COPPERBELT UNIVERSITY

IN CONJUNCTION WITH

ZAMBIA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE (MPIKA)

DEPARTMENT OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

FINAL PROJECT TITLE:

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GARLIC INTERCROPPED WITH RAPE AND

ONION INTERCROPPED WITH RAPE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF
REPELLING PESTS ON RAPE.

RESEARCHER: CHANSA CHOLA GOLDEN

EXAM NUMBER: SA/2016/031

SUPERVISOR: MR MWILA

PROJECT COORDINATOR: MR KAMBOLE

REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN PARTIAL

FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF A DIPLOMA IN SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE 2019.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. DECLARATION………………………………………………………………….3

II. APPROVAL………………………………………..…………………………....4

III. DEDICATION…………………………………………………………….……5

IV. ACKNOWLEDEMENT………………………….……………………………..6

V. ABSTRACT…………………………………….……………………………..….7

CHAPTER ONE…………………………………….……………………….……..8

1.0 INTRODUCTION…………………….…………………………………………8

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT………………………........………………………….9

1.2 JUSTIFICATION……..…………………………………….……………………9

1.3 OBJECTIVES………………………………………..…………………….…….9

1.3.1 MAIN OBJECTIVES…………..…………….…………………………..……9

1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES……….……..….………………………….….……9

1.4 HYPOTHESIS……………………………….......................................................9

1.4.1 ALTERNATIVE…………….…………………………………………………9

1.4.2 NULL……………………………………………………………….………….9

CHAPTER
TWO………………………………………………………………………………..10

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………………10

CHAPTER
THREE……………………………………………………………………………..12

3.0 METHODOLOGY………………………………………………..……………12

3.1 LOCATION OF STUDY……………………………………..………………..12

3.2 MATERIALS……………………………………….……………..……………12

3.3 PROCEDURE…………………………………………………………………..13

1
3.4 PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION………………………………………….13

3.5 TIME FRAME………………………………………………………………….13

3.6 WORKING PLAN…………………………………………………………….13

3.7 SOWING……………………………………………………………………….13

3.8 WEED CONTROL……………….……………………………………………14

3.9 PARAMETERS………………………………………………………………..14

4.0 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN…………………………...…………….……….14

3.4EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IN THE FIELD………………………………...15

3.5 DATA COLLECTION……………………………………….……….…….....16

CHAPTER FOUR……………….………………………………………………...17

4.1 DATA ANALYSIS…………………..…………………………………………17

CHAPTER FIVE…………………………………………………………………..18

5.1 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS……………………………………………18

5.2 TEST OF HYPOTHESIS……………………………………………………….20

5.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………..…………………………………20

CHAPTER SIX

6.1 CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS……………….……………..20

6.2 CONCLUSSION…………………………………………………..……………20

6.3 RECOMMENDATIONS……………………….………………….……………21

6.4 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….22

CHAPTER SEVEN…………………………………………….…………….……23

4.0 BUDGET…………………………………………..…………………………….23

4.1 TIME SCHEDULE…………………………………..………..…………………24

APPENDIXES……………………….……………………………..………………..25

2
DECLARATION

I CHANSA .C. GOLDEN, declare that this research project report is my own work and not a
duplication of any published work of any scholar for academic purpose as requirement of any
College / University. I further declare that all materials cited in this document which are not my
own have been duly acknowledged.

Researcher; CHANSA .C. GOLDEN.

Signature………………………… Date……………………………

Name of Supervisor…MR MWILA

Sign ……………………………….. Date ……………….…………

3
APPROVAL

The Zambia College of Agriculture approves this report of CHANSA .C. GOLDEN. as fulfilling
the requirement for award of Diploma in Sustainable Agriculture.

Examiner………………………………… ……..

Signature……………………………………………….

