TTLM Revised 2017 Lay Paving

Institution Name: Date : 1/13/2009 E.
C
Tigray TVET Colleges
Title Learning guide#13 Revision-1 Page 1
Structural Construction Works Level I
LEARNING GUIDE # 13
Unit of Competence: Lay Paving
Module Title: Laying Paving
LG Code: CON SCW1 13
TTLM Code: CON SCW1M 13
August 2017
Shire. Tigray, Ethiopia.
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Contents Page
INSTRUCTION SHEET .............................................................................................................. 4
LEARNING GUIDE ..................................................................................................................... 4
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES: ............................................................................ 4
HOW TO USE THIS TTLM ....................................................................................................... 4
INFORMATION SHEET ONE ................................................................................................... 5
LO1: PLAN AND PREPARE ...................................................................................................... 5
1.1. Importance of Working Drawings ................................................................................ 8
Self-Check 1.1(1. Plan/working drawing interpretation) ..................................................... 19
Written Test ............................................................................................................................. 19
model Answer One .................................................................................................................. 19
1.1 Plan/working drawing interpretation......................................................................... 19
Operation Sheet 1.1 ................................................................................................................ 20
Plan/Working Drawing Interpretation .................................................................................... 20
Information Sheet 1.2 .............................................................................................................. 22
Identifying and applying necessary requirements(Safety, Regulatory, Environmental
requirements) ........................................................................................................................... 22
1.2. Identifying Safety Requirements ................................................................................ 22
1.3. The Regulatory Requirements .................................................................................... 25
1.4. Common Paving Materials .......................................................................................... 29
INFORMATION SHEET TWO................................................................................................ 34
SET OUT WORK AREA ........................................................................................................... 34
2.1. Steps in locating Road Pavement ................................................................................ 37
2.2. Subsoil: .......................................................................................................................... 42
2.3. UTILIY LOCATION: ................................................................................................. 47
2.4. SETTING OUT PAVING: .......................................................................................... 51
Operation Sheet -2.4 ................................................................................................................ 56
2.5. Calculating The Excavation Depth ............................................................................. 60
2.6. Sub-grade Preparation: ............................................................................................... 64
2.7. How do you place that drainage pipe?.................................................................... 68
Information Sheet-2.8 ............................................................................................................. 70
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Self-Check 2.8 ......................................................................................................................... 73
Written Test ............................................................................................................................. 73
Model answer 2.8 ................................................................................................................... 73
Written Test ............................................................................................................................. 73
LAP Test two ........................................................................................................................... 75
INFORMATION SHEET THREE ........................................................................................... 76
LO3. LAY PAVING.................................................................................................................... 76
3.1. Haunching The Edges: ................................................................................................. 79
3.2. Compaction of Subgrades and Aggregate Base Courses .......................................... 80
3.3. Grading paving surface ............................................................................................... 83
3.4. CUTTING THE PAVERS ........................................................................................... 86
3.5. Safety and Handling ..................................................................................................... 88
1. Clean & Dry Pavers ......................................................................................................... 88
2.Pour Sand & Spread......................................................................................................... 89
Operation Sheet 3.1 ................................................................................................................ 92
Paving Public Thoroughfares............................................................................................... 92
Job sheet/LAP Test/ 3 ............................................................................................................. 96
INFORMATION SHEET FOUR ............................................................................................. 97
LO4. Clean Up............................................................................................................................. 97
4.1. Cleaning your work area ............................................................................................. 99
4.2. Housekeeping .............................................................................................................. 100
SELF CHECK FOUR ........................................................................................................... 102
LO4: Clean up: ...................................................................................................................... 102
MODEL ANSWER FOUR ................................................................................................... 102
LO4: Clean up ....................................................................................................................... 102
Reference: .............................................................................................................................. 102
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Instruction Sheet Learning Guide# 14 (Laying Paving)
This learning guide will be the source of information for you to acquire knowledge and skills in
this particular occupation with minimum supervision or help from your trainer.
These learning guides is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics and read and practice the operations –
 Plan and prepare
 Set out work area
 Lay paving
 Clean up
Summary of Learning Outcomes:

After completing this learning guide, you should be able to:
LO1. Plan and prepare work
LO2: Set out work area
LO3: Lay paving
LO4: Clean up
How to Use this TTLM

 Read through the Learning Guide carefully. It is divided into sections that cover
all the skills and knowledge that you need.
 Read Information Sheets and complete the Self-Check at the end of each section
to check your progress
 Read and make sure to Practice the activities in the Operation Sheets. Ask your
trainer to show you the correct way to do things or talk to more experienced
person for guidance.
 When you are ready, ask your trainer for institutional assessment and provide you
with feedback from your performance.
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Information Sheet One LO1: Plan and Prepare
Instruction Sheet One Plan and Prepare
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information

regarding the following content coverage and topics _
 Plan/working drawing interpretation

 Identifying and applying necessary requirements(Safety, Regulatory, Environmental
requirements)
 Types, characteristics and uses of materials, tools and equipment
 Scaffolding and components
 Trade mathematics: Volume, angle, area, percentage, length, circumference, ratio &
proportion
 Materials handling and storage
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the
cover page. Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be
able to –
 Obtain, confirm, and apply work instruction including plans, specification, quality
requirements and operational details
 Follow OH&S requirements in accordance with safety plans and policies
 Identify and implement signage/barricades requirements
 Select plant, tools and equipment to carry out task consistent with the requirements
of the job. And check for serviceability and rectify and make report of any faults prior
to commencement
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 Calculate material quantity requirements in accordance with plans and/or
specifications
 Identify, obtain, prepare materials appropriate to the work application, handle safely
and locate ready for use
 Identify and apply environmental protection requirements for the project in
accordance with environmental plans and regulatory obligations
Learning Instructions:
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.
2. Follow the instructions described in number 3 to 20.
3. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 1”. Try to understand what are
being discussed. Ask you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding
them.
4. Accomplish the “Self-check 1” in page __.
5. Ask from your teacher the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your
teacher to correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished
answering the Self-check 1).
6. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Information Sheet 2”. However, if

your rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go back to
Learning Activity #2.
7. Submit your accomplished Self-check. This will form part of your training portfolio.
8. Read the information written in the “Information Sheet 2”. Try to understand what are
them.
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11. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets 3 and 4”. Try to understand what
are being discussed. Ask you teacher for assistance if you have hard time understanding
them.
14. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Operation Sheet 1” in page _.

However, if your rating is unsatisfactory, see your teacher for further instructions or go
back to Learning Activity #6.
15. Read the “Operation Sheet 1” and try to understand the procedures discussed.
16. You are provided with a CD containing lessons on how to clean andmaintain equipment.
Before you open the CD read the information written in the “Information Sheets 1-2” in
pages ___. You will be also provided with additional reference reading materials
regarding the cleaning of masonry hand tools.
17. Request a desktop computer or laptop from your teacher. Make sure the unit is plugged
to a power source before turning on the power O. Then insert the CD in the CD drive
located in your computer. Access the information as described in the Operation Sheet 1
in page __.
18. Read all the contents of the CD and try to understand the procedures discussed.
19. Request access to the equipment and software described in the CD. Practice the steps or
procedures as illustrated in your CD. Go to your teacher if you need clarification or you
want answers to your questions or you need assistance in understanding a particular step
or procedure.
20. Do the “LAP test” in page __ (if you are ready). Request your teacher to evaluate your
performance and outputs. Your teacher will give you feedback and the evaluation will be
either satisfactory or unsatisfactory. If unsatisfactory, your teacher shall advice you on
additional work. But if satisfactory you can proceed to Learning Guide
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1. Plan/working drawing interpretation
1.1. Importance of Working Drawings

A drawing is one of the most effective tools we can use to communicate with. It holds no barriers
between people who do not understand each other’s language. It is a method used to
communicate and share ideas with people of different cultures and nationalities.
They ability to read and interpret construction drawings is of great value to any construction
worker. He will be able to accurately construct an architect’s architectural concept and design
into a realistic building structure. Construction drawings, uses lines, words, symbols,
abbreviations and specifications to indicate to the construction team what the building will look
like and the purpose and use thereof.
Something to know
A building project starts with an owner who intends to erect a building; this could range from a
simple house to a shopping mall or school or even multi-storey buildings. Buildings are not all of
the same design and size and it is not common to find two buildings which are exactly the same.
It is only in situations of housing estates where we will find houses that are of the same design.
Buildings are designed to satisfy the specific needs of an owner or more specifically the client.
The complexity of a building structure requires that a fully detailed set documents, which clearly
spells out a complete detailed description of the work that needs to be done.
In order for this be fully understood by the building contractor, the job of the architect will be to
specify each part or section or section of the construction in full detail. It will be totally
impossible for an architect to describe the design of a building in words. Architects will
therefore produce fully detailed drawings together with a set of Specifications that will be used
by the contractor to erect the building.
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Steps to Drawing Interpretation
1. Read the cover sheet. This will contain the project name, the architect's name, address, and
contact information, the project location, and the date. This page is very similar to the
cover of a book. Many cover sheets will also include a drawing of the finished product,
showing you what the house will look like after it is constructed and landscaped.
2.Read the Plan Index. These pages will include an index of plan sheets, and sometimes their
contents. It also will include an abbreviation key, a scale bar with the plan scale indicated, and
occasionally design notes.
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3. Read the Location Plan. This will have an area map. With an enlarged location map, usually
giving enough information to locate the project site from nearby towns or highways. This sheet is
not found in all sets of plans.
4. Read the Site Plans. These pages usually are numbered starting with a “C”, such as
Sheet “c 001, “c 002 and so on. The site plans will contain several sheets which show
the following information.
 Topographical information. This will provide the builder with information

