood and agreed upon if they are to be effective
--Goals=consistent= in line with expectations
-The harder the goal, the more commitment is required.
-Working in a difficult assignment= challenges=deeper source of inspiration and incentive
4. Feedback--Provides opportunities to clarify expectations, adjust goal, difficulty, and gain recognition
--Provide benchmark opportunities or targets
 5. Task Complexity--For goals or assignments that are highly complex, take special care to ensure that the work doesn’t
become too overwhelming.
--Give the person sufficient time to meet the goal or improve performance.
--Provide enough time for the person to practice or learn what is expected and required for success.
THE WHOLE IDEA OF GOAL THEORY IS TO FACILITATE PERSON’S SUCCESS. IT HAS TO BE MADE SURE THAT THE
SURROUNDING CONDITIONS INSPIRE AND ALLOW PEOPLE TO ACCOMPLISH THEIR OBJECTIVES.

SUBTOPIC C. TAKING CARE OF ONE’S HEALTH:

1. Stressors and responses

Stress-- any factors that makes adaptation to an environment difficult for the individual to maintain a state of
equilibrium between himself and the external environment.
- includes physical and mental response to meet the demands of the stressful event- stressors
Stressors - are situations that are experienced as perceived threat to one’s well-being or position in life

- two (2) broad categories: physiological and psychological

two (2) broad categories: physiological and psychological
1) Physiological (physical) stressor - put strain on the body (i.e. pain)
2) Psychological - are events, situations, individuals, comments, or anything we interpret as negative or threatening.
scientists are now proposing that stressors can be further divided into: absolute stressors and relative stressors.
- absolute stressor: objective
-relative stressor: subjective
Stress response- emergency response, fear response, fight or flight response

2. Sources of Coping-- Coping (Lazarus & Folkman,1984)

- the process of attempting to manage the
demands created by stressful events that are appraised
as taxing or exceeding a person’s resources
Coping Resources – to improve the ability to manage stressful events and better health outcomes;
(1) optimism- the outcome expectancies that good things will happen to the self
(2) personal control or mastery- a person feels able to control or influence outcomes
(3) self-esteem
(4) social support- the perception or experience that one is loved and cared for by others
3. The Social and Cultural Dimensions of Stress
Stress-coping mechanisms
 - “pagsasaya”
“Dalamhati”- inner sadness
“tiis”- endurance
“kimkim”- repression
“bangungot”
“namamahay”
4. Taking Care of the Self: The Need for Self-Care and Compassion
Self-care - engaging in activities and behaviors that have a positive effect on one’s mental and physical health.
- “reverse golden rule” : treat yourself as compassionately as you treat others
Reasons why self-care is necessary:
1. It increases sense of self-love, allowing appreciation and acceptance of who a person is.
2. It promotes feelings of calm and relaxation, serving as a way to refocus and come back to daily life refreshed and ready to
take on anything.
3. It improves both physical and mental health by reducing the effects of prolonged stress on mind and body

Ways to engage in self-care:

Physical self-care: eating well, exercising regularly, prioritizing sleep and taking care of health.
Emotional self-care: managing anxiety, anger, sadness and other emotions. Setting boundaries. Spending time alone.
Maintaining a bullet journal.
Spiritual self-care: volunteering, connecting with nature, meditation, mindfulness.

Compassion
- wishing for that person to be free from suffering
-”to suffer together”
- the feeling that arises when you are confronted with another’s suffering and feel motivated to relieve that suffering

Forms of Compassion (Paul Ekman, 2010)

1. Familial Compassion- the seed of compassion
2. Global Compassion
3. Sentient Compassion
4. Heroic Compassion: Immediate and Considered