Date……………………………………………………

4
DEDICATION

I dedicate this work to my family for their unstoppable love and support shown in my request to
pursue this Diploma course in Sustainable Agriculture. Especially Daddy and Mummy (Mr M.H.
and Mrs C.I. CHANSA) and my brothers and sisters may God continue blessing you.

5
ACKNOWLEDEMENT

I would like to thank God for having facilitated my undertaking the successful completion of my
project. The research project was made possible by contribution from various people. I here by
Mr Kambole (The project co-ordinator / HOD of Sustainable Agriculture) and the
administration of Zambia college of Agriculture - Mpika for funding my project. The project
coordinator has been extremely helpful in ensuring that my project is implemented as part of the
requirement for obtaining a Diploma in Sustainable Agriculture at Zambia College of
Agriculture- Mpika. I would also like to thank Mr Mwila for his good supervision of my project.
Your assistance will be extremely remembered forever and also to all my friends who helped me
directly or indirectly. I also thank my parents for their support and for providing me with some of
the inputs used in the research project.

6
ABSTRACT

Rape (Brassica napus) is a sub-tropical plant which belongs to the family Brassicaceae (Karban
2014). Rape can be grown throughout the year, but it does better during the cool dry season
between March and August (Luck 2009). Rape is one of the most important and widely grown
vegetable crops by small-scale farmers for subsistence and as source of income (Binwel 2013).
Its leaves are rich in vitamin A, and other ingredients that add value to human being (Holland,
2010). Smallholders, produce vegetable at a low yield due to little knowledge about sustainable
way of controlling pests. Several pests affect rape including bagrada bug, cut worm, white grub
and aphid.

In connection to that allium species, such as onion (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum)
have an effect on the control of pests (Innocent Pahlainter 2014). Onion and garlic have been
used in the intercropping systems due to their ability to repel pests. Crops grown next to garlic
and onion are less prone to pest attacks. Onion and garlic plants produce excretions from their
roots as well as aromas from their leaves which have beneficial effects on surrounding plants
(Baidoo,2012).

Experiment was carried out to compare which one is more effective between onion and garlic on
the repelling of pests on rape. A trial was carried out at the Zambia college of Agriculture
(Mpika) (2019). The experiment was laid out as a Randomized Complete Block Design with 2
treatments rape + onion intercrop, and rape + garlic intercrop replicated 4 times to have 8 plots.
Data collection was done through weighing harvested leaf mass and leaf damage of rape. The
experiment was conducted in three months . This happened from 22sd December to 29th march,
2019. After the completion of the experiment, the intercropping rape with garlic recorded lower
number of leaf damage and higher leaf mass as compared to that with onion. The results showed
that intercropping rape with garlic had significant difference on rape fresh mass and leaf damage.
Basing on the research findings, it was concluded that intercropping rape with garlic is an
effective practice in the control of pests in rape, and is better for adoption by poor smallholder
vegetable producers.

7
CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Rape (Brassica napus) is a sub-tropical plant which belongs to the family Brassicaceae (Karban
2014). Rape can be grown throughout the year, but it does better during the cool dry season
between March and August (Luck 2009). Rape is one of the most important and widely grown
vegetable crops by small-scale farmers for subsistence and as source of income (Binwel 2013).
Its leaves are rich in vitamin A, and other ingredients that add value to human being (Holland,
2010). The farmers often supply the vegetable crop to urban markets while some grow the crop
in home gardens exclusively for home consumption.

Smallholders, produce vegetable at a low yield due to failure to control pests due to high cost of
input such as synthetic pesticide. (Chadha,2009). (Dobson 2015) reported that pests and diseases
can cause losses in quality, marketability and on yield of up to 80% if not well managed. Several
pests affect rape including bagrada bug, cut worm, white grub and aphid. However, aphids are
considered by most farmers as the most common pest of rape (Turner and Chivinge, 2015).