regarding the topography, or the slopes or flatness, of the site.
 The demolition plan. This sheet (or sheets) will show the structures or features
which will be demolished on the site prior to grading for construction. The items
which will not be demolished, such as, trees, will be noted in the keynotes.
 The site utility plans. These sheets will indicate the location of existing
underground utilities, so that they can be protected during excavation and
construction.
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5. Understand the architectural Sheets. These sheets will describe and give measurements for
the floor plans, elevations, building sections, wall sections and other oriented views of the
building design. These sheets are broken up into many parts that make up the construction
documents that you will need to understand. The parts you’ll need to know are described in the
steps below.
6. Read the Floor Plans. These sheets will show the location of the walls of the building, and
identify components like doors, windows, bathrooms, and other elements. There will be
dimensions noted as distances between, or from center to center of walls, width of openings for
windows and doors, and changes in floor elevations, if the floor is multilevel.
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7. Read the Ceiling Plans. Here, the architect will show the types, heights, and other features of
ceilings in different locations in the building. Ceiling plans may or may not be depicted for
residential design projects.
8. Read the roof framing plan. These pages will indicate the indicate the layout for joists,
rafters, trusses, bar joists, or other roof framing members, as well as decking and roofing details.
9. Read the finish schedule. This is usually a table listing the different finishes in each
individual room. It should list paint colors for each wall, flooring type and color, ceiling height,
type, and color, wall base, and other notes and details for constructing the finish in areas listed.
10. Read the door/window schedule. This table will have a list of doors, describing the
opening, “hand” of doors; window information (often keyed off of the floor plan, example,
window or door type “A”, “B”, etc.). It may also include installation details (cuts) for flashings,
attachment methods, and hardware specifications. There may also be separate schedule for
window and door finishes(although not all projects do). A window example would be “Mill
finish, aluminum”, a door might be “Oak, natural finish”
11. Read the remaining details. This may include bathroom fixture layouts, casework
(cabinets), closet accessories, and other elements not specifically noted on other sheets. Such as,
but not limited to: concrete details, door and window details, roofing & flashing details, wall
details ,door details, deck to wall details and others. Every project is different and may or may
not include what other projects have. The Level of Detail (LOD) is determined by each architect
for each project. The growing trend is for Architects to have more, rather than less detail,
because the contractors then have less guesswork and can more easily understand what to include
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and what to price. Some builders may or may not have comments about the LOD, but that has no
relevance to what the licensed Architect who is designing the project feels is necessary to
properly explain the design.
12. Read the elevations. These are views from the exterior, indicating the material used in
exterior walls, (brick, stucco, vinyl, etc.), the location of windows and doors from a side view,
the roof slopes, and other elements visible from the exterior.
13. Read the structural plans. These plans include reinforcement, foundations, slab
thicknesses, and framing materials(lumber, concrete pilasters, structural steel, concrete block,
etc.). Here are the different aspects of the structural plans that will need to read:
 The foundation plan. This sheet will show the size, thickness, and elevation of footings,
(footers), with notes regarding the placement of reinforcing bars (rebar). It will note
locations for anchor bolts or weld plate imbeds for structural steel, and other elements.
 A footing schedule is often shown on the first sheet of structural notes, as well as notes
regarding the reinforcing requirements, concrete break strength requirements, and other
written statements for structural strengths, and testing requirements.
 The framing plan. This will indicate the material used for framing the building. This may
include wood or metal studs, concrete masonry units, or structural steel.
 The intermediate structural framing plans. These are used for multistory construction,
where each level may require support columns, beams, joists, decking, and other
elements.
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14. Read the plumbing plan. Plumbing drawing pages are numbered beginning with "P". These
sheets will show the location and type of plumbing incorporated in the building. Note: often,
home design documents do not include plumbing plans. Here are the parts of the plumbing plan
that you will need to read:
 The plumbing rough-in. This sheet will show the location of pipes which are to be
"stubbed up" to connect the plumbing fixtures to water supply, drain/waste, and vent
systems. This is rarely incorporated into a residential set of documents, such as for a
single family residence.
 The plumbing floor plan. This sheet will show the location and type of plumbing fixtures,
as well as the route pipes will be run (overhead or through walls) for potable water and
drain, waste, and vents. These plans are included although most architects (for single
family homes) already indicate the location of the plumbing fixtures on their floor plans.
15. Read mechanical drawings. Mechanical pages are numbered beginning with "M". This
sheet or sheets will show the location of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning)
equipment, duct work, and refrigerant piping, as well as control wiring. This is rarely indicated
for single family homes.
16. Read the electrical plan. The electrical drawings are numbered beginning with "E". This
sheet (sheets) shows the location of the electrical circuits, panel boxes, and fixtures throughout
the building, as well as switchgears, subpanels, and transformers, if incorporated in the building.
 Special pages found in the electrical plan pages may be "riser" details, showing the
configuration of power supply wiring, panel schedules, identifying specific breaker
amperages and circuits, and notes regarding types and gauges of wires and conduit sizes.
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 Some of this information may or may not be included in single family home documents.
17. Read the environmental plans. These are also known as BMP (Best Management Practices)
drawings. This sheet will indicate protected areas of the site, erosion control plans, and methods
for preventing environmental damage during construction. There may be details in the BMP
drawings showing tree protection techniques, silt fence installation requirements, and temporary
storm water retain age measures.
 The requirement for a BMP plan originates under the environmental protection department
of your local, state, or national governing authority. This may not be required, depending
on the Authority Having Jurisdiction for single family homes.
18. Know that all plumbing, electrical, and mechanical drawings are diagrams. Dimensions
are rarely given and it is the responsibility of the builder to coordinate the placement of the
utility so as to conform with the building co de and the Architectural drawings. Be sure plumbing
is located so that it matches up with the desired location of plumbing fixtures. Same goes for
electrical wiring for power outlets and light fixtures.
Gaining a Deeper Understanding of Architect's Drawings

1. Learn how to lay out a building foot print from architectural plans. To do this, you
will have to locate the element of construction you are reviewing to implement a portion
of your work. If you are laying out the location of the building, you will first look at the
site plan for location of existing buildings, structures, or property lines so you have a
reference point to begin measuring to your building footprint. Some plans simply give a
coordinate grid position using northings and easting’s, and you will need a "total station"
surveyor's transit to locate these points. Here is what you'll need to do to lay out a
building foot print from the plans:
 Lay out your building on the site by either the above referenced plan or the
measurements given on the site plan. Measure to locations, preferably corners, on
one side of the building, and check for any "checkpoints" to verify the accuracy of
your layout. If you cannot absolutely establish an exact building line, you may have
to suppose the location is correct and continue. This is widely accepted in cases
where the site is very large, allowing for tolerance, but on a crowded lot or site, the
location must be exact.
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 Establish the elevation you will work from. This may be a height relative to a nearby
roadway, or an elevation determined from sea level. Your site plan or architectural
floor plan should have a bench mark(a bench mark refers to some item, such as a
manhole lid or survey waypoint with a known elevation) elevation or a "height
above existing grade" as a starting point.
 Use your plan to measure the location of each corner of the building, including
offsets. Remember what exact element of construction you are using for your
layout. You may mark an outside wall line, a foundation line, or a column line,
depending on the type of construction and the most practical element for making
subsequent measurements.
 For instance, if you are building a structural steel building with I-beam columns
which require setting anchor bolts to secure them, you may begin your building
layout with the centerline of these columns, where if you are building a wood-
framed residential structure with a monolithic slab floor, the edge of the slab would
be your best choice for the initial layout.
Reference the description of various sheets to find an element of construction

you are going to use in the work you will perform. Plumbers use the Architect's floor
plan to locate walls so the pipes they stub up will be concealed inside the wall cavity
when the building is constructed, then use their plumbing floor plan to find out what
types and sizes of pipes are required to service a particular fixture.
Use the dimension scale where measurements are not provided. As a rule,
architectural plans are drawn to a "scale". An example would be, 1 inch equals 10 feet
(1"=10'), so measuring between to walls on the plan sheet means for each inch, the
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distance is 10 feet. A scale rule will make this much easier, but be careful to match the
rule scale to the plan's scale. Architects often use a scale of fractions, such as a 1/32 scale,
engineers usually use an inch per foot scale.
Some plans or details are not to scale, and should be marked "(NTS)".
Read all the notes on a page. Often a particular element has special
considerations which are more easily described verbally than drawn, and notes are a tool
the architect will use to illustrate them. You may see a table of notes on the side of a
sheet, with numbers identifying the note location on the plan (a number with a circle,
square, or triangle around it) and a corresponding numbered statement describing the
situation on the side of the sheet.
 Sometimes there may be a single sheet or several sheets of Numbered Drawing
Notes that consolidate all or most of the drawing notes for an entire set of
drawings. Many Architects organize these numbered notes into a CSI
(Construction Specifications Institute) method utilizing 1-16 or even more
Divisions that categorize the drawing notes into subsections.
 For instance: a note "4-127" may refer to a type of Masonry, as Division 4
represents Masonry. A note 8-2243 may refer to a window or door component,
because Division 8 is Doors & Windows.
Learn to recognize the different types of lines the architects and

