Bien Phan

Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phn IV: Phng Php Bin Phn

Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
inh Vn Tun Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
I. Phng Trnh Legendre
1. nh Ngha:
Phng trnh vi phn Legendre l phng trnh c dng:
(1 x
2
)
d
2
y
dx
2
2x
dy
dx
+ ( + 1) = 0 (1)
Hay:
d
2
y
dx
2

2x
1 x
2
dy
dx
+
( + 1)
1 x
2
= 0 (2)
2. Nghim Phng Trnh Legendre:
Nghim phng trnh biu din dng chui:
y =
m=0
a
m
x
m
(3)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
(1x
2
)
m=2
m(m1)a
m
x
m2
2x
m=1
ma
m
x
m1
+k
m=0
a
m
x
m
= 0
Trong : k = ( + 1)
ng nht hai v ca phng trnh trn ta c:
a
s+2
=
( s)( + s + 1)
(s + 1)(s + 2)
a
s
(s = 0, 1, ...) (4)
H thc truy hi ny cho php ta tnh cc gi tr a
n
theo a
1
v
a
0
. T ta c:
y(x) = a
0
y
1
(x) + a
1
y
2
(x) (5)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
Vi:
y
1
(x) = 1
( + 1)
2!
x
2
+
( 2)( + 1)( + 3)
4!
x
4
+... (6)
V
y
2
(x) = x
( 1)( + 2)
3!
x
3
+
( 2)( 1)( + 2)( + 4)
5!
x
5
+...
(7)
Ch : Cc chui trn ch hi t khi: |x| < 1
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
Trong mt s bi ton tham s l mt s nguyn dng n. T
phng trnh (4) chng ta thy: a
n+2
= 0 v a
n+4
= 0... V vy
nu n chn (l) y
1
(x) (y
2
(x)) l a thc bc n cc a thc
gi l a thc Legendre
a
s
=
(s + 2)(s + 1)
(n s)(n + s + 1)
a
s+2
(8)
Chn:
a
n
=
(2n)!
2
n
(n!)
2
=
1 3 5...(2n 1)
n!
, n = 1, 2, ... (9)
Khi :
a
n2m
= (1)
m
(2n 2m)!
2
n
m!(n m)!(n 2m)!
(10)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
Nghim ca phng trnh Legendre khi gi l a Thc
Legendre Bc n P
n
(x)
P
n
(x) =
M
m=0
(1)
m
(2n 2m)!
2
n
m!(n m)!(n 2m)!
x
n2m
(11)
Vi M = n/2 hoc (n 1)/2. Mt v a thc Legendre:
P
0
(x) = 1, P
1
(x) = x, P
2
(x) =
1
2
(3x
2
1), P
3
(x) =
1
2
(5x
3
3x),
P
4
(x) =
1
8
(35x
4
30x
2
+ 3), P
5
(x) =
1
8
(63x
5
70x
3
+ 15x).
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
3. Cng Thc Rodrigues Cho P
n
(x):
Cc a thc Legendre P
n
(x)) c th c vit di dng:
P
n
(x) =
1
2
n
n!
d
n
dx
n
[(x
2
1)
n
] (12)
CM:
t: z =
(x
2
1)
n
2
n
n!
. Ta c:
(x
2
1)
dz
dx
= 2nxz (13)
o hm phng trnh (13) (n + 1) ln:
(1 x
2
)
d
n+2
z
dx
n+2
2x
d
n+1
z
dx
n+1
+ n(n + 1)
d
n
z
dx
n
= 0 (14)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
y chnh l phng trnh Legendre vi y =
d
n
z
dx
n
. Vy nghim
phng trnh Legendre:
y = P
n
(x) =
1
2
n
n!
d
n
dx
n
[(x
2
1)
n
] (15)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
4. a Thc Sinh Ca P
n
(x):
Kho st hm (x, z):
(x, z) = (1 2xz + z
2
)
1
2
; |z| < 1 (16)
Khai trin cng thc (16) chng ta c:
(x, z) = 1 +
1
2
z(2x z) +
1 3
2
2
2!
z
2
(2x z)
2
+ ...
+
1 3...(2n 1)
2
n
n!
z
n
(2x z)
n
+ ... (17)
Ly h s ca z
n
trong chui trn:
1 3...(2n 1)
2
n
n!
(2
n
x
n
)+
1 3...(2n 3)
2
n1
(n 1)!
[(n1)(2x)
n2
]+... = P
n
(x)
(18)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
(x, z) = (1 2xz + z
2
)
1
2
=
n=0
P
n
(x)z
n
; |z| < 1 (19)
o hm hai v phng trnh trn theo z:
(x z)(1 2xz + z
2
)
3
2
