Ludwig Klages

Friedrich Konrad Eduard Wilhelm Ludwig Klages (10

Ludwig Klages
December 1872 – 29 July 1956) was a German philosopher,
psychologist, graphologist, poet, writer, and lecturer, who was
a two-time nominee for the Nobel Prize in Literature.[11] In
the Germanosphere, he is considered one of the most
important thinkers of the 20th century.[12] He began his career
as a research chemist according to his family's wishes, though
soon returned to his passions for poetry, philosophy and
classical studies. He held a post at the University of Munich,
where in 1905 he founded the Psychodiagnostisches Seminar;
the latter was forced to close in 1914 with the outbreak of
World War I.[13] In 1915, Klages moved to neutral
Switzerland, where over the following decades much of his
mature philosophical works were written. Klages died in
1956.[14]

Klages was a central figure of characterological psychology

and the Lebensphilosophie school of thought. Prominent
elements of his philosophy include: the opposition between Born 10 December 1872
life-affirming Seele and life-denying Geist; reality as the on- Hannover, Prussia,
going creation and interpretation of sensory images, rather German Empire
than feelings; a biocentric ethics in response to modern
Died 29 July 1956
ecological issues and militarism;[2] an affirmation of eroticism
(aged 83)
in critique of both Christian patriarchy and the notion of the
Kilchberg, Zurich,
"sexual";[15] a theory of psychology focused on expression, Switzerland
including handwriting analysis;[16] and a science of character
Nationality German
aimed at reconciling the human ego to the divide it effectuates
between living beings.[17] Central to Klages' thought is a Alma mater Leipzig University
linguistic opposition to logocentrism, a term introduced by Technische
Klages to diagnose a fixation on language or words to the Hochschule Hannover
detriment of the things to which they refer.[18] His formulation University of Munich
of this concept came to be of significant importance to
Awards Goethe Medal for Art
semiotic studies of Western science and philosophy, namely
and Science (1932)
within Derridean deconstruction.[19] Klages is similarly seen
as a forebear to critical theory,[20] deep ecology,[2] and Era 20th-century
existential phenomenology. philosophy
Region Western philosophy
Klages' place in modern psychology has been likened to those
School Continental
of his contemporaries Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung.[21] His
philosophy was roundly attacked by Nazi leaders during the philosophy
height of his career, though his proximity has since fallen to Anti-foundationalism
dispute.[22] Though little of his literary output has historically
been available in English, Klages' thought has exhibited Anti-militarism
sweeping influence on German developments in psychology, Biocentrism
psychiatry, literature, and various other disciplines.[23] Lebensphilosophie[1]
Perspectivism
Biography Main interests Aesthetics,
anthropology,
Early life classical studies,
eroticism,
handwriting,
intellectual history,
metaphysics,
philosophy of history,
philosophy of
language, philosophy
of mind, poetry,
The Lyceum am Georgsplatz psychology
(c. 1900)
Notable ideas Ausdruckskunde
Geist–Seele dialectic
Klages was born on 10 December 1872, in Hannover,
Germany, the son of Friedrich Ferdinand Louis Klages, a Id (psychology)[2]
businessman and former military officer, and wife Marie Logocentrism
Helene née Kolster.[24] In 1878, his sister Helene Klages was Reality of images
born and the two shared a strong bond throughout their lives.
In 1882, when Klages was nine years old, his mother died. Co-founder of Munich Cosmic Circle
The death is thought to have been the result of pneumonia. Scientific career
Klages had begun attending school at the Lyceum am Fields Theoretical
Georgsplatz (later called the Kaiser-Wilhelm-und- psychology,
Ratsgymnasium) in Hannover, when his aunt, Ida Kolster, characterology,
soon came to live with them to help raise the children, in chemistry
keeping with the dying mother's request.[25] Klages' early
Institutions University of Munich
education was marked by a traditional emphasis on the classics
(1893–)
and humanities. He quickly developed a strong interest in both
prose and poetry writing, as well as in Greek and Germanic Chemisches Institut
antiquity.[26] His relationship with his father was strained by (1893–)[3]
the latter's strictness and will to discipline him. Nevertheless, Psychodiagnostisches
attempts to forbid Klages from writing poetry were Seminar (1905–
unsuccessful by both his teachers and parents.[27] 1914)[4]
Thesis Attempt at a
Klages developed an intense childhood friendship with
Synthesis of
classmate Theodor Lessing, with whom he shared many
Menthone[3] (1901)
passionate interests.[28] Klages fought to maintain their
friendship in spite of his father's antisemitism. According to Doctoral Alfred Einhorn[3]
Lessing, "Ludwig's father did not view his son's fraternization advisor