In connection to that allium species, such as onion (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum)
have been found to have an effect on the control of pests infestation on brassicaceae family,
(Innocent Pahlainter 2014). Onion and garlic have been used in the intercropping systems due to
their ability to repel insects. Crops grown next to garlic and onion are less prone to pest attacks.
Onion and garlic plants produce excretions from their roots as well as aromas from their leaves
which have beneficial effects on surrounding plants (Baidoo,2012).

Using natural pesticides such as Onion and Garlic are cheaper and easily accessible. Moreover
they cut down on the use of synthetic pesticides as well as reduce risk of health aspect to human
being and the environment, (Geneva, Switzerland, 2011).

8
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Onion and Garlic have been proven that they have ability to repel pests from nearby vegetable
crops therefore, intercropping of vegetable crops with Onion is the common method as a
sustainable way of controlling pests in vegetable gardens by small scale farmers due to the fact
that they have little knowledge to compare which one is more effective between onion and garlic
on the control of pests.

1.2 JUSTIFICATION

Many studies have been done about garlic and onion as a repellant of pests but very little
research has been done on comparing which one is more effective between garlic and onion on
the control of insects. As a result of this, a research was carried out by comparing the yield and
leaf damage of rape after intercropped onion with rape and garlic with rape.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 Main objective:

 To compare which one is more effective between onion and garlic on the repelling of
pests when intercropped with rape (Brassica napus).

1.3.2 Specific objective:

 To compare the yield of rape where it is intercropped with Onion and with garlic.
 To compare the leaf damage of rape where it is intercropped with Onion and with Garlic.

1.3.3 Scope of the study

This study was focused on comparing which one is more effective between onion and garlic on
the repelling of pests through the leaf damage and the yield of rape through intercropping.

1.4 HYPOTHESIS

1.4.1 Alternative: garlic is more effective on the repelling of pests in rape to onion.

9
1.4.2 Null: garlic is not more effective on the repelling of pests in rape to onion.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Onion and Garlic belong to the family liliaceae. Their Growth is best in sandy loam, silt loam
and other light soils of pH 5.8-6.5. (Chivuta 2009). Garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium
sepa) are important crops for the people in the world. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a species in the
onion genus, Allium. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive and Chinese onion.
Garlic is native to Central Asia and northeastern Iran, and has long been a common seasoning
worldwide, with a history of several thousand years of human consumption and use. It was
known to ancient Egyptians, and has been used both as a food flavoring and as a traditional
medicine.

CULTIVATION

Garlic is easy to grow and can be grown year-round in mild climates. While sexual propagation
of garlic is possible, nearly all of the garlic in cultivation is propagated asexually, by planting
individual cloves in the ground. In colder climates, cloves are planted in the autumn, about six
weeks before the soil freezes, and harvested in late spring or early summer. The cloves must be
planted deep enough to prevent freeze/thaw, which causes mold or white rot.
Garlic plants can be grown closely together, leaving enough space for the bulbs to mature, and
are easily grown in containers of sufficient depth. Garlic does well in loose, dry, well-drained
soils in sunny locations, and is hardy throughout USDA climate zones 4–9. When selecting
garlic for planting, it is important to pick large bulbs from which to separate cloves. Large
cloves, along with proper spacing in the planting bed, will also increase bulb size. Garlic plants
prefer to grow in a soil with a high organic material content, but are capable of growing in a wide
range of soil conditions and pH levels.

DISEASES
Garlic plants are usually hardy and not affected by many pests or diseases. Garlic plants are said
to repel rabbits and moles. However, pathogens that affect garlic are nematodes and wood-decay
fungus, which remain in the soil indefinitely after the ground has become infected. Garlic may

10
also suffer from pink root, a typically non-fatal disease that stunts the roots and turns them pink
or red, leek rot or downy mildew. The larvae of the leek moth attack garlic by mining into the
leaves or bulbs (Eskandari and Ghanbari 2010),