=
n=1
nz
n1
P
n
(x) (20)
Nhn hai v phng trnh trn cho (1 2xz + z
2
) v dng
phng trnh (19) ta c:
(x z)
_
P
0
(x) +
n=1
P
n
(x)z
n
_
= (1 2xz + z
2
)
n=1
nz
n1
P
n
(x)
(21)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
Cn bng h s hai v phng trnh chng ta c h thc truy
hi:
(2n + 1)xP
n
(x) = (n + 1)P
n+1
(x) + nP
n1
(x) (22)
Ngoi ra ta c mt s h thc truy hi khc (Homework):
xP
n
(x) P
n1
(x) = nP
n
(x) (23)
P
n
(x) xP
n1
(x) = nP
n1
(x) (24)
(1 x
2
)P
n
(x) = nP
n1
(x) nxP
n
(x) (25)
(2n + 1)P
n
(x) = P
n+1
(x) P
n1
(x) (26)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
hi:
(2n + 1)xP
n
(x) = (n + 1)P
n+1
(x) + nP
n1
(x) (22)
xP
n
(x) P
n1
(x) = nP
n
(x) (23)
P
n
(x) xP
n1
(x) = nP
n1
(x) (24)
(1 x
2
)P
n
(x) = nP
n1
(x) nxP
n
(x) (25)
(2n + 1)P
n
(x) = P
n+1
(x) P
n1
(x) (26)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
hi:
(2n + 1)xP
n
(x) = (n + 1)P
n+1
(x) + nP
n1
(x) (22)
xP
n
(x) P
n1
(x) = nP
n
(x) (23)
P
n
(x) xP
n1
(x) = nP
n1
(x) (24)
(1 x
2
)P
n
(x) = nP
n1
(x) nxP
n
(x) (25)
(2n + 1)P
n
(x) = P
n+1
(x) P
n1
(x) (26)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
hi:
(2n + 1)xP
n
(x) = (n + 1)P
n+1
(x) + nP
n1
(x) (22)
xP
n
(x) P
n1
(x) = nP
n
(x) (23)
P
n
(x) xP
n1
(x) = nP
n1
(x) (24)
(1 x
2
)P
n
(x) = nP
n1
(x) nxP
n
(x) (25)
(2n + 1)P
n
(x) = P
n+1
(x) P
n1
(x) (26)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
hi:
(2n + 1)xP
n
(x) = (n + 1)P
n+1
(x) + nP
n1
(x) (22)
xP
n
(x) P
n1
(x) = nP
n
(x) (23)
P
n
(x) xP
n1
(x) = nP
n1
(x) (24)
(1 x
2
)P
n
(x) = nP
n1
(x) nxP
n
(x) (25)
(2n + 1)P
n
(x) = P
n+1
(x) P
n1
(x) (26)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
hi:
(2n + 1)xP
n
(x) = (n + 1)P
n+1
(x) + nP
n1
(x) (22)
xP
n
(x) P
n1
(x) = nP
n
(x) (23)
P
n
(x) xP
n1
(x) = nP
n1
(x) (24)
(1 x
2
)P
n
(x) = nP
n1
(x) nxP
n
(x) (25)
(2n + 1)P
n
(x) = P
n+1
(x) P
n1
(x) (26)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
5. Cc Tnh Cht Ca a Thc Legendre:
5.1. Tnh Trc Giao Ca a Thc Legendre:
Cc a thc Legendre trc giao vi nhau:
_
+1
1
P
n
(x)P
m
(x)dx =
_
2
2n+1
if m = n
0 if m = n
(27)
CM:
m = n:
Chng ta vit li phng trnh Legendre cho P
m
(x) di dng:
d
dx
[(1 x
2
)P
m
(x)] + m(m + 1)P
m
(x) = 0 (28)
V phng trnh tng t cho P
n
(x) :
d
dx
[(1 x
2
)P
n
(x)] + n(n + 1)P
n
(x) = 0 (29)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
Nhn phng trnh (28) cho P
n
(x) v phng trnh (29) cho
P
m
(x) v tr nhau:
d
dx
[(1 x
2
)(P
m
P
n
P
n
P
m
)] + [n(n + 1) m(m + 1)]P
m
P
n
= 0
(30)
Tch phn hai v PCM
CM:
m = n:
Nhn hai v h thc (23) vi P
n
(x) v tch phn t 1 +1 :
n
_
+1
1
[P
n
(x)]
2
dx =
_
+1
1
xP
n
(x)P
n
(x)dx
_
+1
1
P
n
(x)P
n1
(x)dx
(31)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
Tch phn th hai bn v phi bng 0, v dng tch phn tng
phn cho s hng th nht:
_
+1
1
xP
n
(x)P
n
(x)dx =
x
2
[P
n
(x)]
2
|
1
1
1
2
_
1
1
[P
n
(x)]
2
dx
= 1
1
2
_
1
1
[P
n
(x)]
2
dx (32)
Thay vo phng trnh (31) PCM
5.2. Tnh i Xng V Phn Xng:
