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Group:731i

Topic:Gender

Student: Gahraman Mammadov

Teacher:Sabina Gahramanova

Assessment
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10.03.2024

Hormones: What is hormone?

Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted directly

into the blood and carry them to the body's organs and tissues to

perform their functions. Hormones affect different aspects of body

functions and processes. Some of these are those:

 Development and growth.

 Metabolism of food breakdown.

 Sexual function, reproductive development and health.

 Cognitive function and mood

 It preserves body heat.

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How it works?

Each hormone has its own specific receptors in the body.

Although a particular hormone reaches all cells of the body, only

some cells have receptors for that hormone. Thus, the response to a

hormone is given only by target cells containing receptors specific to

that hormone, while other cells are not affected. Receptors for a

specific hormone may be found on many different cells or may be

limited to a small number of specialized cells. For example, Thyroid

hormones stimulate metabolic activity in the body by acting on many

different tissue types. Cells can have many receptors for the same
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hormone, but often also have receptors for different types of

hormones. The number of receptors that respond to a hormone

determines the cell's sensitivity to that hormone and the resulting

cellular response. Additionally, the number of receptors that respond

to a hormone may change over time, resulting in increased or

decreased cell sensitivity.

Types of hormones:
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Estrogen

Estrogen is produced primarily in the ovaries and plays an

important role in the development of a woman’s reproductive system

during puberty. Estrogen (a group of hormones — estrone, estradiol,

and estriol are the main types) helps to regulate the menstrual cycle in

a woman’s childbearing years. Men Have Estrogen Hormones, Too

“What many people don’t realize is that the male body makes

estrogen too,” says Epstein. Small amounts of estrogen are secreted by

the adrenal glands and fat tissue in both sexes. The male body also

makes estrogen by converting testesterone into estradiol — an

important hormone for bone health in both men and women, says

Davidge-Pitts. Estrogen also affects brain, liver, heart, and skin health,

and helps to regulate metabolic processes, such as cholesterol level.

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Testosterone

Testosterone plays an important role in puberty for boys.

Testosterone is the hormone responsible for many of the physical

characteristics we consider typically male, including facial and body hair,

muscle mass, and a deep voice.

Androgens Are a Class of Hormones That Includes

Testosterone

Testosterone is part of a class of hormones, called androgens,

that are produced primarily by the testicles in men.

But testosterone isn’t only a male hormone. The female body also

produces small amounts of testosterone in the adrenal glands and

ovaries. Testosterone in women plays an important role in ovarian

function, bone strength, and possibly sex drive.

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Cortisol: The Stress Hormone

Cortisol is a hormone that helps the body respond to stress. It is

sometimes called the “stress hormone” because in high-stress

situations, cortisol levels in your body suddenly rise, giving your body a

natural energy boost.

Serotonin: A Happy Hormone

Serotonin is a hormone that doubles as a neurotransmitter. It’s

sometimes known as the happy chemical, as it appears to play a role in

regulating mood, and low levels of serotonin in the brain have been

associated with mental health.

Dopamine
Dopamine is most notably involved in helping us feel pleasure as part of the brain’s

reward system. Sex, shopping, smelling cookies baking in the oven — all these things can

trigger dopamine release, or a "dopamine rush."

This feel-good neurotransmitter is also involved in reinforcement. That’s why, once

we try one of those cookies, we might come back for another one (or two, or three). The
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darker side of dopamine is the intense feeling of reward people feel when they take drugs,

such as heroin or cocaine, which can lead to addiction.

Dopamine also plays a role in these functions:

 learning and attention

 mood

 movement

 heart rate

 kidney function

 blood vessel function

 sleep

 pain processing

 lactation