with 'Juden' as acceptable."[5] In 1891, Klages completed his Other academic Theodore Lipps[5]
Abitur-level schooling and continued to Leipzig University, advisors
where he began his studies in physics and chemistry.[29] His Influences
father had instructed him to pursue a career in industrial Bachofen · Bahnsen · Busse · Carus ·
chemistry. He took two semesters at Leipzig, during 1891– George · Goethe · Ibsen · Huch ·
1892, then one semester at the Technische Hochschule Nietzsche[6] · Schopenhauer[7] · Schuler
Hannover (now the University of Hannover), during 1892– Influenced
1893.[30]
Adorno[8] · Agamben[8] · Bataille[8] ·
Benjamin · Cassirer · Cioran · Cortázar ·
Munich career Derrida[9] · Ewald · Foucault[10] ·
Guattari[8] · Habermas · Heidegger[8] ·
Klages moved to Munich in 1893, continuing his
Hesse · Hoffmann · Homburger ·
undergraduate degree at Munich University.[31] The same
Horkheimer[8] · Kahn · Kronfeld · Kubin ·
year, he joined the Chemisches Institut, a laboratory founded
Lacan[8] · Lange · Löwith[8] · Lukács · de
at the university by Adolf von Baeyer in 1875.[3] Alongside
Man · Mann · Schneider · Schuler ·
his studies, he engaged in the cultural scene in Schwabing, the
Schultz · Voigtländer
Bohemian district of Munich.[29] In 1894, Klages met poet
and sculptor Hans Busse, who had recently founded the
Institut für wissenschaftliche Graphologie (Institute for Scientific Graphology). Handwriting analysis, or
graphology, was at that time a more reputable discipline than now; Busse was sought on occasion to give
expert testimony in court cases, and his passion for the subject drew Klages to him.[32] Others figures who
entered Klages life at this time include psychiatrist Georg Meyer, poet Stefan George, classicist Alfred
Schuler, and novelist Franziska zu Reventlow.[33]

After graduating, Klages continued his work as a research chemist

and began preparing his doctoral thesis under Alfred Einhorn.[3]
Klages' writings in both prose and poetry began appearing in
Blätter für die Kunst, a journal publication owned by Stefan
George, who himself had eagerly recognized Klages' talent.[29] In
1896, Klages, Meyer, and Busse founded a new graphological
institution, the Deutsche Graphologische Gesellschaft (German
Graphological Society).[32] Klages' childhood friendship with
Members of the Munich Cosmic
Theodor Lessing came to a bitter end in 1899. Both would later
Circle, from left to right: Karl
write about the depth of their relationship and influence on each
Wolfskehl, Alfred Schuler, Ludwig
other—though many aspects, such as the effect race had on their Klages, Stefan George, Albert
friendship, remain unclear.[34] Verwey (1902, photo by Karl Bauer)

In 1900, Klages received his doctorate in chemistry from the

University of Munich; since chemistry had seven years earlier moved from the medical faculty, Klages
received his qualification as a philosophy doctorate (PhD) rather than a medical doctorate (MD).[35] Klage
published his thesis Attempt at a Synthesis of Menthone in 1901.[3]

Switzerland career
In 1914 at the outbreak of war Klages moved to Switzerland and supported himself with his writing and
income from lectures. He returned to Germany in the 1920s and in 1932 was awarded the Goethe medal for
Art and Science. However, by 1936 he was under attack from Nazi authorities for lack of support and on
his 70th birthday in 1942 was denounced by many newspapers in Germany. After the war he was honoured
by the new government, particularly on his 80th birthday in 1952.