P
n
(x) = (1)
n
P
n
(x) (33)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
5.3. Tnh "Chun Ha"
P
n
(1) = 1 (34)
P
n
(1) =
n(n + 1)
2
(35)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
II. Phng Trnh Hermite
1. nh Ngha:
Phng trnh Hermite l phng trnh c dng:
d
2
y
dx
2
2x
dy
dx
+ 2y = 0 (36)
2. Nghim Phng Trnh Hermite:
Nghim phng trnh biu din dng chui:
y =
j=0
a
j
x
j
(37)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
Thay vo phng trnh Hermite ta c:
j=0
[(j + 1)(j + 2)a
j+2
+ 2( j)a
j
]x
j
= 0 (38)
T ta c:
(j + 1)(j + 2)a
j+2
+ 2( j)a
j
= 0 (39)
Hay
a
j+2
=
2(j )
(j + 1)(j + 2)
a
j
(40)
Khi = n
a
n+2
= a
n+4
= ... = 0 (41)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
Khi n chn, phng trnh (40) cho ta:
a
2
= (1)
2n
2!
a
0
; a
4
= (1)
2
2
2
(n 2)n
4!
a
0
; (42)
a
6
= (1)
3
2
3
(n 4)(n 2)n
6!
a
0
;
Tng qut ta c:
a
n
= (1)
n/2
2
n/2
n(n 2)...4 2
n!
a
0
; (43)
Nghim ny gi l a thc Hermite bc n hay H
n
(x). Nu
chng ta chn:
a
0
=
(1)
n/2
2
n/2
n!
n(n 2)...4 2
=
(1)
n/2
n!
(n/2)!
(44)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
Th ta c:
H
n
(x) = (2x)
n
n(n 1)
1!
(2x)
n2
+
n(n 1)(n 2)(n 3)
2!
(2x)
n4
+...
(45)
Khi n l nghim ca phng trnh Hermite vn cn c th biu
din dng cng thc trn nu chn:
a
1
=
(1)
(n1)/2
2n!
(n/2 1/2)!
(46)
Vi a thc Hermite:
H
0
(x) = 1; H
1
(x) = 2x; H
2
(x) = 4x
2
2; H
4
(x) = 8x
3
12x; (47)
H
4
(x) = 16x
4
48x
2
+ 12; H
5
(x) = 32x
5
160x
3
+ 120x; ...
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
3. Cng Thc Rodrigues Cho a Thc Hermite:
a thc Hermite cng c th biu din dng sau:
H
n
(x) = (1)
n
e
x
2 d
n
dx
n
_
e
x
2
_
(48)
CM:
t q = e
x
2
, chng ta c:
Dq + 2xq = 0, D =
d
dx
(49)
o hm phng trnh trn (n + 1) ln
D
n+2
q + 2xD
n+1
q + 2(n + 1)D
n
q = 0 (50)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
t y = (1)
n
D
n
q chng ta c:
D
2
y + 2xDy + 2(n + 1)y = 0 (51)
Thay u = e
x
2
y th:
Du = e
x
2
{2xy + Dy} (52)
V
D
2
u = e
x
2
{D
2
y + 4xDy + 4x
2
y + 2y} (53)
V vy phng trnh (51) tr thnh
D
2
u 2xDu + 2nu = 0 (54)
V vy
u = (1)
n
e
x
2
D
n
(e
x
2
) (55)
l nghim phng trnh Hermite
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
4. Cc H Thc Truy Hi Cho a Thc Hermite:
o hm hai v ca cng thc Rodrigues:
H
n
(x) = (1)
n
2xe
x
2
D
n
(e
x
2
) + (1)
n
e
x
2
D
n+1
(e
x
2
) (56)
V vy:
H
n
(x) = 2xH
n
(x) H
n+1
(x) (57)
o hm hai v:
H
n
(x) = 2H
n
(x) + 2xH
n
(x) H
n+1
(x) (58)
Mt khc H
n
(x) Tha Phng trnh Hermite:
H
n
(x) 2xH
n
(x) + 2nH
n
(x) = 0 (59)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
T ta c:
H
n+1
(x) = 2(n + 1)H
n
(x) (60)
Thay n bng n + 1 trong phng trnh (57) v kt hp vi
phng trnh trn ta c:
H
n+2
(x) = 2xH
n+1
(x) 2(n + 1)H
n
(x) (61)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
5. Hm Sinh Cho H
n
(x)::
Bng cch dng cng thc Rodrigues ta c th tm ra hm sinh
ca H
n
(x)
(x, t) = e
2xtt
2
= e
x
2
(tx)
2
=
n=0
H
n
(x)
n!
t
n
(62)
o hm hai v n ln:
e
x
2
n
t
n
e
(tx)
2
= e
x
2
(1)
n