engineers may use. You should have a specific keynote table for section of
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plans, and this will provide information on the abbreviations, symbols, and specific lines
used in each section of the plans.
 An example would be that the electrical plans, a circuit may have the "home run"
"leg" (the wire going from the first junction box in a circuit to the panel box (the
power source) highlighted or in darker ink than other circuits, and exposed
conduits may be indicated by a solid line, and concealed conduits by a dotted or
broken line.
 Because there are many different line usages indicating different type walls,
piping, wiring, and other features, you will have to see individual plan page "key
notes" to understand them.
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Self-Check 1.1(1. Plan/working drawing interpretation) Written Test
Name: _____________________________ Date: ___________________________
Time started: _______________________ Time finished: ____________________
Instructions: From the information given above, read carefully the questions below, and write
your answers on the answer sheet.
1. What is that kind of documents media on a sheet of paper, that conveys information and
translated by an Engineer or Craftsmen to form into a product? (10 points)
2. An expert who usually develops the aesthetic appearance of the building? (5 points)
3. Who will make the final decision of the project quality, features, and design of the
building ? (5 points)
4. Explain? What is meant by “Building Orientation” ? (10 points)
5. Who are those persons, whom will discuss primarily about the building orientation? (5
points)
6. Who is that expert will take charge for safety, economy, and rigidity of the building
structure?(5 points)
Note: Satisfactory rating - 15 points Unsatisfactory - below 15 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
MODEL ANSWER ONE 1.1 Plan/working drawing interpretation

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Answer Sheet Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
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Operation Sheet 1.1 Plan/Working Drawing Interpretation
1. Interpret Planned Working Drawing

Drawing:
Excavation
grade
ranging
lines
Foundation geography
I. PURPOSE: To get to know how to interpret working drawing
II. CONDITIONS/SITUATIONS
From the sketch above, interpret the situation of a foundation geography

how is it workable or provide the other information needed into making
them workable construction plan. (explain)
III. EQUIPMENT TOOLS AND MATERIALS
a. Measuring tools
b. Drawing set
IV. PROCEDURE:
1. Provide the data ought to be needed in the sketch plan to become a

construction plan
2. Make specifications to every work details applied.
3. Make specifications to the materials associated in the construction
4. Specify finish quality, time target at tenders receipt t and acceptance
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5. Adhere to local building specification code regarding safety, environmental
protection etc.
V. PRECAUTIONS
a. Plan details provided clear
b. Work schedule details
VI. QUALITY CRITERIA
1. Apply KAIZEN on the job site
2. Apply Personal Safety Practices
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Identifying and applying necessary requirements(Safety,
Information Sheet 1.2 Regulatory, Environmental requirements)
1.2. Identifying Safety Requirements

a. Working Safely
Accidents will happen on buildings sites, but the number can be reduced by developing
the skills that you need to do work safely. By keeping your eyes open and thinking
about the work on site, you may be able to work out in advance the safest methods for
carrying out different jobs. This helps you to avoid methods that might endanger
yourself and others.
Remember – you will improve your safety record if you use the correct tools and
equipment properly.
b. Wearing Protective Clothing
The best working clothes are overalls and strong boots. If you are working also in wet
weather you will also need a rubber boots. You should always wear a hard hat to
protect your head in case anything is dropped from above or if you hit your head on
sharp edges on site.
c. First Aid Kit
In job site or workshops there should have first aid materials such as:
Plasters, Bandages, Ointment, Cotton, Disinfectant, Antiseptic, blood suppressants, etc.
Somebody on site should be knowledgeable of the basic first aid application to deal with
the victim.
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Self-Check 1.2(Identifying Safety Requirements) Written Test
Name: _____________________________ Date: ___________________________
your answers on the answer sheet.
1. What are the basic safety requirements in the jobsite? ( 10 points )

2. In an accident prone jobsite, safety gear is always required, what is the most essential
discipline at workers behavior? (10 points )
3. If you areinjured at work, whom would you inquire first? (5 points )
4. When you do grinding ,shaping , or chiseling works, what appropriate safety gear to
wear? (5 points )
5. In working on heights, what safety elements would you require? (5 points)
MODEL ANSWER 1.2 Identifying Safety Requirements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Score = ___________
Answer Sheet
Rating: ____________
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Information Sheet-1.3 Identifying and applying Regulatory and Environmental
Protection
1.3. The Regulatory Requirements

The regulators of the building industry protect the public and the building workers from
dangerous and poor quality construction methods. The methods used to control building
projects are a combination of inspection, legal requirements, good practice guidelines and the
applications of research.
The municipal building inspector plays an important roles in the control of building projects.
Normally, the building inspector, who works for a local authority, approves the working
drawings for a proposed building. When the drawings are approved, the inspector issues a
permit to build, which confirms that the design, layout and construction method are acceptable.
Contract documentation:
These would include the conditions of the contract and will address issues concerning the:
 The extent of the work to be done

 The start and completion dates of the contract
 Access to the site
 Arrangements for the storing of materials
 Temporary services on site in the form of water connection, electricity and toilets.
 The health and safety of the workers as well as the general public.
The Environmental Protection
The Waste Disposal
Waste is all substances that the holder wishes or is required to dispose of in solid, liquid of
gaseous form. Every business produces waste of some kind or other, but what waste is and how
much is produced will vary greatly across sectors. With changes in environmental legislation
affecting how we handle and dispose of waste, attitude will have to change or businesses will
risk high cost and prosecution.
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Behind all this legislation is a drive towards a more sustainable planet through
reduction in natural resource use. Minimizing the waste we produce is one way of doing this, as
waste is a symptom of inefficient consumption.
But having produced the waste, it all have to be disposed of in a way that
inevitably causes some environmental impact and the challenge is to reduce the effect of waste
both today and on future generations.
Controlled Waste
Controlled waste means household, commercial and industrial waste. It includes office waste and
waste from a house, shop factory or other business premises. A substance is controlled waste
whether it is solid or liquid and even if is not hazardous or toxic. Special waste is the most
dangerous (including toxic and hazardous) and difficult commercial and industrial waste, and
should be treated with special regulations define to protect people and environment. Examples
of special waste include oils,lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries and asbestos. Asbestos
from households is also treated as special waste. There are separate controls on radioactive
waste.
Recycling
Recycling is one way of reducing waste, and have costs effective results through purchase of
new material. For instance office paper, might well that having a recycling scheme adds to the
costs cutting measure of an office, while volumes of waste paper reduced to a smaller
container and becomes easy to handle.
Recycling- it’s worth thinking about.
Methods
There are three important reasons for the disposal of waste:
 Safety
 Health
 Economy
Waste material left lying around can cause accidents.
Scaffolds and other work areas, doorways and runways must be kept clear.
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Waste left lying about makes a breeding ground for vermin.
Materials are expensive; therefore do not waste materials.
Broken bricks, tiles stone and so on; can be reused as hardcore beneath concrete slabs and so on.
Offcuts of timber can be used as pegs or for making profiles.
Environmental Protection
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Self-Check 1.3 (Identifying and applying Regulatory and
Environmental Protection) Written Test
Name: _____________________________ Date: ___________________________
your answers on the answer sheet
1. What are the three important reasons for the proper disposal of waste? ( 10 points)
2. What are the components of contract documents? (10 points )
3. What are the three types of waste?(5 points)
4. Site some important scope of regulatory requirements in building construction (10 points)
MODEL ANSWER 1.3 Identifying and applying Regulatory and Environmental
Protection
1.
2.
3.
4.
Score = ___________
Answer Sheet
Rating: ____________
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Information Sheet-1.4 Types, characteristics and uses of materials, tools and
equipment
1.4. Common Paving Materials

