Rivets- are made of wrought iron or soft steel.

It is used as fastenings for joints in building, bridges,

boilers, tanks, ships and miscellaneous framework

Types of Riveted Joints

1.) Lap Joints

a.) A single riveted lap Joint
b.) Double riveted lap Joint
c.) Triple riveted lap Joint
2.) Butt joints
a.) A single riveted lap joint
b.) Double riveted lap joint
c.) Triple riveted lap joint

Note: The actual stress set up in a riveted joints are complicated and cannot be simply computed

Common assumptions

 The loads is distributed among the rivets according to the shear areas
 There is no bending stress in the rivets
 The tensile stress is equally distributed over the projected area of the rivets
 In a rivet subjected to double shear, the shear is equally distributed between the two
areas in shear
 The crushing pressure is equally distributed over projected area of the rivet
 The holes into which the rivets are driven so not weaken the member if it is in
compression
 After they have been driven, the rivets completely fills the holes
 Friction between adjacent surfaces does not affect the strength of the joint
For Riveted Joints

1.) Tangential Design Stress

P i Di
St =
2 te

Where:

St =Tangential Stress( MPA∨Psi)

Pi=Inside Pressure(MPA∨Psi)

Di=inside diameter (mm∨¿)

t=wall thickness(mm∨¿)

e=efficiency

2.) Tangential Design Stress

Stu
FS=
St

Stu =Ultimate Tensile Stress(MPa∨Psi)

St =Inside Pressure(MPa∨Psi)

FS=Factor of Safety

3.) Efficiency of the joint for single riveted but joint

p−d
e= x 100
p

p= pitch(mm∨¿)

d=rivet diam eter (mm∨¿)

e=efficiency
Welding and Welded Joints

Weld is a union between mental surfaces brought about by localized application of heat

Welding is the process of joining metal by treating the metal to a state of fusion permitting to
flow together into solid joint

Types of welding which are Not Requiring Pressure

1.) Thermit welding

2.) Gas Welding

3.) Arc Welding

Types of welding which are Requiring Pressure:

1.) Forge welding

2.) Seam Welding

3.) Projection Welding

4.) Flash Welding

5.) Upset Welding

Major Weld Types

1.) Groove

2.) Slot

3.) Fillet

4.) Plug

Types of Joints:

1.) Butt Joint

2.) Lap Joint

3.) Tee Joint

4.) Corner Joint

 5.) Edge Joint

For Riveted Joints

1.) Tangential Design Stress

P
S s=
hL¿ ¿

Where:

P=Static Load (N∨lb)

h=height (mm∨¿)

L=length( mm∨¿)

S s=Shearing stress(MPa∨Psi)

2.) Factor of Safety

S sy 0.5 S y
FS= =
Ss Ss

S sy=Shearing stress based (MPa∨Psi )

S s=Shearing stress(Psi)

S y =Yield stress based (Psi)

FS=Factor of Safety (Psi)

3.) Maximum Shearing Stress

S smax=1.118 S s

S s=Shearing stress(Psi)

S smax=Maximum Shearing stress( Psi)

4.) Maximum Shearing Stress

Stmax =1.618 S t

St =Tensile stress (Psi)

Stmax =MaximumTensile stress( Psi)

Note: For Design Calculations

S smax=Sds=Design shearing stress

Stmax =S dt =Design tensile stress

Formulas (Bevel Gears)

1.) Cutting or Root Angle

ω=γ−δ
Where: ω=cutting angle(deg)
γ = pitch angle(deg)
δ=dedendum angle(deg)

2.) Face Angle

 β=γ−α
Where: β=face angle(deg)
γ = pitch angle(deg)
α =adendumangle( deg)

3.) Pitch Angle

a.) For Pinion
−1 Rp −1 Np
γ p=tan γ p=tan
Rg Ng

b.) For Gear

−1 Rg −1 Ng
γ g =tan γ g =tan
Rg Ng

Where: R p =radius of pinion(mm∨inch)

R g=radius of gear (mm∨inch)
N p=number of teeth pinion
N g=number of teeth gear
γ p= pitch angle of pinion¿
γ g =p itch angleof gear ¿

4.) Face Width

L
b≤
3
Where: L=length of cone (mm∨inch)
b=face width(mm∨inch)

5.) Length of Cone

L= √ R p2 + R g2
Where:
R p =radius of pinion( mm∨inch)
R g=radius of gear (mm∨inch) L=legnth of cone (mm∨inch)

6.) Working Depth

2
W r=
Pd
Where:
W r =working depth
Pd =diametral pitch
7.) Total Depth
2.188
W r= + 0.002
Pd
Where:
W r =working depth
Pd =diametral pitch

Design Calculations
1.) Strength of Straight Bevel Gear

F s=
Pd [ ]
S Y b L−b
L
Where:
F s=Beam fatigue strength(lb)
S=endurance strength
b=face width( ¿)
Y =Lewis form factor
Pd =diametral pitch
L=legnth of cone (mm∨inch)

2.) Dynamic Load

F d= [ 600−V m
600 ]Ft

Where:
F d=dynamic load (lb)
F d=transmitted load(lb )
V m =pitch line velocity(ft /min)