n
x
n
e
(tx)
2
=
k=0
H
n+k
(x)
t
k
k!
(63)
Thay t = 0 vo phng trnh trn cng thc Rodrigues:
H
n
(x) = (1)
n
e
x
2 d
n
dx
n
_
e
x
2
_
(64)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
6. Tnh Trc Giao Ca H
n
(x)::
nh ngha:
F
n
(x) = e
x
2
/2
H
n
(x) (65)
Ta c:
D
2
F
n
(x) x
2
F
n
(x) + (2n + 1)F
n
(x) = 0 (66)
Nhn F
m
(x) hai v
F
m
(x)D
2
F
n
(x) x
2
F
n
(x)F
m
(x) +(2n+1)F
n
(x)F
m
(x) = 0 (67)
i ch s m v n
F
n
(x)D
2
F
m
(x)x
2
F
m
(x)F
n
(x)+(2m+1)F
m
(x)F
n
(x) = 0 (68)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
Tr hai phng trnh cho nhau v theo v v tch phn t
+
I
n,m
=
_
+
F
n
(x)F
m
(x)dx =
1
2(n m)
_
+
(F
n
F
m
F
m
F
n
)dx
(69)
Tch phn tng phn VP=0
m = n:
Th
I
n,m
=
_
+
F
n
(x)F
m
(x)dx = 0 (70)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
m = n:
I
n,n
=
_
+
e
x
2
H
n
(x)H
n
(x)dx =
_
+
e
x
2
D
n
(e
x
2
)D
n
(e
x
2
)dx
(71)
Tch phn tng phn vi u = e
x
2
D
n
(e
x
2
) v v = D
n1
(e
x
2
)
Ta c:
I
n,n
=
_
+
[2xe
x
2
D
n
(e
x
2
) + e
x
2
D
n+1
(e
x
2
)]D
n1
(e
x
2
)dx
(72)
Dng phng trnh (51) vi y = (1)
n
D
n
q = (1)
n
D
n
(e
x
2
) Ta
thu c:
I
n,n
=
_
+
2ne
x
2
D
n1
(e
x
2
)D
n1
(e
x
2
)dx = 2nI
n1,n1
(73)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Legendre
Phng Trnh Hermite
M
I
0,0
=
_
+
e
x
2
dx =
(74)
V vy:
I
n,n
=
_
+
e
x
2
H
n
(x)H
n
(x)dx = 2
n
n!
(75)
V vy h hm (1/2
n
n!
)
1/2
e
x
2
/2
H
n
(x) l h hm trc
giao chun ha.
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Phng Trnh Euler - Lagrange
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
Nguyn L Hamilton V Phng Trnh Chuyn ng Lagrange
Bin Phn Vi Nhiu Bin c Lp
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
Nguyn L Hamilton V Phng Trnh Chuyn ng
Lagrange
inh Vn Tun Phn IV: Phng Php Bin Phn
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
I. Phng Trnh Euler - Lagrange
Nhiu bi ton yu cu tm dng hm ca hm s y(x) sao cho
tch phn sau cc tr:
I =
_
x
2
x
1
f(y(x), y
(x); x)dx (76)