GARLIC USE

Garlic is widely used around the world for its pungent flavor as a seasoning or condiment.
The garlic plant's bulb is the most commonly used part of the plant. With the exception of the
single clove types, garlic bulbs are normally divided into numerous fleshy sections called cloves.
Garlic cloves are used for consumption (raw or cooked) or for medicinal purposes. They have a
characteristic pungent, spicy flavor that mellows and sweetens considerably with cooking. Other
parts of the garlic plant are also edible. Allium species are very effective antifeedants and have
strong pungent repelling action. Garlic (A. sativum) and onion (A. sativum) have been found to
contain highly volatile compounds that are extracted by water as it transpires from the crop
plants. The resultant mixture of these compounds produces the characteristic pungent smell that
is known of garlic and onion. Cut garlic cloves produce an odourless, sulphur containing amino
acid derivative that reacts with the enzyme allinase to form allicin and other sulphur compounds.
Allicin breakdown into Diallyl disulphide which is largely responsible for the garlic odour.
Locally, the use of cultural methods of controlling pests which emphasizes that modern
agriculture has to tackle a series of awareness of products with low social and environmental
impacts. Intercropping with pest repellent plants (PRPs) is one of the practices that have been
reintroduced as a measure to reduce pest population in Brassicas and proves to be effective in
other crops such as cabbage on controlling diamond back moth (DBM) and in cowpeas
controlling aphids (Konar 2010; Suresh . 2010).

11
CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 LOCATION OF THE STUDY

The study was carried out in Mpika District at the Zambia college of Agriculture (ZCA)
specifically at the farm garden, in the Muchinga province of Zambia. It is located in the Northern
part of the country 640 kilometers (Km) from the capital Lusaka, particularly at Zambia College
of Agriculture which is 20 kilometers (Km) Northwest from Mpika town and 2 kilometers (Km)
from the great North road,west. The altitude ranges from 900-1200m above sea level. The
rainfall is about 1200 mm per annum. Therefore the district receives the highest amount of
rainfall ranging from 1000 mm to 1200 mm annually and it has the longest growing season of
between 160 and 190 days. The onset of rains is earliest while withdraw is latest and the mean
monthly temperatures in the growing season is around 16C. The rainfall intensity has resulted in
leaching of cations; hence the soil is characterized by low pH that hinders microbial population
and activities according to Muliokela, (2001).

Mpika District is found in region three (III) of the Agro-ecological zones in Muchinga province
of Zambia. It receives rainfall of between 1000mm - 1200mm annually. The average temperature
range is 18-30oc. The soils are characterized by low pH of about 4.5, indicating that soils are
acidic.

3.2 MATERIALS AND EQUIPEMENTS USED

 Hoe
 Bucket
 Measuring tape
 Slasher
 Rake
 Giant Rape seeds
 Onion seed
 Garlic seed

12
3.3.0 PROCEDURE

3.3.1 PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION

Primary data was collected from the actual experimental treatments, by counting leaf damage
and weighing the harvested rape using an electronic scale and was recorded in the log book.

3.3.2 SECONDRY DATA COLLECTION

Secondary data was taken from already established literatures like; Magazines, books,
newspapers, and internet represent Secondary data collection.

3.4 TIME FRAME

The research took duration of three (3) months.

3.5 WORKING PLAN

livestock manure was incorporated in the soil two weeks before transplanting of any of the crops
Compound D was incorporated into the soil as well which was done every after two (2) weeks.
The hoe was used for preparing the beds. A measuring tape was also used to measure the length
of the experimental field and beds.

3.5.1 SOWING

For onion and garlic, the seeds were nursed on a well prepared nursery bed with mulch on it and
after 12 days, the mulch was removed and was later transplanted onto the field beds. This
happened from 22sd December, 2018 to 18 th January, 2019 to make it one month on nursery. on
the other hand rape seed was sowed three weeks after garlic and onion and transplanted eleven
days after onion and garlic. this period for rape was from 11 th January, 2019 to 29th January, 2019
to make it two weeks and six days on nursery. Data correction was started on 22sd February,
2019 to 29th march, 2019. After the completion of the experiment, the leaf damage which
counted in where rape was intercropped with onion and that with garlic was 64 and 81
respectively on the other hand the weighed of leaf mass of rape that was harvested on onion
intercropped with rape and that of garlic was 10.2131kg and 12.9903.

