Communication,

z Principles, Processes,

and Ethics
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES

 is a process of exchanging verbal and/or non-verbal

information between two or more people
 who can either the speaker or the receiver of
z
messages.

 used to meet the purpose of a person.

 to inform, to persuade, or to entertain.

 can be in the form of written, verbal, non-verbal,

and visuals.
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES

 WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

 involves texts or words, encoded and transmitted

through memos, letters, reports, online chat, short
z message service, e-mail, journals and other
written documents.

 VERBAL COMMUNICATION

 Involves an exchange of information through face-

to-face, audio and/or video call or conferencing,
lectures, meetings, radio, and television.
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES
 NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

 involves the use of the following to convey or emphasize a

message of information.
 VOICE – includes tone, speech rate, pitch, pauses and
volume.
z
 BODY LANGUAGE – includes facial expressions,
gestures, postures, and eye contact.
 PERSONAL SPACE or DISTANCE – refers to an area of
space and distance that a person from a different
culture, personality, age, sex, and status adopts and
puts for another person.
 PERSONAL APPEARANCE – refers how a person
presents himself/herself to a particular situation,
whether formal or informal.
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES

 VISUALS

 Involve the use of images, graphs, charts, logos,

and maps.
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES

 INTENDED COMMUNICATION

 refers to planning what and how you communicate your

ideas to the people who are older than you or who
occupy a higher social or professional position such as
z
your parents, teachers, and supervisors, among others.

 UNINTENDED COMMUNICATION

 happens when you unintentionally send non-verbal

messages to people you are communicating with, or
when you suddenly make negative remarks our of
frustration or anger.
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES

 is a complex process that requires you to:

 know your audience

 determine your purpose

z  identify your topic

 expect objections

 establish credibility with your target audience

 present information clearly and objectively, and

 develop a practical, useful way to seek for

feedback.
COMMUNICATION PROCESSES
 involves elements such as:

 SOURCE – the speaker or sender of a message

 MESSAGE – the message, information, or ideas from the

source or speaker
 ENCODING – the process of transferring the message

 CHANNEL – the means to deliver a message such as face-to-

z
face conversations, telephone calls, e-mails, and memos,
among others.
 DECODING – the process of interpreting an encoded message

 RECEIVER – the recipient of the message

 FEEDBACK – the reactions or responses of the receiver to the

message from the sender
 BARRIERS – the factors which may affect the communication
process. e.g. culture, individual differences, language use,
noise, past experiences, status
COMMUNICATION PROCESSES

 can be one-way or two way process.

Figure 1 Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication

Figure 2 Transactional Model of Communication

COMMUNICATION ETHICS

Effective communicators observe ethics.

z
 deal with values, righteousness, and behavior
appropriate for human communication particularly
in multicultural situation.
COMMUNICATION ETHICS

CONSIDERATIONS:
 Uphold integrity.
z
 Respect diversity of perspective and privacy.

 Observe freedom of expression effectively.

 Promote access to communication.

 Be open-minded.

 Develop your sense of accountability.

COMMUNICATION ETHICS

CONSIDERATIONS:
 Uphold integrity. Be truthful with your opinion and
be accurate with your judgment.

z  Respect diversity of perspective and privacy. Show

compassion and consideration with the beliefs,
status, affiliations, and privacy of others.
 Observe freedom of expression effectively. Be careful
of what and how you say your words depending
on the types of people you are communicating
with
COMMUNICATION ETHICS
CONSIDERATIONS:
 Promote access to communication. Give others an
opportunity to express what they feel and think
about the message being communicated.

z  Be open-minded. Accept that others have different

views or opinions, which may conflict with yours.
So, listen and process the views of other people,
learn how to reconcile their opinions with your
own.
 Develop your sense of accountability. Acknowledge
responsibility for all your actions, good or bad.
GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNCIATION
 plays a crucial role in your personal and professional
success.
 Be clear with your purpose.

 Support your message with facts.

z  Be concise.

 Provide specific information in your feedback.

 Adjust to the needs, interests, values, and

beliefs of your audience.
 Observe communication ethics.