Thought
Klages' thought is often seen as the link between Friedrich Nietzsche and much of contemporary
continental philosophy,[15] with even Klages once regarding his as "the most plundered" body of work of
the present age.[36] Jürgen Habermas, who regarded Klages as well ahead of his time, describes his
philosophy as "anti-spiritual" (German: geistfeindlichen).[37] In this regard, Klages is also seen as a
pioneering figure of critique against the Hegelian notion of spirit as adverse to the affirmation of life.[15]

Much of Klages' work makes noted use of highly precise philosophical German language as well as
occasional esoteric terminology.[38]

He created a complete theory of graphology and will be long associated with the concepts of form level,
rhythm and bi-polar interpretation. Together with Friedrich Nietzsche and Henri Bergson he anticipated
existential phenomenology. He also coined the term logocentrism in the 1920s.[39]

As a philosopher, Klages took the Nietzschean premises of Lebensphilosophie "to their most extreme
conclusions." He drew a distinction between life-affirming Seele (soul) and life-destroying Geist (spirit or
intellect). Geist represented the forces of "modern, industrial, and intellectual rationalization", while Seele
represented the possibility of overcoming "alienated intellectuality in favor of a new-found earthly
rootedness."[40] After his death, the German philosopher Jürgen Habermas urged that Klages' developments
in the fields of anthropology and philosophy of language should not be left veiled behind his enigmatic
metaphysics and apocalyptic philosophy of history. Habermas characterized Klages' thought in this regard
as ahead of its time.[37]

Klages influence was widespread and amongst his great admirers were contemporaries like Jewish thinker
Walter Benjamin, philosopher Ernst Cassirer, philologist Walter F. Otto and novelist Hermann Hesse.[41]

Personal life

Relationships and sexuality

In uniting his philosophy and personal preferences, Klages generally opposed sexuality as a formal
concept.[42] Even during the heyday of sexual and bohemian rebellion, Herf writes, "Klages struck most
observers as strikingly clean and honourable in erotic matters."[42]

When Klages moved into a new Schwabing flat in 1895, he entered into an intense sexual relationship with
his landlady's daughter, with the mother's approval; the daughter, whom Klages called 'Putti', was eleven
years younger than him,[43] and their relationship continued for almost two decades though remained only
sexual in nature.[44] During his years in Schwabing, Klages also became romantically involved with
novelist Franziska zu Reventlow, which was further alluded to in her 1913 roman à clef Herrn Dames
Aufzeichnungen.[45] Both Stefan George and Alfred Schuler, with whom Klages closely associated, were
openly homosexual men.[46] Whilst some of Klages' outward statements on homosexuality may be seen as
harsh, he maintained an intimate personal and academic admiration for Schuler all throughout his life.[47]

Religion and political views

Klages, like Friedrich Nietzsche, was critical of Christianity as well as what they both saw as its roots in
Judaism.[48] Some of his earlier statements on Judaism in this regard may be seen as only veiled attacks on
Christianity, drawing further similarities to Nietzsche and Voltaire.[15] "On one level, it is possible to see in
Klages a call for a return to polytheism or pantheism, inasmuch [as] there are significant affinities between
his outlook and the cosmogony of the ancient Greeks, who saw each individual part of the world in
pantheist and pagan terms", writes contemporary scholar Paul C. Bishop; he concludes however, that
Klages' religious views in this regard "must remain an open question".[49] Other sources, such as by
Josephson-Storm, have more overtly regarded Klages as a neo-pagan.[50]

Klages has largely been identified as apolitical, with resemblances to deep ecology in his bioethical stance,
feminism in his rejection of Christian patriarchy, and pacifism in his staunch anti-war position on German
involvement in World Wars I and II.[51] Despite his opposition to fascist militarism,[15] among the most
common charges against Klages is the misconception that he sympathised with Nazism.[52] Attempts have
been made to dismiss Klages on these grounds for his inclusion of antisemitic remarks, while under the rule
of the Third Reich, in the foreword to a 1940 publication of the late Alfred Schuler's Nachlass.[53] Klages is
also sometimes placed among thinkers of the Conservative Revolution.[54] Klages was however, as Bishop
states, "not a fundamentally anti-semitic thinker, not a right-wing philosopher, and not a Nazi."[55] Earlier
publishings by scholars Lebovic, Stauth, and Turner regard Klages as antisemitic.[56] Likewise, historian
Josephson-Storm states "As an American Jew who lost extended family in the Shoah, I personally find this
the most disgusting and odious part of Klages's oeuvre."[57] Bishop further states that such views on Klages
can be traced back to polemical interpretations forwarded by Jewish thinkers Ernst Bloch and Georg
Lukács, and later embraced by the European New Right.[58] Addressing the issue of antisemitism, Klages
wrote:

I have never endorsed the claim that the Nazi big-wigs belonged to a superior race. However, I
must also add that I have consistently refused to accept the claim of another such race as the
chosen people. The arrogance is identical in both cases, but with this important distinction: after
waging war against mankind for more than three thousand years, Judaism has finally achieved
total victory over all nations of the earth.[59]

Works
Klages wrote 14 books and 60 articles between 1910 and 1948, and co-edited the journal Berichte (1897–
1898) and its successor Graphologische Monatshefte until 1908.