13
3.5.2 WEED CONTROL

Weeding was done after transplanting to prevent competition between the crops and weeds.
Weeding was done with a hoe around the beds three times during the study period while weeding
on beds was done during aeration using a fork.

3.6 PARAMETERS

 Counting leaf damage of rape

 Weighing leaf mass of rape

3.7 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

The research design used was Randomized Completely Block design (RCBD). with two (2)
treatments replicated four (4) times, having eight (8) plots. Data was collected through counting
of leaf damaged by pests and weighing the leaf mass of rape that was harvested from each of the
experimental plots both that of Garlic with rape and that of onion with rape. The plots had the
dimensions of 2m in length by 1.2m breadth in size.

14
3.8 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN LAYOUT

REP I

RO RG

REP II

RG RO

REP III

RO RG

KEY
RO….. Rape + Onion
REP IV RG….. Rape + Garlic

RG RO

15
3.9 DATA COLLECTION

Data was collected every after one(1) week from the time harvesting started up to four (4) weeks
when the project ended. Data collected was based on the following parameters which are:
number of leaf damage, and weighing harvested leaf mass.

The results were recorded according to each treatment in the log sheet as shown below.

TABLE

Plot Replication treatment Number of Leaf damaged Yield weighed in (kg)

no s s Week Week Week Week Week Week Week Week
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
101 I RO 5 3 9 3 0.6435 0.4001 0.5135 0.3614
102 I RG 3 4 7 4 0.8546 0.7978 0.9205 0.4848
201 II RG 3 3 5 5 0.8269 0.7791 0.7482 1.1852
202 II RO 5 6 3 7 0.8336 0.3733 0.5258 0,6508
301 III RO 6 4 8 6 0.7838 0.5697 0.7389 0,3747
302 III RG 4 2 4 3 0.8103 0.9509 0.9763 0.6147
401 IV RG 5 5 4 3 0.8838 0.8286 0.8387 0.4899
402 IV RO 5 4 4 3 0.8997 0.6052 0.6367 0.3024
.

16
CHAPTER FOUR

4. DATA ANALYSIS

The collected data was analyzed using manual to indicate significant difference between
treatment means and subjected to a student t- test at 95% confidence level for statistical analysis
to indicate treatment difference where P<ᾱ(0.05).

4.1 LOG SHEET TABLE FOR YIELD (kg)

TREATMENT REPLICATIONS TOTAL MEAN

I II III IV

RG 3.3756 3.3564 3.4837 2.7746 12.9903 3.2476

RO 3.1606 1.9483 2.4149 1.6893 9.2131 2.3033

TOTAL 6.5362 4.3047 4.8986 4.4639

MEAN 3.2681 2.1524 2.4493 2.7320 2.7755

4.2 LOG SHEET TABLE FOR LEAF DAMAGE (NUMBER)

TREATMENT REPLICATIONS TOTAL MEAN

I II III IV

RG 15 14 20 15 64 16

RO 21 17 24 19 81 20.25

TOTAL 31 29 44 34

MEAN 15.5 14.5 22 17 18.25

17
4.4 STUDENT T–TEST TABLE.

TRETIMENT DEGREE T- T - INTERPRETATION

OF CALCULATED TABULATED
FREEDO
M

A-B 3 4.4363 3.182 SIGNIFICANCE

CHAPTER FIVE

5 INTERPRETATIONS OF RESULTS

From the results obtained after calculating the ‘t’ value (student t-test) The T-calculated value
(4.4363) was found to be greater than the T-tabulated value (3.182) at 95% confidence level.
This indicates that there was significant difference between the treatments. Therefore Alternative
hypothesis was accepted which states that garlic is more effective on the repelling of pests in
rape as compared to onion.