Paving is a common part of any outdoor area, creating strong, smooth, stable surfaces that are
used for driveways, pathways or entertaining areas outside the home. The beauty of paving is
that it is so versatile both in use and design and there are many different paving materials that
you can choose from. This article aims to let you know about the most commonly used.
Natural Stone
If you’re after a paving surface that is amazingly beautiful and that will truly last the test of time,
natural stone is for you. Natural stone pavers are cut to a range of sizes and generally come in
square or rectangular shapes. Finish wise, they can be smooth or textured depending on your
preference. Natural stone pavers can be granite, slate, sandstone, limestone, or even marble or
travertine. They are available in a huge range of colours and patterns and the true beauty of
natural stone is that no two pieces are the same so you are guaranteed a unique look in your
garden.
Brick
When you think of bricks, you often think of them being used in retaining walls or in the
construction of your home but they are actually an excellent paving material as they are
incredibly strong and will last practically forever if they are laid correctly. Brick pavers come in
a range of colours and patterns and you also have the option of laying the pavers themselves in
any number of popular patterns such as herringbone, basket weave, and radial and so on.
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Clay Pavers
Clay pavers are an all natural material and again are a very popular option for pavers as they are
cost effective, come in a range of colours and sizes, and they last a long time. Clay pavers run
the gamut in colour from pale creams through to dark charcoal greys and everything in between
and they are either square or rectangular. Clay pavers suit any style backyard and if laid
correctly they don’t need to be replaced for many years.
Concrete Pavers
Concrete pavers are perhaps the most commonly used pavers today and for good reason – they
are cheap, they are strong, and they are incredibly versatile. Concrete pavers can be coloured to
just about any colour you can think of and they are available in a huge range of styles including
standard and large format pavers. Concrete pavers can even imitate paving materials that would
cost a lot more money to buy such as natural stone, giving you the look of stone a fraction of the
price you would otherwise pay.
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Pre-cast
Concrete blocks
Cobblestone
If you’re after real old world charm, cobblestone pavers are for you. These reproduce the look of
country streets or European laneways and they’re ideal for use in entertaining areas, driveways,
and pathways. Cobblestone pavers can be laid in a range of patterns and they come in a wide
range of colours, although the darker colours tend to be most popular.
Base Preparation:
Base preparation is vital for the long lasting attributes of your paved area. If
preparing the base is not done correctly the laid pavers may shift out causing the
joints to open and interlock along the perimeter to deteriorate.
Preparing the base

Base preparation should extend beyond the edge of the pavement to allow for a shoulder to
support the base. The rule-of-thumb is the base extension equals base depth.
Recommended guideline for base depth:
Walkways = 4"-8" (10-20cm)
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Driveways = 6"-10" (15-25cm)
Commercial/Heavy = 18"-36" (45-90cm)
 Tools and Equipment

Basically the most common tools needed for preparing the base and installing pavers are;
shovels, spades, a wheel barrow, a level, compaction equipment and a excavator. The base
material needed when preparing the base is 3/4" minus crushed aggregate. This material is
easier to compact and will give a tight close knit surface.
Compaction
Once the sub-base has been excavated, it needs to be compacted. This first compaction will
compact the loose material from the excavation. Each pass should overlap the previous one by
about 4".
Now, compacting your base material in reasonable size lifts, 3-4 inches per lift, until you have
reached your desired height. If you don’t properly compact and level your base, your pavers will
show every dip and valley that you did not eliminate. If material is dry and dusty, use a garden
hose to thoroughly wet it down (do not get too wet); this helps make the gravel faster to compact
and easier to rake.
Starting around the outer perimeter, start with the plate compactor and again overlap each pass
about 4” working towards the center. You should make at least two complete overlapping passes
for each layer. Use your hard tooth garden rake to rake out any unevenness.
When finished with the base, it should be very smooth and flat. If you were to put a straight edge
flat on the surface, there should be no more than 3/8” (1cm) gap anywhere along the straight
edge and the base.
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Pave Laying Equipment
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Information Sheet Two Set out work area
Instruction Sheet 2 LO2. Set out work area
LO2: Set out work area

 Locating area of paving

 Types of sub-soil and footing structure
 Locating under-ground services
 Setting out dimension of paving
 Measuring and excavating depth for pavement
 Excavating area
 Positioning of drainage pipes
 Mixing mortar
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the
cover page. Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be
able to –
 Identify location and area of paving according to plans and specifications
 Identify sub-soil and footing type and classify according to standards
 Locate and avoid underground services throughout work process
 Set Out location and shape of paving area to dimensions from plans and specifications
 Excavate area to required depth, allowing for base and thickness of unit and specified
finish level
 Position drainage pipe in sub soil in accordance with regulatory requirements, plans
and specifications
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 Mix mortar for masonry paving to specifications and standards
them.

them.
them.
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in page __.
or procedure.
additional work. But if satisfactory you can proceed to Learning Guide #
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Information Sheet-2.1 Locating area of paving
2.1. Steps in locating Road Pavement

Phase I : Planning
A road project begins with evaluating the transportation system, taking into account statewide
priorities, including the department's mission and vision, and its strategic plans for the
state's transportation system.
The state collects and maintains a vast amount of information about their roads,
including:
 road and bridge conditions,

 traffic volumes,
 crash statistics
Using this data, transportation planners, engineers, environmentalists, landscape

architects, soil scientists and others identify trends that determine what and how to
build. Other items to consider:
 Can the state acquire the property to build on?

 What are the environmental issues?
 What utilities will be affected by a project?
 How will we fund the project?
 How can this project be designed to be an asset to the
community?
Phase II: Design:
A survey of the area is step two. Recently, Global Positioning Systems, laser
surveys, and other technology have sped up the process and improved
accuracy. Many factors influence designs, including:
 location,
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 terrain and soil properties,
 drainage capabilities,
 traffic volume,
 the ratio of cars to trucks and buses,
 possible future development in the area,
 effects on the environment or nearby residents.
With a design in hand, the state advertises for a contractor to do the actual building.
State awards contracts based on low bid price.
PHASE III: Earthwork
With a contractor on board, earthwork can begin. Earthwork is one of the most
important elements in road construction because it establishes a
stable foundation. A roadway with a substandard foundation will fail
prematurely. That is why the road's base layers are as important as
the finished surface.
 First, the contractor builds embankments using cuts and fills.

 Next, a grader or bulldozer levels the screened dirt. Leveling
bumps and filling in dips creates a surface that will support a road
for decades.
 The screened dirt is sprayed with water and compacted to its maximum density.
 During this stage, the contactor installs drains and sewers. The
center of the road must be higher than the edges so water will run
off into the storm sewers. Drainage is a critical element because
improper drainage will greatly reduce the new pavement's life
expectancy.
 All of this work must pass strict inspections before the project can
continue.
 To complete the earthwork, the contractor places gravel in 12-inch
layers on the road bed. Workers moisten and compact each layer. Layers are
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added and compacted until the road bed reaches the height called for in the
design.
PHASE IV: Paving
At last, the road bed is ready for paving. The state requires to conduct a life cycle
cost analysis. In this analysis, planners and engineers study:
 the cost of maintaining the road,

 the amount and type of traffic
 the cost of paving material.
A formula that includes all these factors tells engineers to use

either asphalt (bituminous) or concrete pavement.
 Asphalt uses bitumen, a petroleum product, to glue together
sand and crushed rock. This mixture is heated to approximately
300 degrees at the asphalt plant. At the construction site,
workers spread and compact the hot mixture onto the roadbed.
 Concrete uses cement and water as the glue between sand and
crushed rock. Workers place concrete into steel molds called
forms.
A finishing machine vibrates and trims it to the necessary height. To prevent
cracks, workers cut joints between the concrete slabs. At each joint, wire
baskets and steel dowels connect the slabs. These allow the slabs to expand
and contract as the temperature changes. The slabs can slide from side
to side along the dowels, but not up and down.
Modern paving equipment can insert dowels as the concrete is poured, then immediately
tine the concrete.
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PHASE V: Open to Traffic
With the new surface in place, State orders ride quality testing. Testers use seismology
equipment to measure vibrations of the new pavement. It there is too much vibration, the
contractor must grind the pavement to ensure a smooth surface
The final steps are:
 another drainage test,

 grading and landscaping around the pavement (where applicable),
 applying the permanent pavement markings.
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Self-Check 2.1(Locating area of paving) Written Test
Name: _____________________________ Date: ___________________________
Instructions: From the information given above, read carefully the questions
below, and write your answers on the answer sheet.
1. Explain the first phase of locating roadway paving .(10 points)