Gi tr ca f ph thuc vo dng hm ca hm y(x) nn ngi
ta gi hm f l phim hm. Cc cn x
1
, x
2
c cho trc, Cc
gi tr ca hm y(x) ti cc cn cng b rng but
y(x
1
) = y
1
; y(x
2
) = y
2
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
Ta nh ngha ng cong ln cn vi y(x) dng tham s:
y(, x) = y(0, x) + (x) (77)
Trong (x) l hm bt k c o hm bc nht lin tc v
tham s l mt tham s nh bt k. tha iu kin ng
cong ny i qua (x
1
, y
1
) v (x
2
, y
2
) th (x
1
) = (x
2
) = 0
Khi y(x) lm cho I cc tr tiu iu c ngha l mi ng
cong ln cn ca y(x) u lm cho I tng. C ngha l
I() =
_
x
2
x
1
f{y(, x), y
(, x); x}dx Cc Tr Khi = 0 (78)

hay
dI
d
=0
= 0 (79)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
I
=
_
x
2
x
1
_
f
y
y
+
f
y
_
dx (80)
=
_
x
2
x
1
_
f
y
(x) +
f
y
d
dx
_
dx
=
_
x
2
x
1
_
f
y

d
dx
_
f
y
__
(x)dx
Khi = 0 gi tr ca cng thc (79) phi trit tiu vi mi gi tr
ca (x) t ta c:
d
dx
_
f
y
f
y
= 0 (81)
y chnh l Phng Trnh Euler - Lagrange
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
I
=
_
x
2
x
1
_
f
y
y
+
f
y
_
dx (80)
=
_
x
2
x
1
_
f
y
(x) +
f
y
d
dx
_
dx
=
_
x
2
x
1
_
f
y

d
dx
_
f
y
__
(x)dx
ca (x) t ta c:
d
dx
_
f
y
f
y
= 0 (81)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
I
=
_
x
2
x
1
_
f
y
y
+
f
y
_
dx (80)
=
_
x
2
x
1
_
f
y
(x) +
f
y
d
dx
_
dx
=
_
x
2
x
1
_
f
y

d
dx
_
f
y
__
(x)dx
ca (x) t ta c:
d
dx
_
f
y
f
y
= 0 (81)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
I
=
_
x
2
x
1
_
f
y
y
+
f
y
_
dx (80)
=
_
x
2
x
1
_
f
y
(x) +
f
y
d
dx
_
dx
=
_
x
2
x
1
_
f
y