5.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

With regards to the results that were obtained from the experiment, it was observe that the yield
and leaf damage of rape on where it was intercropped with garlic were better performance than
on where onion was intercropped with rape. The results of this research were in agreement with
findings of other authors (Baidoo, Innocent Pahlainter, 2012, 2014). Which show that garlic
produces more pungent that result in repelling more pests from vegetable crops that are planted
next to garlic.

18
Figure 1.showing presentation of treatments for yield (kg).

YIED (Kg)
13.2
12.4
11.6
10.8
10
YIED (Kg) 9.2
8.4
7.6
6.8
6
Onion+rape Garlic+Rape

Figure 2. showing presentation of treatments for leaf damage (number)

84
Leaf damage (number)
81
78
75
72
69
Leaf damage (nu...66
63
60
57
54
Onion+rape Garlic+Rape

The comparative study between onion and garlic on the level of repelling pests was assessed at
Zambia College of Agriculture – Mpika specifically at the farm garden. (Simmonds 1992)
reported that Allium spp. have strong pungent repelling action, in addition to that Garlic and
onion grow in similar condition. Looking at the research project which was done, it was
discovered that garlic has stronger pungent to repel more pests as compared to onion, this was
discovered through differences in the yield and leaf damage of rape after rape was intercropped
with garlic and with onion in the same area and condition.

19
CHAPTER SIX

6. CONCLUSSION

The results obtained from the research have shown that the leaf damage and yield of rape on
garlic was better than on onion. Therefore, Based on the research findings, it was concluded that
intercropping rape with garlic is an effective practice in the control of pests in rape, and is better
for adoption by poor smallholder vegetable producers.

6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

 Farmers should adopt natural control of pests in their gardens by using garlic
intercropped with vegetables which is more effective on the repelling of pests for them to
achieve high yield.
 Using garlic to control pests in garden is cheaper and it has economic value.

20
3.7 REFERENCES

Dobson H, Cooper J, Manyangirirwa W, Kuruma J and Chiimba W. 2015. Integrated

vegetable pest management: safe and sustainable protection of small-scale brassica and
tomatoes. Natural Resources Institute, UK.

Dube B, Gova M, Makaya PR, Mutimutema E, Savore P, Letheve X and Turner A. 2008.
Important vegetable pests and diseases in Zimbabwe: Identification and control.
AGRITEX/CIIFAD/Cooperation France-Zimbabwe, 72pp

Eskandari H and Ghanbari A. 2010. Effect of different planting pattern of wheat (Triticum
aestivum) and bean (Vicia faba) on grain yield, dry matter production and weed biomass.
Notulae Scientia Biologicae 2: 111-115.

FAO, Convention on effects of pesticide residues in the soil, (2011, Geneva, Switzerland).

Gerhandson B. 2016. Biological substitutes for pesticides. Trend. Biotechnol. 20(8): 338-
343.

Holland B, Unwin ID and Buss DH. 2010. Vegetables, herbs and spices. The 5th Supplement
to McCance and Wordowson’s, The composition of foods, 4th Edition. Royal Society of
Chemistry, Cambridge, UK.

P. K. Baidoo, M. B. Mochiah and K. Apusiga, Onion as a pest control intercrop in organic

cabbage (Brassica oleracea)production system in Ghana, Sustainable Agricultural Research,
Vol. 1 No. 1, 2012, 36-41.

Pollard DG. 2011. Plant penetration by feeding aphids (Hemiptera, Aphidoidea): A Review,
Bulletin of Entomological Research 62: 631-714

Townsend, T. 2013. Aphids. University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Lexington, KY.

(http://www2.ca.uky.edu/entomology/entfacts/ef103.asp). Accessed on 18 September, 2014.
Turner.