2. What is the use of cuts and fills embankments of roadway pavements (10 points)
3. How important is density compaction in road paving? (10 points)
4. What filling materials should be used as bedding layers to attained a hard base?(5 points)
5. Explain, what is mean by bitumen material application in roadbed? (5 points)
Model answer 2.1(Locating area of paving) Written Test
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Score = ___________
Answer Sheet
Rating: ____________
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Information Sheet-2.2 Types of sub-soil and footing structure
2
2.2. Subsoil:
Is the layer of soil under the topsoil on the surface of the ground. Like topsoil it is composed of a
variable mixture of small particles such as sand, silt and/or clay, but it lacks the organic matter
and humus content of topsoil. Below the subsoil is the substratum, which can be residual
bedrock, and sediments deposits. As it is lacking in dark humus, subsoil is usually paler in color
than the overlying topsoil. It may contain the deeper roots of some plants, such as trees, but a
majority of plant roots lie within the surface topsoil.
Types of soil;
Before you buy a site or start building on an existing site, you need to find out the type of the soil
you are going to be dealing with and what effect it would have, if any on the foundation of your
house. This is not something that you can do yourself unless you are a professional land
surveyor, so get a full report done with the right people.
There is a lot of variation on load bearing capability of different soils, what this means is that
when you place your foundation and the house on the soil it should be able to take the weight.
If the soil’s bearing capacity is too low, you will need to have special foundation designed by a
qualified architect or an engineer. This could be a raft, piles or other options.
An average two storey house has a bearing capacity of approximately 75 KN/m2.
The following is a guide to the load bearing capability of different soils:
Rock has a very good load bearing, but the foundation must be carried down to unweathered
rock and stand on even bearing.
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Types of subsoil Bearing Capacity KN/m2
Limestone 4000
Slates 3000
Hard Shale’s 2000
Sand & Gravel usually has an acceptable bearing capacity, however a full site test must be
done to insure that the bearing level is not effected by things like the water level. In cases
of loose sand or loose gravel and loose silty/clayey sand, there might be a need for a raft
foundation.
Compact Sand Greater than 600
Compact Gravel Greater than 300
Loose Gravel Less than 200
Loose Sand Less than 100
Loose silty/clayey sand Less than 100
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Clays &Silty Clays are generally very bad soil conditions for foundations and house
constructions as all clays and silts are susceptible to long term settlement. It is therefore highly
possible that you need a special foundation like a raft instead of an ordinary strip.
Hard/Stiff Clay 300 - 600
Stiff Sand / Clay 150 - 300
Firm Sand / Clay 75 - 150
Soft Clay/Silt/Sand 75
Very soft Clay/Silt/Sand Less than 75
Peat is very bad news when it comes to foundations and advice should be taken from an expert
in the field to the required procedure before any construction work is done. Peat could be very
soft or firm and before any attempt is made on the foundation, all peat and organic soil should be
removed up to a reliable bearing level below.
Bedrock
Forming the outside layer of the Earth's crust is the bedrock layer. This horizon lies beneath the
topsoil and subsoil to form pure rock. Organic material and root nutrients do not occur this deep
in the ground, but the bedrock supplies the land with future soil components. For example,
earthquakes and everyday tectonic plate movements expose this horizon to upheaval and
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eventual weathering at the ground surface. As a result, bedrock forms the basis for new soil
creation, although at a very slow pace.
Please note: The above information is only for guidance purposes and for any type of soil, an
expert in the field should be approached for advice.
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Self-Check 2.2 (Types of sub-soil and footing structure) Written Test
Name: _____________________________ Date: ___________________________
1. When planning to build a house of a considerable weight & height plus

factor of composite materials being used, what’s your safe and sound
analytical view thought ahead for consideration? (10 points )
2. Usually, when you design a typical column foundation, enumerate some
factors you thought to be vital elements in attending excellence
performance?(10 points)
3. What is your solution if your subsoil excavation is weak enough to carry the
designed load of your structure?( 10 points)
4. From the information above, what is the best type of subsoil base to carry a
superior load bearing capacity in KN/m2 ? (5 points )
5. Explain, the nature of subsoil by its definition. (5 points)
Model answer 2.2 (Types of sub-soil and footing structure) Written Test
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
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Information Sheet-2.3 Locating under-ground services
2.3. UTILIY LOCATION:

Utility location is the process of identifying and labeling public utility mains which are
underground. These mains may include lines for telephones, electricity distribution, gas,
television, fiber, traffic lights,street lights, storm drains, waterman’s, and wastewater pipes. In
some locations, major oil and gas pipelines, national defense communication lines, mass transit,
rail and road tunnels also compete for space underground.
Description
Public utility systems are often run underground; some by the very nature of their function,
others for convenience or aesthetics. Before digging, local governments often require that the
underground systems' locations be denoted and approved, if it is to be in the public right-of-way.
Because of the many different types of materials that go into manufacturing each of the different
types of underground lines, different detection and location methods must be used. For metal
pipes and cables, this is often done with electromagnetic equipment consisting of transmitters
and a receiver. For other types of pipe, such as plastic or concrete, other types of radiolocation or
modern ground-penetrating radar must be used. Location by these technical means is necessary
because maps often lack the pinpoint precision needed to ensure proper clearance. In older cities,
it is especially a problem since maps may be very inaccurate, or may be missing entirely.
A few utilities are permanently marked with short posts or bollards, mainly for lines carrying
petroleum products. This may be done because of venting requirements, and also serves to
indicate the location of underground facilities that are especially hazardous if disturbed.
Color-coding. Utility color codes are used to identify existing underground utilities in
construction areas, to protect them from damage during excavation. Colored lines, flags, or both
are used to mark the location and denote the type of underground utility. A special type of spray
paint, which works when the can is upside-down, is used to mark lines, often in a fluorescent
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color. On flags, a logo often identifies the company or municipal utility which the lines belong
to.
Flags may also be an advertisement for a company which has installed an irrigation system for
lawns or gardens. In this case, each sprinkler head is usually marked, so that landscaping crews
will not cover or bury them with soil or sod, or damage them with tractors or other construction
equipment while digging holes for trees, shrubs, or other large plants or fencepost. This is also
important because a vehicle (tractor, truck, or otherwise) can break a sprinkler or the hard-PVC
pipe or joint it is mounted on, simply by driving over it, particularly on newly moved soil which
is un compacted and therefore unsupportive of such weight.
Underground Utility Service Locators
Underground service locators provide sub-surface detection services to detect buried natural and
liquid gas, telecommunications, water, power, drainage, and civil works. Before any kind of
excavation or ground penetration work commences, an underground service locator should be
consulted. These services are able to use a number of modern techniques such as ground
penetrating radar to determine the precise location of power cables, gas mains,
telecommunications cables and water mains.
Underground Service Locators
Underground cable locators can also offer cable locating, camera inspections, cleaning, drain
surveys, earth fault location, inspections, leak detection, pipe locating, pipe surveys, servicing,
sewer location, smoke testing and storm water drain locations. Location of underground assets
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can be undertaken for third party contractors and construction consultants, as well as residential
clients.
Underground service location is not only used to prevent damage to cables, pipes and other
services, but also to allow contractors and maintenance workers to locate particular services
which are to be tapped into. All forms of detection are carried out using non-destructive means.
If services needs to be exposed the work is carried out by use of vacuum excavation and non-
destructive digging. Some services will also be able to supply CAD mapping of underground
assets.
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Self-Check 2.3(Locating under-ground services) Written Test
Name: _____________________________ Date: ___________________________
1. Enumerate some public utilities mostly embedded underground.(10

points)
2. From the information above, what type of device that can detect metal
pipes and cables found at underground ? (5 points)
3. What other methods of information being used to identify that there
are presence of underground utility in that area? (10 points)
4. Before digging or excavating in a public right-of-way domain, where
shall you seek permission to denote approval? ( 5 points)
Model answer 2.3(Locating under-ground services) Written Test
1.
2.
3.
4.
Score = ___________
Answer Sheet
Rating: ____________
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Information Sheet-2.4 Setting out dimension of paving
2.4. SETTING OUT PAVING:

Setting out is the process by which information is taken from the construction design drawings,
and pegs, profiles or other marks are then set to control the construction works and ensure that
each element of the works is constructed in the right position and to the correct level.
Plan the Job
Select your preferred paver ensuring it is suitable for your job. Remember, there will be some
material loss in cutting and this needs to be accounted for in estimating.
Paving Instruction
Paving is a convenient, affordable way to add value to your home. The combinations of
shape, pattern and color available make paving an attractive choice for both new homes
and improvements to existing homes. With a little planning and preparation, even large
areas can be paved toa high standard by the skilled person.
Choosing a Laying Pattern
45° Herringbone - Recommended for vehicle use with the main axis aligned with traffic
direction. Stretcher bond. Basket weave. It’s important to think about the laying pattern
you want as this is just as important as the choice of color, size and texture. Patterns and
fixed edging create the strength in your path or driveway. They prevent paving becoming
loose and spreading; particularly on driveways where vehicles are turning and tires put
strain on the individual pavers.
NOTE:Paver number per m² is based on an average joint size of 3mm. Determine and mark the
final level, considering runoff from buildings, downpipes and adjacent sections. To
avoid “ponding” allow a slope of between 15 and 30mm per meter for good runoff.
All block paving for trafficked areas, such as driveways, should be laid in a fully
interlocked pattern. The most popular such patterns are 45° or 90° Herringbone patterns.
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90° Herringbone Pattern:
This pattern is identical Sequence of laying to establish a 90° pattern
This is the simpler of the herringbone patterns to set up. Decide on a "base-line" that will be the
start of the pattern. This is usually taken to be a line along the main direction of travel or one that
is parallel or at right angles to the house or other building. If there is a right-angle corner, the
setting out can be based on the two lines, as shown in the diagram above.
On a square or rectangular area, a 90° herringbone pattern can be used to keep cutting to a
minimum. Only one block width in 4 need be cut to fit, and judicious positioning of edge courses
can ensure that the pavement is a given number of full bricks wide.
It is best to start laying tight against a fixed edge, such as against an edging course, but if this is
not possible, then a taut string line can be established as the base-line.
45° Herringbone Pattern to the pattern above, except that it has been rotated through 45°. It can
be set out exactly as shown above, by establishing the base-line at 45° and laying the blocks
square to this line. Alternatively, a base-line can be set up square to the work, and the blocks laid
at 45° to this line. This second method may at first seem complicated, but is particularly valuable
for ensuring that the alignment is not drifting out of true with subsequent courses of blocks.
When establishing this pattern, the best visual effect is achieved by laying the blocks in such a
manner that the "chevrons" or v-shape , run along the principal direction of traffic or along the
length of the driveway (longitudinal), rather than across (transverse).
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v-shape running in direction of travel v-shape running across direction of travel
(Longitudinal) (Transverse)
With this pattern, most of the blocks at the edge of the work will need to be cut at an angle to fit
in. It is usual to lay all the full bricks first, then once these have been checked for alignment, the
edge pieces can be cut in. Leaving out the edge pieces allows the body of the paving to be
accurately aligned BEFORE fastening in the work. In the following diagrams, the bricks are the
standard 200x100mm plan size blocks most commonly used for domestic paving.
Setting up the first line of blocks By using this spacing of 215mm, the amount of wastage
on cut blocks is minimized
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Continue to lay as many full blocks as possible and then check the alignment,
using a pinch-bar or savior’s mall to 'nudge' blocks into line. Once the alignment
is complete, the edge blocks can be cut to shape and fitted in prior to final
sealing.
Complete the double starter course as shown. Add further courses, working along
one
This starter course should be as long as possible, course at a time
to ensure accuracy
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Self-Check 2. 4 Written Test
Name: _____________________________ Date: ___________________________
1. What is your first considerations in setting out paving project? Explain. (10 points)
2. In roadway paving what are the most popular pattern being applied. (10 points)
3. Based from information above what is the amount of an average paver joint size?(
5 points)
4. In order to avoid “ ponging” in roadways, and in any paved designed area, what
will you do to maintain in order that water runoff shall flow freely downward ? (10
points)
Model answer 2. 4 Written Test
1.
2.
3.
4.
Score = ___________
Answer Sheet
Rating: ____________
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Operation Sheet -2.4 Paving Public Thoroughfares
I. PURPOSE: Apply Paving Works
a. Look after yourself properly:

Safety - Before you begin any project, please ensure you protect yourself the following:
 Protect your skin and eyes. Cement based products are alkaline and can
cause burns to exposed skin or eyes.
 When working outdoors, be Sun Smart - Slip on some sun-protective
clothing – Slop on sunscreen - Slap on a hat - Seek shade - Slide on some
sunglasses.
 All 20kg bags require 2 people to lift them safely. Always follow safe
lifting procedures to avoid injury. So you will need a friend to help you
handle the 20kg bags - the more friends the merrier for larger paving jobs!
1. Shovel 2. Bolster hammer 3. Push-pull meter 4. Screeder tools

5. Broom 6. Rubber mallet 7. Trowel 8. Steel pegs 9. Stone chisels 10. Nylon
strings
11. paving stone 12. Gap Sand Fills 13. Bedding sand14. Road base material 15.
Plate compactor 16. Wheel barrow 17. Spirit Level
IV. PROCEDURE:
1. CALCULATE THE AREA TO BE PAVED

Paved areas are mostly square or rectangular, triangular or circular. To determine the area
to be paved please use the formulas below:
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 Square or rectangular area in m2 = length x width
 Triangular area in m2 = half width of base x height
 Area of a circle in m2 = µ (pi) x radius squared (or µr2)
These formulas provide the square meters of the area to be paved and you will need this
information to be able to order your bedding materials.
2. CALCULATE THE MATERIALS REQUIRED

To determine the amount of bedding materials required to create the stable bed for your
new paved area:
 Road base laid at 100mm depth

 Amount required in cubic meters = area in m2 x 0.1
Bedding sand laid at 50mm depth when compacted
3. PREPARING THE AREA TO BE PAVED

Mark out the area to be paved with a string line placing the timber pegs 50mm beyond
the end of the paving to minimise the impact on the string line when digging the ground.
Excavate the area to be paved to the depth of the paver plus 100mm for the compacted
road base and 50mm for the compacted bedding sand (i.e. 150mm in total).
Tip: Ensure that the base is gently sloped away from any nearby buildings allowing
for a fall of 20mm per meter.
4. PLACE AND COMPACT THE ROAD BASE
Tip the road base into the area to be paved spreading it evenly to a depth of 110mm using
a screed allowing for 10mm settlement when compacting. Compact the road base with a
tamping tool thoroughly wetting the road base to ensure it compacts hard. Set the screed
rails at the ends of the area to be paved to ensure that the base has the desired fall.
5. SPREAD AND COMPACT THE BEDDING SAND
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Place the bedding sand on top of the compacted road base to a depth of 60mm allowing
for 10mm settlement as the pavers are placed on top. Set up the screed rails at each end of
the area to be paved using wooden stakes and level the bedding sand.
6. LAYING THE PAVERS
Lay the pavers in rows according to the pattern that you have chosen ensuring that they
are level with each other using a rubber mallet. Butt joint the pavers together leaving a
3mm gap between them continually checking for level with a spirit level.
Tip: As you pave the area, you can rest on the pavers that have already been laid.
7. CUT THE PAVERS AS REQUIRED

When there are spaces requiring less than a standard paver length, measure and make the
required cuts to the paver using a brick bolster hammer. Ensure that the cut pavers fit
neatly and are butt jointed to the next pavers.
8. HAUNCHING THE EDGES
Hunching the edges locks the pavers into place to prevent them loosening or dislodging
from their intended position. Dig a trench along the edge of the paving deeper than the
bedding sand and road base. In a wheelbarrow, mix mortar with a shovel and using a
trowel place the mixed concrete up against the side of the pavers in the trench you have
dug. Angle the surface of concrete half way up the side of the paver and smooth the
surface using a wooden float.
Leave this hunching to set for 24 hours before compacting the pavers.
9. FILLING THE JOINTS AND COMPACTING

Spread Gap Sand Fill over the full surface of the pavers and work the Gap Sand into the
joints using a broom.
To compact the bedding sand, use a compactor for larger paved areas or a rubber mallet
for smaller areas. Sweep off any excess sand. To activate the additive in the Gap Sand,
use a hose on a light spray setting to thoroughly wet the whole paved area. Be careful to
avoid any flooding or directly hosing the joint which will wash the Gap Sand out of the
cracks.
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10. READY FOR USE AFTER 3 DAYS
Allow 3 days for the concrete to harden and the Gap Sand to bond the pavers
into place before using the paved area.
Hints & tips
 Pavers are cut using a bolster Chisel and hammer.
1. Mark the cut line using a marker pen

2. Rest the paver on a bed of sand
3. Line up the bolster on the top face of the paver placing the bevel to the waste
side of the cut and strike with a hammer
4. Repeat this process for the other 3 sides of the paver and the paver should break
evenly
5. Don’t assume that the areas pavers butt up to are always straight – continually
check with a string line. Pavers are not always exactly the same size so be sure to
allow for variations and make small adjustments if required.
6. For rounder corners install pavers in a fan shaped pattern with even gaps. For
sharper bends mark and cut wedge shaped border pavers to fit.
V. PRECAUTIONS
Runoff slope shall be maintained throughout to avoid ponding of rain water during
pouring period.

2. Finished projects shall conform according to specifications.
59
Information Sheet- Measuring and excavating depth for pavement
2.5
2.5. Calculating The Excavation Depth
The paved area will need excavation to the combined total depth of your pavers, compacted
bedding sand layer (20 to 30mm) and compacted base course layer (if required). To calculate this
depth, excavate representative area to expose the sub-grade, and do the “heel test”.
Sub grade
Weak Medium Strong
conditions
Heel test and
Walking leaves Heel test leaves
Heel Test walking leaves no
strong impression impression
impression
Layer of granular Layer of granular Layer of granular
Driveways - light
base material base material base material
vehicle traffic
175mm deep 125mm deep 75mm deep
Layer of granular Layer of granular
Pedestrian use No granular base
base material base material
only material required
125mm deep 50mm deep
NOTE: The maximum aggregate size should be less than 1/3 the depth of the required base
course. So if 100mm layer of base course material is required, use gravel with a maximum
aggregate size of 33mm. This will allow better.
Compaction of individual layers. On a very weak clay subgrade a geotextile fabric will prevent
clay from pushing up into the base material. From the results of the heel test and the thickness of
your pavers, calculate the required excavation depth
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Item Dimension (example only)
Paver thickness 50mm
Depth of compacted sand layer 30mm
Depth of compacted base course layer 100mm
Total excavation depth 180mm
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Operation Sheet 2.5 Measuring and excavating depth for pavement
I. PURPOSE: To Know how to measure and excavate depth for pavements
a. Select a proposed paving area within your school with a practicable

space.
1. Digging blade 2. Shovel 3. Wheel barrow 4. Push-pull meter 5. Nylon

string 6. Wooden pegs 7. Hammer 8. Right angled framing square
IV. PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the area to be excavated for future pavement laying.