Translated works in English

— (1921). On the Nature of Consciousness [Vom Wesen des Bewusstseins] (translated from
the 1st ed.). Independently Published (published 2022). ISBN 979-8500264039.
 — (1922). Of Cosmogonic Eros [Vom kosmogonischen Eros]. Translated by Kuhn, Mav.
Theion Publishing (published 2019). ISBN 978-3-9820-6540-3.
— (1926). The Science of Character [Grundlagen der Charakterkunde]. Translated by
Johnston, Walter H. (translated from the 5th & 6th ed.). London: Unwin Brothers (published
2018).
— (n.d.). The Biocentric Worldview: Selected Essays and Aphorisms. Translated by Pryce,
Joseph D. Arktos Media (published 2013). ISBN 978-1-9071-6661-7.
— (n.d.). Cosmogonic Reflections: Selected Aphorisms. Translated by Pryce, Joseph D.
Arktos Media (published 2015). ISBN 978-1-9105-2441-1.

Selected works in German

Vom Wesen des Bewusstseins (1921)
Vom kosmogonischen Eros (1922)
Die Grundlagen der Charakterkunde (1926)
Der Geist als Widersacher der Seele (1929–32)

References
1. Lebovic 2013, p. 9.
2. Pryce 2013, § Works of maturity.
3. Bishop 2017, p. 3.
4. Bishop 2017, p. 6; Stauth & Turner 1992, p. 48.
5. Lebovic 2013, p. 24.
6. Bishop 2017, p. 24.
7. Bishop 2017, p. 78.
8. Josephson-Storm 2017, pp. 214–215.
9. Lebovic 2013, p. 87; Wolin 2004, p. 154.
10. Josephson-Storm 2017, pp. 214–215; Lebovic 2013, p. 75.
11. White 1967; Britannica n.d.: "Ludwig Klages, (born Dec. 10, 1872, Hannover, Ger.—died July
29, 1956, Kilchberg, near Zürich, Switz.), German psychologist and philosopher,
distinguished in the field of characterology."; "Nomination Database: Ludwig Klages" (https://
www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=4878). NobelPrize.org. Nobel
Media AB. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
12. L'Agora 2014.
13. Bishop 2017, pp. 3, 7, 16; Lebovic 2013, p. 24; Stauth & Turner 1992, p. 48; Britannica n.d.:
"Educated in chemistry, physics, and philosophy at the University of Munich, where he also
taught".
14. Josephson-Storm 2017, p. 213.
15. Josephson-Storm 2017.
16. Lebovic 2013, p. 119.
17. White 1967: "His most important work was directed toward the formulation of a science of
character that would reestablish the undifferentiated union of the life forms that had been
ruptured by the emergence of ego in the human species."
18. Beyler 2015: "Alongside characterology and graphology, Klages's most prominent
philosophical theme was the rejection of technical rationality and intellectualized concepts.
In other words, opposition to “logocentrism,” a term he coined."; Collins 2014.
19. Josephson-Storm 2017, p. 221; Lebovic 2013, p. 87.
20. Josephson-Storm 2017, pp. 20, 209; Stauth & Turner 1992.
21. Bishop 2017; L'Agora 2014.
22. Bishop 2017, p. 32: "Difficult, because one of the most commonly heard charges made
against Klages is that he sympathized with the National Socialists. As we shall see,
however, nothing could be further from the truth."; Pryce 2013, § National Socialist Germany,
World War II, and their aftermath; Schlicht 2020.
23. Bishop 2017, pp. i–xxiii, 91.
24. Bishop 2017, p. 1.
25. Bishop 2017, pp. 1–2.
26. Bishop 2017, p. 2.
27. Bishop 2017, p. 3; Lebovic 2013, p. 23.
28. Bishop 2017, pp. 2–3; Pryce 2013, § The early years.
29. Pryce 2013, § The early years.
30. Bishop 2017, p. 3; Lebovic 2013, p. 24.
31. Bishop 2017, p. 3; Pryce 2013, § The early years.
32. Bishop 2017, p. 5.
33. Bishop 2017, pp. 5, 13; Pryce 2013, § The early years.
34. Kotowski 2000, p. 7.
35. Bishop 2017, p. 3; Lebovic 2013, p. 25; White 1967.
36. Bishop 2017, p. xvii.
37. Der Spiegel 1966.
38. Bishop 2017, p. 51; Josephson-Storm 2017.
39. Josephson-Storm 2017, pp. 214, 221–222.
40. Aschheim 1992, pp. 80–81.
41. Bishop 2017, p. 93.
42. Lebovic 2013, p. 94.
43. Bishop 2017, pp. 3–4; Lebovic 2013, p. 60.
44. Lebovic 2013, p. 60.
45. Bishop 2017, p. 4; Pryce 2013, § The early years.
46. Lebovic 2013, pp. 45, 88.
47. Lebovic 2013; Pryce 2013, § The early years.
48. Bishop 2017, pp. 24, 35.
49. Bishop 2017, p. 102.
50. Josephson-Storm 2017, p. 20.
51. Josephson-Storm 2017; Pryce 2013, § Works of maturity.
52. Bishop 2017, p. 32: "Difficult, because one of the most commonly heard charges made
against Klages is that he sympathized with the National Socialists. As we shall see,
however, nothing could be further from the truth."
53. Bishop 2017, p. 35.
54. Lebovic 2013.
55. Bishop 2017, p. xix.
56. Lebovic 2013; Stauth & Turner 1992.
57. Josephson-Storm 2017, p. 225.
58. Bishop 2017, pp. xviii–xix.
59. Schroder 1966, § 1350.