21
 Tada M, Hiroe Y, Kiyohara S and Suzuki S. 2009. Nematicidal and antimicrobial
constituents from Allium fistulosum L. var. caespitosum. Agric. Bio. Chem. 52: 2383

CHAPTER SEVEN

4.0 BUDGET

NUMBER DESCRIPTION UNIT PRICE(K) TOTAL

COST (K)
1 Rape seed 1 sachet 25 25
2 Garlic seed 1 sachet 25 25
3 Onion seed 1 sachet 25 25
4 Hoe 1 60 60
5 Slasher 1 20 20
6 fertilizer 2 gallon 40 80
7 Garden folk 1 30 30
8 Note book 1 10 10

9 Measuring tape 1 20 20

10 Transport 40 40

11 Buckets 2 13 26

12 Miscellaneous 50 50

TOTAL 401

22
4.1 TIME SCHEDULE

ACTIVITIES OCT NOV DES JAN FEB MAR APL MAY JUN
LITERATURE
REVIEW
PROPOSAL
WRITING
PRESENT
PROPOSAL
LAND
PREPARATION
SEED SOWING
WEEDING
DATA
COLLECTION
ZDATA
ANALYSIS
PRESENT
RESULT
SUBMISSION
OF REPORT

23
APPENDIXES

DATA INTERPRETATION

APPENDIXES 1

TEST OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS

x1−x 2
T= s 2 ( 1 + 1 )
n1 n2
2 2
2 ( n1−1 ) s1 +(n2−1) s 2 s
S = n +n −2 1=∑ x 2
1i
−¿¿¿ ¿¿
1 2

FINDING STANDARD DEVIATION

t → student test
x1 → mean for treatment one
x2 → mean for treatment two
s2→ standard deviation
∑ x 1 → summation of treatment one
∑ x 2 → summation of treatment two
n1 → number of plots in treatment one
n2→ number of plots in treatment two
2
s1 → pooled variance for treatment one
2
s2 → pooled variance for treatment two

24
x1=20.25 x 2=16

s1=∑ x −¿¿ ¿¿
2
1

(21)2+(17)2+(24)2+(19)2-(81)2/4
= 4-1

1645 – 1640.25
=3

5.75
=3

s1=1.5833 for treatment A

2

s2=∑ x 2−¿ ¿ ¿
2 2

( 15 ) 2+ ( 14 ) 2+ ( 20 ) 2+(15)2 - ( 16 ) 2/4
4-1
1028−1024
= 3

s2 =2.0161 For treatment B

2

2 ( n1 −1 ) s 21+(n2−1)s 22
s=
n1 +n 2−2

2 2
¿ ( 4-1 ) s 1 +(4-1) s2 ( 4-1 ) 1.5833+ ( 4-1 ) 2.0161 4.0133+ 7.0001 11.0134
= = =
3+3-2 6 6 6

25
 =s 2 =1.8356

x1 - x2
t=

√ s2 (
1 1
+ )
n 1 n2

20.25−16
¿
√1.8356 (0.5)

4.25
¿
√0.9178

4.25
¿
0.9580

T =4.4363 → calculated

T =4.4363→At 95% confidence level.

Degree of freedom =N1+N2- 2 D.f=N-1 (Rep) D.f=N-1 (Trt)

3+3- 2 4-1 4-1
4 3 3

INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS

The t- calculated value was greater (larger) than the t- tabulated (i.e. p < 0.05).This means that
the difference between treatments were significant. Therefore, the alternative hypothesis was
accepted stating that, garlic is more effective on the repelling of pests in rape.

TABLE 3. STUDENT T – TABLE

26
TREATMENTS T T ANALYSIS
DEGREE OF CALCULATED TABULATED
FREEDOM

A–B 4.4363 3.182 SIGNIFICANT

3

TABLE 4

TREATMENTS BLOCKS TOTAL MEAN

I II III IV

A 21 17 24 19 81 20.25

B 15 14 20 15 64 16

TOTAL 36 31 44 34 145

MEAN 18 15.5 22 17 18.125

27