 Be your natural self and appear very

confident.
 Importance of Communication

 Communication is the foundation of any relationship ,

z
human – animals – plants – the cosmos
o enables us to express our emotions, our feelings,
as well as our knowledge and ideas.
z
z
TRUE OR FALSE:
1. A competent communicator knows how to overcome the barriers to
communication.
2. Communication is an on-going process.

3. Communication is unintentional.

4. Communication may not be possible in some situations.

z
5. Feedback can be verbal or non-verbal.

6. In order to be a good source, one has to deliver a clear message to his/her

receiver.
7. Noise affects the communication process.

8. The message is a key idea that the sender wants to communicate.

9. Without the message, there is no point of communicating.

10. Oral communication is an essential element for the success of an

organization or a team.
ACTIVITY 2:
 IDENTIFY AT LEAST FIVE SITUATIONS WHERE
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION CAN
TAKE PLACE. FOR EACH SITUATION, IDENTIFY THE
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION.
z

 WRITE YOUR ANSWERS IN THE TABLE ON THE NEXT

PAGE.
 CONTEXT SENDER- MESSAGE CHANNEL BARRIERS
RECEIVER
There should be tuition fee
Example: School school officials, increase to upgrade school
conference noise, culture,
administration-parent-
student conference on
parents, students facilities and to fund prejudice, past
student-teacher academic
tuition fee increase research, student leadership experiences,
development, professional
learning for teachers, and
language use
community extension
activities.

z
 Communication
z
and globalization
z
z
QUESTIONS:

What are the new communication

z technologies?
z
How do these new technologies
affect the way we communicate
today?
COMMUNICATION
and globalization
 is essential for personal and professional effectiveness.

 it helps establish good relationships, creates a better

working environment, strengthens collaboration and
z
cooperation, and unifies conflicting ideas.

GLOBALIZATION

 is the expansion and integration of the cultural, political,

economic, and technological domains of countries.

 reflects that the world is borderless, and the countries

are interconnected and interdependent.
COMMUNICATION
and globalization
e.g.

The United States of America (General

z Electric, Chevron, Starbucks, and McDonalds)

Japan (Toyota and Honda)

Philippines (Jollibee and Bench)
- have local companies that have expanded overseas and have become
transnational and multinational.
COMMUNICATION
and globalization
 With the advent of globalization associated with
advanced technologies and systems across regions, the
flow of communication has become smoother, faster,
z
and easier.

 Business transactions and partnerships among local

and international institutions have become more
efficient.
e.g. electronic mail (e-mail) such as Gmail and Yahoo Mail, or social
networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.
COMMUNICATION
and globalization
 The context of globalization requires effective
communication skills from students and workers to
z cope with the demands and challenges brought about
by this phenomenon.

 This includes communicating effectively with people

of different background, age, culture, gender,
beliefs, orientations, preferences, and status.
Impacts of globalization &
Global Communication

 Increased Business Opportunities

z  Fewer Cultural Barriers

 Creation of a Global Village

 coined by theorist Marshall McLuhan

 Impacts of globalization &
Global Communication

 Increased
z Business Opportunities

- information itself can be transferred as a valuable business

asset from one country to another.
Impacts of globalization &
Global Communication

 Fewer Cultural Barriers

z
- with television and movies, cultural barriers are becoming
less prevalent. Being able to communicate effectively and
frequently with colleagues or friends across the planet helps
people understand each other’s cultures a little better.
Impacts of globalization &
Global Communication

 Creation of a Global Village

z
 coined by theorist Marshall McLuhan

- the Global Village is created when distance and

isolation no longer matter because people are
connected by technology.
How to communicate effectively in a global
society
1. Express your ideas effectively in verbal, non-verbal, and
written forms in either digital or non-digital environment
or both.
2. Use effective listening skills to evaluate arguments and
zrationalize
judgments and improve job-effectiveness and
work relationship.
3. Communicate with purpose to a variety of audiences.

4. Promote collaboration and cooperation with others.

5. Understand the concept of diversity and promote respect

all the time.
6. Use technology and social media responsibly.