Sources
Aschheim, Steven E. (1992). The Nietzsche Legacy in Germany, 1890–1990 (https://archive.
org/details/nietzschelegacyi0000asch). University of California Press. ISBN 0520085558.
Beyler, Richard H. (2015). "Review: The Philosophy of Life and Death: Ludwig Klages and
the Rise of a Nazi Biopolitics by Nitzan Lebovic" (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fahr%2F120.3.1
135). The American Historical Review. 120 (3): 1135–1136. doi:10.1093/ahr/120.3.1135 (http
s://doi.org/10.1093%2Fahr%2F120.3.1135).
Bishop, Paul (2017). Ludwig Klages and the Philosophy of Life: A Vitalist Toolkit. Routledge.
ISBN 9781138697157.
Eller, Cynthia (2000). The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory: Why An Invented Past Will Not
Give Women a Future. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-6792-5.
Furness, Raymond (1978). The Twentieth Century 1890–1945 (https://archive.org/details/twe
ntiethcentury00furn). London: Croom Helm. ISBN 006492310X.
Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the
Birth of the Human Sciences. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226403533.
Kotowski, Elke-Vera (2000). Feindliche Dioskuren: Theodor Lessing und Ludwig Klages,
das Scheitern einer Jugendfreundschaft (1885–1899) (in German). Berlin: Jüdische
Verlagsanstalt. ISBN 978-3-93465-8097.
Lebovic, Nitzan (2013). The Philosophy of Life and Death: Ludwig Klages and the Rise of a
Nazi Biopolitics. Palgrave Studies in Cultural and Intellectual History. Palgrave Macmillan.
ISBN 978-1137342058.
Lindenfeld, David F.; Marchand, Suzanne L. (2004). Germany at the Fin de Siècle: Culture,
Politics, and Ideas. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0807129798.
Noll, Richard (1997). The Jung Cult: Origins of a Charismatic Movement. Touchstone.
ISBN 0684834235.
Pryce, Joseph D. (2013). "The Biocentric Metaphysics of Ludwig Klages". The Biocentric
Worldview: Selected Essays and Aphorisms. By Klages, Ludwig. Translated by Pryce,
Joseph D. Arktos Media. ISBN 978-1-9071-6661-7.
Schlicht, Laurens (2020). "Graphology in Germany in the 1920s and 1930s" (https://doi.org/1
0.1007%2Fs00048-020-00246-8). NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften,
Technik und Medizin. 28 (2): 149–179. doi:10.1007/s00048-020-00246-8 (https://doi.org/10.1
007%2Fs00048-020-00246-8). PMID 32333033 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3233303
3).
Schroder, Hans Eggert (1966). Ludwig Klages, Die Geschichte Seines Lebens (in German)
(published 1992). ISBN 978-3-41600-8501.
Stauth, Georg; Turner, Bryan S. (1992). "Ludwig Klages (1872-1956) and the Origins of
Critical Theory". Theory Culture Society. 9 (45): 45–63. doi:10.1177/026327692009003003
(https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026327692009003003). S2CID 143602617 (https://api.semantic
scholar.org/CorpusID:143602617).
White, Hayden V. (1967). "Klages, Ludwig". Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.).
Macmillan Library Reference (published 2005). pp. 77–78.
Wolin, Richard (2004). The Seduction of Unreason: The Intellectual Romance with Fascism
from Nietzsche to Postmodernism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
ISBN 9780691114644.
"logocentrism" (https://www.thefreedictionary.com/logocentrism). Collins English Dictionary
(Complete and Unabridged, 12th ed.). HarperCollins Publishers. 2014. Retrieved
 26 September 2020 – via TheFreeDictionary.com.
"Ludwig Klages" (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ludwig-Klages). Encyclopædia
Britannica. n.d. Retrieved 27 September 2020 – via Britannica.com.
"Klages, Ludwig". Encyclopédie de L'Agora (in French). 2014.
"Klages: Gewalten des Untergangs". Der Spiegel (in German) (37/1966). 5 September 1966.