Usually, through its Length x Width
2. With known length distance, nail metal pegs on the grounds 1
meter away from the end point of the specified length.
3. Does the similar step at the beginning point also where you have
started the reference taping.
4. Stretch out taping distance for the width of the excavation area,
then giving clearance also of 1 meter to allow ease movement of
excavator.
5. Taut strings along the 4 pegs at a height of 10cm above ground
6. Locate the exact distance along the length & width and mark
appropriately taut string to act as your excavation line of the
paving area.
7. Begin to excavate following the guide string at a depth required
upon the pavers, base course, bedding sand, and considering all of
the total height.
V. PRECAUTIONS
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Personal Protective Equipment is the leading precautionary discipline to perform
the job.

2. Finish products conforms to the standard according to clients specifications.
63
Information Sheet-2.6 Excavating area
2.6. Sub-grade Preparation:

Remove all top soil and excavate to the required depth. If the excavated surface (sub-grade)
requires filling to reach the desired level, use existing organic free material if available. Fill in
compacted layers of no more than 100mm, and compact using a plate compactor or rammer. The
finished sub grade should match the exact contour chosen for the final paving, within a tolerance
of +0 to -20mm at any point.
Handy Hint
It’s useful to make a scaled drawing of the area you are paving using graph paper to sketch the
design you want.
Base Course Preparation
If the heel test indicated you need a base course, lay this next. It should comprise granular
material with hard durable particles free from organic material. The maximum aggregate size of
the material should be no more than 1/3 the thickness of the layer. Lay the base course in layers
of no more than 100mm and compact to a uniform dense condition, especially around manholes
and kerbs.
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Edge Restraints
Edge restraints add strength by preventing sideways movement of pavers. Where present,
existing paths or structures will suffice. An alternative to these is “haunching”, where the outer
pavers are held by concrete starting approximately half way down the side of the pavers and
angled down-wards at 45° to a further depth of 100mm.
Handy Hint
Make sure you wear the appropriate safety gear when using tools and machinery; ear muffs,
sturdy footwear, goggles and a dust mask should be the minimum requirement. If using an
electric power tool always use a residual current device to prevent shock.
Prepare The Sand Base
Bedding sand provides support for the pavers, but will not hide irregularities in the base course
or sub-grade. It should be well-graded and damp, but not wet. Only spread enough sand for the
pavers you’ll lay in one session. Stores sand for later use in a covered pile to maintain its
moisture level. Use runners and a straight edge to aid screeding. The final compacted sand depth
once the pavers are laid should be 30mm. You will generally need to start with between 5 and
10mm more than the desired sand thickness.
Lay The Pavers
Lay the pavers in the chosen pattern, starting from the straightest convenient edge. If you are
working on a sloping site then lay pavers up hill. Avoid laying downhill if possible. Maintaining
a nominal joint of 3mm between pavers is essential to allow sand penetration and paving
performance. If you need to cut pavers for edge filling, use a concrete saw or paving splitter
65
(available from hire centers) or a bolster chisel for smaller areas. Keep vehicles off the paved
area until complete and if a loaded wheelbarrow has to cross it, lay timber running boards.
Compact The Pavers
For smaller areas use a rubber mallet to compact. For larger areas use a plate compactor, available
from most hire centres. However, do not use a plate compactor on large paving or flagstones as it
could cause them to break. Courtyard Flagstones, Grass Pavers and Gobi Blocks should also be
compacted with a rubber mallet rather than with a compacter. Once the pavers are compacted,
sweep dry joint sand (following the instructions on the bag) into the joints. Go over with a plate
vibrator again and repeat the process until all joints are filled. Do not vibrate pavers that are more
than 450mm x 450mm as it may cause them to crack. Grass Pavers and Gobi Blocks don’t require
jointing sand. Once compacted into place by the rubber mallet, spread topsoil and sow grass seed
or, for a different look, fill the voids with decorative pebbles.
Finishing Touches
Joints in pavements with a high traffic volume will seal quite quickly and little further
maintenance will be necessary. For areas such as patios or paths where pavers may be vacuum
cleaned or washed regularly, joints may need periodic topping up.
Handy Hint
To maintain a just laid look, a variety of sealers are available. Unsealed paving will naturally
weather, making colours appear less intense.
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Self-Check 2.6 (Excavating area) Written Test
Name: _____________________________ Date: ___________________________
1. In excavating area for stone paving, what are the essential criteria for considerations?
Explain. (10 points)
2. Explain, what is meant by “Heel Test” ? (5 points)
3. Explain, what is meant by “ Sub-grade”? (5 points)
4. What are the three (3) properties of sub-grade conditions inquiring data acceptable for
the laying work? (10 points)
5. If you have a stone paver thickness of 50mm, what shall be your total excavation depth?
(5 points)
6. From the information above, what shall be maximum aggregate size of base course
materials to fill in every layers? (10 points)
Model answer 2.6 (Excavating area) Written Test

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
67
Information Sheet-2. 7 Positioning of drainage pipes
2.7. How do you place that drainage pipe?
Culvert Depth
Ensure that culverts are not placed too low to allow

sufficient slope for water to drain away. This happens
frequently in flat terrain when ditches are excavated too
deep. Use over landing road construction techniques to
keep the road elevated above the water table. Improper
drainage may also result from culverts settling in soft
ground. If this is recognized during the installation as a
potential problem, place proper foundations under the drainage structure, i.e., shot rock, or
support log culvert with three or more mud sills (logs placed under the bottom crib logs parallel
with the road). Always use sufficient fill and raise grade slightly above culverts to avoid low
spots and water accumulations ich introduce sediment to streams from vehicle traffic.
Culvert Slope
Culverts in fish streams must follow the natural slope. All other culverts should always have a
minimum slope of 2% to allow water to drain, and to prevent the deposition of materials inside
the culvert. Do not exceed slopes of over 20% for culvert installations unless designed and
approved by professionals. It is difficult to install culverts with steeper gradients than that, and
doing so may create instability. Increased velocities at the culvert outlet can cause fill or channel
68
erosion, and may cause vibration of the structure during high flows which in turn contributes to
piping failures.
Cross Drain Frequency
Instead of installing cross drains at measured intervals, place them frequently enough that small
pipes (400 - 500mm or 16 - 20in) will easily handle peak flows. Install them with good ditch
blocks at junctions, low spots, above and below switchbacks, and at known seepage sites. Do not
use ditches to move seepage water and surface runoff over long distances of 15m or more (50ft),
especially on steeper grades or in finer materials. Rolling grades or depressions (swales) help to
drain surface runoff and act as failsafe backup for cross drains. Always consider consequences of
plugged drains and plan for a backup.
69
Information Sheet-2.8 Mixing mortar
2.8. What is Cement Mortar
Portland cement mortar, simply known as cement mortar, is a mixture of Portland cement, sand,
and water (plus additives, if any). It is the most common mixture used today for making mortar,
a workable paste that is used to set blocks and bricks. Cement mortar must be mixed just before
use so that it does not cure prematurely. For this reason, it is beneficial to learn how to mix
Portland mortar yourself. The process is fairly straightforward and requires only a few tools and
supplies.
1. Purchase the materials that you will need. Portland cement is a dry powder and can be
purchased at most hardware stores and building supply stores. The water can come
straight from your spigot at home. When buying sand, make sure to buy sand with
angular (rather than smooth) grains. Masonry sand is ideal, and can be purchased from
most building supply stores. Additives are available at most home improvement centers
and building supply stores. Make sure to read the directions on the package and purchase
the appropriate amount for your job. If you want to augment your mix with lime, make
sure to buy hydrated lime (also a dry powder).The ratio of sand to cement is about 3:1 by
volume.
2. Mix the dry ingredients. Using a shovel, smaller bucket or scoop, put three parts sand
and one part cement into a mixing tub or trough, wheelbarrow, cement mixer or a 5-
70
gallon (19 L) bucket. Add any dry additives according to the directions on the package
and stir the powdered mixture thoroughly.
 Make sure not to make more than you can use in about two hours, as the mortar will set
quickly.
 Adding lime to the mortar will improve its workability, make the mortar more water
resistant, and will reduce the amount of shrinkage upon curing. Lime also helps prevent
the cement and sand from separating.
 If you want to add lime to your mortar, replace about ten percent of the Portland cement
with hydrated lime.
3. Add water to the dry ingredients. Once you have mixed the dry ingredients thoroughly,
add water a little bit at a time. Add a small amount of water, then distribute the water by
carefully mixing with a spade or other tool. Keep adding water until the mortar reaches
the proper consistency. It should be smooth and spreadable, but should not drip or run off
your spade when you lift it. If you add too much water, you can adjust by adding more
cement and sand.
 Once you have mixed the mortar, add any liquid additives and distribute them evenly
through additional stirring.
71
4. Use the cement mortar. Apply the mortar within about two hours of mixing it. If you wait
longer than that, it will likely have cured too much to use, but the curing time can be extended by
adding retarders and by keeping the mortar cool or cold. Once the mortar begins to set and
harden, do not attempt to thin the mix by adding more water.
5. Always wear the proper safety gear when handling mortar. Getting dry concrete in your
eyes, lungs, or on your hands can be very painful and dangerous. It's very important to wear
gloves any time you're handling mortar, as well as safety glasses, and a face-mask when you're
mixing up the dry cement. It can have a tendency to cloud up and get in your face, and is very
hazardous to the lungs. Use caution and always equip yourself safely.
6. Clean the mixer and all tools at the end of the day. At the end of a hard day of
block-laying, you've still got an important job to do: knocking all the hard and dried
mortar off the mixer, your boards, your wheelbarrows, and other tools. There are all
sorts of different methods for doing this, but the most effective is also the most
simple. Use a hammer to bang on your tools and collect the dry mortar to dispose of it
properly.
72
Operation Sheet 2.8 Mixing Mortar
 Don't neglect cleaning your tools. Electric mixers especially can become bogged
down if you haven't done a good job cleaning off the dried-up cement. There
shouldn't be too much of it if you've been mixing properly, but there'll be some.
Self-Check 2.8 Written Test
Name: _____________________________ Date: ___________________________
1. Explain, what is cement mortar ? (10 points)