d
dx
_
f
y
__
(x)dx
ca (x) t ta c:
d
dx
_
f
y
f
y
= 0 (81)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
Phng Trnh Euler - Lagrange c th vit dng khc (CM:
Homework):
d
dx
_
f y
f
y
f
x
= 0 (82)
y l dng th hai ca phng trnh Euler - Lagrange. Nu f
khng ph thuc tng minh vo x, chng ta c:
f y
f
y
= c (83)
M Rng:
Phng trnh Euler - Lagrange c th m rng cho trng hp
f l hm ca nhiu bin ph thuc:
f = f
_
y
1
(x), y
1
(x), y
2
(x), y
2
(x), ...; x
_
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
Dng phng php tng t nh trn:
y
i
(, x) = y
i
(0, x) +
i
(x) (84)
Ta c:
I
=
_
x
2
x
1
_
f
y
i
d
dx
_
f
y
i
__
i
(x)dx (85)
Tng t nh trn chng ta c:
d
dx
_
f
y
i
_
f
y
i
= 0, i = 1, 2, ..., n. (86)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
VD: ng on Thi
Bi Ton:
Tm ng vt i t im P
1
(x
1
, y
1
) sang im P
2
(x
2
, y
2
) trong
trng trng lc sao cho vt tn khong thi gian ngn nht.
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
Solution:
Chn P
1
(x
1
, y
1
) lm gc ta O nh hnh. nh lut bo ton
c nng:
0 + mgy
1
=
1
2
m
_
ds
dt
_
2
+ mg(y
1
y)
T y ta c:
ds
dt
=
_
2gy
M
t =
_
P
2
P
1
dt =
_
P
2
P
1
ds
2gy
=
1
2g
_
x
2
0
_
1 + y
2
y
dx
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
Solution:
Chn P
1
(x
1
, y
1
c nng:
0 + mgy
1
=
1
2
m
_
ds
dt
_
2
+ mg(y
1
y)
T y ta c:
ds
dt
=
_
2gy
M
t =
_
P
2
P
1
dt =
_
P
2
P
1
ds
2gy
=
1
2g
_
x
2
0
_
1 + y
2
y
dx
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
Solution:
Chn P
1
(x
1
, y
1
c nng:
0 + mgy
1
=
1
2
m
_
ds
dt
_
2
+ mg(y
1
y)
T y ta c:
ds
dt
=
_
2gy
M
t =
_
P
2
P
1
dt =
_
P
2
P
1
ds
2gy
=
1
2g
_
x
2
0
_
1 + y
2
y
dx
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
Solution:
Chn P
1
(x
1
, y
1
c nng:
0 + mgy
1
=
1
2
m
_
ds
dt
_
2
+ mg(y
1
y)
T y ta c:
ds
dt
=
_
2gy
M
t =
_
P
2
P
1
dt =
_
P
2
P
1
ds
2gy
=
1
2g
_
x
2
0
_
1 + y
2
y
dx
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
ng dng phng trnh Euler - Lagrange vi
f =
_
1 + y
2
y
Bi v f khng cha x mt cch tng minh nn theo phng
trnh (82) ta c:
f y
f
y
= c
Hay
_
1 + y
2
y =
1
c
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
f =
_
1 + y
2
y
trnh (82) ta c:
f y
f
y
= c
Hay
_
1 + y
2
y =
1
c
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
f =
_
1 + y
2
y
trnh (82) ta c:
f y
f
y
= c
Hay
_
1 + y
2
y =
1
c
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
t 1/c =
a v y = a sin
2
=
a
2
(1 cos 2) chng ta c:
x =
_ _
y
a y
dy = a
_
(1 cos 2)d =
a
2
(2 sin 2) + k
t b = a/2, = 2 v dng iu kin ng cong ny i qua
gc ta nn
y = b(1 cos ), x = b( sin )
b c xc nh t iu kin ng cong ny qua P
2
(x
2
, y
2
)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
t 1/c =
a v y = a sin
2
=
a
2
x =
_ _
y
a y
dy = a
_
(1 cos 2)d =
a
2
(2 sin 2) + k
gc ta nn
y = b(1 cos ), x = b( sin )
2
(x
2
, y
2
)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
t 1/c =
a v y = a sin
2
=
a
2
x =
_ _
y
a y
dy = a
_
(1 cos 2)d =
a
2
(2 sin 2) + k
gc ta nn
y = b(1 cos ), x = b( sin )
2
(x
2
, y
2
)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
Phng trnh:
y = b(1 cos ), x = b( sin )
Chnh l phng trnh mt ng Cycloid : Phng trnh qu
o ca mt im trn ng trn bn knh b ln dc theo trc
Ox.
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
II. Bin Phn Vi Rng But
Mt s bi ton yu cu tm cc i hoc cc tiu ca:
I =
_
x
2
x
1
f
_
y(x), y
(x); x
_
dx (87)
Vi iu kin mt tch phn khc:
J =
_
x
2
x
1
g
_
y(x), y
(x); x
_
dx (88)
nhn gi tr cho trc.
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
VD:
Tm ng cong c chu vi cho trc bao c vng c din
tch ln nht, tm hnh dng si dy chiu di c nh sao cho
th nng nh nht.
nh L: (Phng php tha s Lagrange)
Vn gi tr dng ca F(x, y) vi iu kin G(x, y) = const
tng ng vi vn gi tr dng khng rng but ca
F + G vi mt vi hng s vi hoc G/x hoc G/y
khng trit tiu ti im ti hn.
Hng s gi l tha s Lagrange
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
CM:
Gi s rng t iu kin G(x, y) = 0 chng ta thu c
y = g(x) c o hm g
(x) lin tc. Th.