Further reading
Alksnis, Gunnar (1970). Ludwig Klages and His Attack on Rationalism. Kansas State
University. (republished as Chthonic Gnosis: Ludwig Klages and his Quest for the
Pandaemonic All (http://www.theionpublishing.com/chthonic-gnosis-klages). Theion
Publishing. 2015.)
Falter, Reinhard (2003). Ludwig Klages. Lebensphilosophie als Zivilisationskritik (in
German). Munich: Telesma. ISBN 978-3-8330-0678-4.
Furness, Raymond (2000). "Ludwig Klages". Zarathustra's Children: A Study of a Lost
Generation of German Writers. Rochester, NY: Camden House. pp. 99–124. ISBN 1-57113-
057-8.
Grossheim, Michael (1993). Ludwig Klages und die Phaenomenologie (in German).
Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH.
Lebovic, Nitzan (2006). "The Terror and Beauty of Lebensphilosophie: Ludwig Klages,
Walter Benjamin, and Alfred Bauemler". South Central Review. 23 (1). The Johns Hopkins
University Press: 23–39. doi:10.1353/scr.2006.0009 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fscr.2006.00
09). JSTOR 40039911 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/40039911). S2CID 170637814 (https://ap
i.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170637814).
Lewin, James (1931). Geist und Seele: Ludwig Klages' Philosophie (in German). Berlin:
Reuther & Reichard.
Schneider, Tobias (2001). Ideological Trench Warfare: Ludwig Klages and National
Socialism from 1933–1938. Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte.
Tuppini, Tommaso (2003). Ludwig Klages: L'immagine e la questione della distanza (in
Italian). Milano: Franco Angeli.
Ardic, Chiara Gianni (2016). La Fuga degli Dèi: Mito, matriarcato e immagine in Ludwig
Klages (in Italian). Milano: Jouvence.
Sneller, Rico (2021). Perspectives on Synchronicity, Inspiration, and the Soul. Newcastle:
Cambridge Scholars. ISBN 978-1-5275-6632-3.

External links
Online text: The Science of Character (http://dispater.atspace.com). Translated by Johnston,
Walter H.
Online text: The Biocentric Worldview: Selected Essays and Aphorisms (http://www.revilo-oli
ver.com/Writers/Klages/Ludwig_Klages.html). Translated by Pryce, Joseph D.
Pryce, Joseph D. (26 August 2010). "Ludwig Klages on Judaism, Christianity and Paganism"
(https://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/2010/08/26/pryce-klages/). Occidental Observer.
Alksnis, Gunnar. Chthonic Gnosis: Ludwig Klages and his Quest for the Pandaemonic All (htt
p://www.theionpublishing.com/chthonic-gnosis-klages) at Theion Publishing
Klages, Ludwig. Of Cosmogonic Eros (http://www.theionpublishing.com/of-cosmogonic-eros)
at Theion Publishing
Newspaper clippings about Ludwig Klages (http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/009687)
in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Klages&oldid=1187146645"