F(x, y) = F[x, g(x)] (89)
iu kin cc i hoc cc tiu:
F
x
+
F
y
dy
dx
= 0 hay F
x
+ F
y
g
(x) = 0 (90)
T iu kin G(x, g(x)) = 0 chng ta c:
G
x
+
G
y
dy
dx
= 0 hay G
x
+ G
y
g
(x) = 0 (91)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
T (90) v (91) ta c:
F
x
(F
y
/G
y
)G
x
= 0 (92)
Gi s rng G
y
= 0, ta nh ngha = F
y
/G
y
hay
F
y
+ G
y
= 0 (93)
T phng trnh (92) ta c:
F
x
+ G
x
= 0 (94)
Ta nh ngha:
H(x, y) = F(x, y) + G(x, y)
Th:
H(x, y)
x
= 0 Hay
H(x, y)
y
= 0 (95)
Hay H(x, y) t cc tr (PCM)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
Vy bi ton I cc tr vi tch phn J l hng s tng ng
vi bi ton:
I + J =
_
x
2
x
1
_
f
_
y(x), y
(x); x
_
+ g
_
y(x), y
(x); x
_
dx (96)
Cc tr
Nn:
d
dx
_
(f + g)
y
(f + g)
y
= 0 (97)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
VD:
Bi ton ng ng chu vi: Tm ng cong c chu vi cho
trc l bao c vng c din tch ln nht
Solution:
Din tch ng cong (C)
A =
1
2
_
C
(xdy ydx) =
1
2
_
C
(xy
y)dx (98)
Chu vi ng cong C
s =
_
C
_
1 + y
2
dx = l (99)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
Vy bi ton quy v cc tr ca:
H =
_
C
[
1
2
(xy
y) +
_
1 + y
2
]dx (100)
Phng trnh Euler - Lagrange:
d
dx
_
1
2
x +
y
_
1 + y
2
_
+
1
2
= 0 (101)
Hay:
y
=
x c
1
_
2
(x c
1
)
2
(102)
Tch phn hai v:
(x c
1
)
2
+ (y c
2
)
2
=
2
(103)
y l phng trnh ng trn
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
H =
_
C
[
1
2
(xy
y) +
_
1 + y
2
]dx (100)
d
dx
_
1
2
x +
y
_
1 + y
2
_
+
1
2
= 0 (101)
Hay:
y
=
x c
1
_
2
(x c
1
)
2
(102)
Tch phn hai v:
(x c
1
)
2
+ (y c
2
)
2
=
2
(103)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
H =
_
C
[
1
2
(xy
y) +
_
1 + y
2
]dx (100)
d
dx
_
1
2
x +
y
_
1 + y
2
_
+
1
2
= 0 (101)
Hay:
y
=
x c
1
_
2
(x c
1
)
2
(102)
Tch phn hai v:
(x c
1
)
2
+ (y c
2
)
2
=
2
(103)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
H =
_
C
[
1
2
(xy
y) +
_
1 + y
2
]dx (100)
d
dx
_
1
2
x +
y
_
1 + y
2
_
+
1
2
= 0 (101)
Hay:
y
=
x c
1
_
2
(x c
1
)
2
(102)
Tch phn hai v:
(x c
1
)
2
+ (y c
2
)
2
=
2
(103)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
III. Nguyn L Hamilton V Phng Trnh Chuyn
ng Lagrange
Hm Lagrange cho h bo ton
L = T V (104)
Hm tc dng (hay tch phn tc dng):
I =
_
t
2
t
1
L(q
i
(t), q
i
(t); t)dt, q = dq/dt (105)
Trong q
i
(t) l cc ta suy rng ca h
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
Nguyn l Hamilton:
Trong cc h bo ton, chuyn ng ca h t v tr ca n
thi im t
1
n v tr ca n thi im t
2
theo qu o no
sao cho hm tc dng t gi tr dng.
I =
I
=0
d =
_
t
2
t
1
L(q
i
(t), q
i
(t); t)dt = 0 (106)
Phng trnh Euler - Lagrange hay Phng Trnh Chuyn ng
ca h
d
dt
L
q
i
L
q
i
= 0 (107)
y l dng tng ng ca phng trnh nh lut II Newton.
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
VD:
Ht cm khi lng m trt khng ma st trn vng trn bn
knh b ang quay vn tc quanh mt im O trn vng trn.
CMR: ht dao ng nh mt con lc c chiu di l = g/
2
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
Solution:
Ta ca vt
x = b cos t + b cos( + t)
y = b sin t + b sin( + t)
Lagrange ca h:
L = T =
1
2
mb
2
_
2
+ (
+ )
2
+ 2(

+ ) cos
_
Phng trnh Euler - Lagrange
d
dt
_
L
= 0 Hay

+
2
sin = 0 (108)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
Phng trnh dao ng ca con lc n
+ (g/l) sin = 0 (109)

Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
IV. Bin Phn Vi Nhiu Bin c Lp
Trong mt vi trng hp ta cn tm hm u(x, y, z) sao cho tch
phn sau cc tr:
I =
_ _ _
V
f(u, u
x
, u
y
, u
z
; x, y, z)dxdydz (110)
Vi u
x
=
u
x
v cc gi tr ca u(x, y, z) trn mt bin S c
bit trc v V l khng gian trong mt S
Tng t nh phng php bin phn cho hm mt bin:
u(x, y, z, ) = u(x, y, z, 0) + (x, y, z) (111)
T ta c:
dI
d
=0
=
_ _ _
V
_
f
u
+
f
u
x
x
+
f
u
y
y
+
f
u
z
z
_
dxdydz = 0
(112)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
Tch phn tng phn
_ _ _
V
_
f
u

d
dx
f
u
x
d
dy
f
u
y
d
dz
f
u
z
_
(x, y, z)dxdydz = 0
(113)
T ta c phng trnh Euler - Lagrange
f
u

d
dx
f
u
x
d
dy
f
u
y
d
dz
f
u
z
= 0 (114)
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
VD:
T iu kin cc tiu ha nng lng hy dn ra phng trnh
Schr odinger cho c lng t
Solution:
Nng lng ca h N ht trong c lng t:
H =
N
i=1
2
2m
i
_
x
i
x
i
+

y
i
y
i
+

z
i
z
i
_
+ V
(115)
y l bi ton bin phn vi rng but l iu kin chun ha
_

d = 1 (116)
l yu t th tch trong khng gian pha ca cc ta .
Phn III: Hm c Bit
Bin Phn Vi Rng But
Bi ton ny tng ng vi tm hm
(x, y, z) sao cho tch

phn sau cc tr:
_
(H +
)d (117)
Dng phng trnh Euler - Lagrange cho hm u
chng ta
c:
(V + )
N
i=1
2
2m
i
2
i
= 0 (118)
t = E chng ta c:
i=1
2
2m
i
2
i
+ V = E (119)
y chnh l phng trnh Schr odinger

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Phn III: Hm c Bit

Phn IV: Phng Php Bin Phn

(x); x)dx (76)

(, x); x}dx Cc Tr Khi = 0 (78)

(x) lin tc. Th.

+ (g/l) sin = 0 (109)

(x, y, z) sao cho tch

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