2. Explain, how will you make a cement mortar in good consistency? (10 points)
3. What material will you add to the mixture in order that the mortar becomes
more water resistant and reduce shrinkage during curing period? (10 points)
4. What shall you do at your tools & equipment after you finished work? (5
points)
Model answer 2.8 Written Test

1.
2.
3.
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
I. PURPOSE: To know how to mix mortar
73
a. Prepare the job where you can apply the mortar grout into the project.
1.Sand 2. Cement 3. Lime 4. Trowel 5. Wheel barrow 6. Shovel
IV. PROCEDURE: (Use the Ratio of Sand to Cement is about 3:1 by volume)
1. Prepare the materials (Sand, Cement, Lime)

2. Mix the dry ingredients. Using a shovel, smaller bucket or scoop, put three
parts sand and one part cement into a mixing tub or trough, or wheel barrow.
3. Add lime to the mortar to improve its workability that it will make the mortar
more water resistant, and will reduce the amount of shrinkage upon curing.
4. Add water to the dry ingredients, Once you have mixed the ingredients
thoroughly, add water a little bit at a time. Add a small amount of water, then
distribute the water by carefully mixing with a spade or other tool. Keep
adding water until the mortar reaches the proper consistency. It should be
smooth and spreadable, but should not drip or run off your spade when you
lift it. If you add too much water, you can adjust by adding more cement and
sand.
5. Clean your mixing tools at this time so that the mortar does not cure on the
tool.
V. PRECAUTIONS
Make sure not to make more than you can use in about two hours, as the mortar will set
quickly.

74
LAP Test two Practical Demonstration
Name: _____________________________ Date: ________________
Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________
Instructions: Given the paving jobsite, you are required to perform the following tasks.
Task 1: Determine the types of sub-soil and footing structure
Task 2: Locate and determine under-ground services
Task 3: Set out paving dimension (Look up the operation #1)
Task 4: Measure and excavate depth of pavement (Look up operation #2)
Task 5: Mix mortar using the ratio of sand to cement is about 3:1 by volume(Look up
operation #3)
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Information Sheet three LO3. Lay Paving
Instruction Sheet Three LO3.Lay Paving
LO3: Lay Paving

 Setting out and positioning edge boards

 Compacting base material
 Grading paving surface
 Cutting and laying paving segments
 Joining paving segments
 Completing finishing joints
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover
page. Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to –
 Spread base material and compact to specifications
 Spread bedding material and screened to designed level and alignment
 Position edge board to set out to specification
 Grade the paving surface to fall evenly, without pounding, to outlets or surface run off
system
 Determine initial starting line and pavers are laid to line conforming to specified
pattern
 Cut paving units/segments and laid to designed pattern and specifications with joints
and surface finish aligned to specifications
76
 Maintain finish level across junction between different finishes
 Complete paving installation with joints finish to specifications

them.

them.
them.
77

in page __.
or procedure.
78
Information Sheet- 3. 1 Setting out and positioning edge boards
3.1. Haunching The Edges:

Haunching the edges locks the pavers into place to prevent them loosening or
dislodging from their intended position. Dig a trench along the edge of the paving
deeper than the bedding sand and road base. In a wheelbarrow, mix mortar with
a shovel and using a trowel place the mixed concrete up against the side of the
pavers in the trench you have dug. Angle the surface of concrete half way up the
side of the paver and smooth the surface using a wooden float.
EDGE RESTRAINT:
Dig a narrow trench around the perimeter of the pavement.
Shovel concrete into the trench to form a restraining edge against the pavers.
Fill to near top of pavers, allowing space for soil and turf.
COMPACT:
Compaction is best done with a vibrating plate compactor. Spread finedry sand
over the pavers and sweep into joints until filled, and compact. Sweepmore fine
dry sand across paving and work into joints. Repeat compaction.
79
Information Sheet- 3.2 Compacting base material
3.2. Compaction of Subgrades and Aggregate Base Courses
Construction compaction is the process by which the weight-per-unit volume of

soils and aggregates is increased by the use of applied force. This weight-per-unit
volume, or density, is measured and compared to a laboratory-determined
maximum density of the same material. This comparison of field to laboratory
density values is the measure by which the contractor’s work is evaluated as
successful or not.
Basic Factors for Success
Subgrade
Several factors come into play when the contractor begins to address work that
requires compaction. First, is the condition of the material upon which the project
will be constructed. Frequently, the native ground is sufficient to begin the work
with little or no attention. However, situations can arise when the in-place
condition of the native material will not support the work to be done on top of it. In
other words, if the material upon which compaction activity is to take place is not
sufficiently compacted itself, achieving compaction on top of it will be difficult or
impossible. In extreme instances, such as native soils containing large amounts of
organic material, it can be necessary to “bridge” the unsuitable soil with cobbles or
80
to physically remove the unsuitable material and replace it in order to create a firm
enough surface upon which to begin construction.
Moisture and Density
Once the condition of the subgrade has been determined to be appropriate, the
contractor will begin work with the fill material. The material must have a suitable
moisture content in order to meet the density standard for the project.
The purpose of the laboratory-determined maximum density of any material is to

establish a density value and to identify the optimum moisture content for the
material. Moisture in the material acts as a lubricant. When the moisture content is
at an appropriate level, it helps the individual particles that make up the material
pack and interlock thus reducing to very small the
amount of void space in a compacted fill. Material at optimum moisture content

will require less compactive effort and thus support efficiency.
If there is insufficient moisture in the material, the particles will not find their most
tightly fitting arrangement and acceptable density will not be achieved even with
extensive comp active effort. If there is too much moisture, the material will be
subject to too much lubrication. Particles, rather than finding their most tightly
fitting arrangement, will instead constantly slip past each other. Again, acceptable
density will not be achieved regardless of the amount of compactive effort applied.
Of any single factor, moisture content is the most critical in achieving compaction
success.
81
Matching the Material with the Compaction Device
Various types of materials will require different approaches in order to achieve

successful compaction. For example, smooth drum rollers can be highly effective
when used to compact sandy materials or aggregate base courses. Sheepsfoot
rollers with vibratory capability are often used for materials with high clay content.
However, sheepsfoot or vibratory equipment is unsuitable for some materials, such
as river run aggregates that contain smaller amounts of clays and other fines.
Awareness of material and equipment issues will help the contractor maintain
efficiency during the project.
Compaction Testing
Wet density determination is based upon the density of the material being tested,
including the weight of water in the material.
ASTM provides the second method. Laboratory and field densities are measured as
dry densities. As implied, this method measures the density of the material being
tested without the weight of the water present in the material.
Typically, both wet and dry density testing is done by nuclear gauge. Testing
information can be a valuable resource in managing the project. The information
will reveal moisture contents of the fill materials and may also provide an
indication of appropriate lift thickness to achieve successful compaction.
Compaction can be achieved on almost any type of soil and on any aggregate
mixture with the proper moisture content and compaction method.
82
Success and efficiency can be achieved by knowledge of the materials in use on
the project, properly matching the compaction equipment to the material, and
utilizing testing information developed by the project inspector.
Information Sheet- 3. 3 Grading paving surface
3.3. Grading paving surface

The sub-grade layer of a pavement is, essentially, the underlying ground. It is also
known as the "Formation Level", which can be defined as the level at which
excavation ceases and construction starts: it's the lowest point of the pavement
structure.
Usually, a sub-grade will need some basic preparation to make it fit for
construction purposes, and this process is known as 'sub-grade formation' or
'reducing to level'.
The simplest form of sub-grade formation is a 'site-strip'. This process involves the
removal of all surface vegetation along with the root zone, approximately 50mm in
depth. It is bad practice to construct a pavement over surface vegetation; as organic
material, it will decompose, which could lead to the formation of voids in the
covering layers, which could, in turn, lead to pavement settlement.
83
Typical Ground Layers
It is only the most straightforward of jobs that will require solely a site strip.
Most projects will involve a 'reduction in level', ie, some degree of digging
down to a 'formation level'. There are 2 common reasons for a reduction in
level:
to accommodate the finished levels of paving work
to remove bad ground, top-soil, soft spots or other deleterious material
For most paving works, the required construction thickness is known in

advance. Once finished paving level is established, the thickness of the paving
can be subtracted and this will establish 'formation level', ie, the uppermost
surface of the sub-grade. This formation level should be treated as a maximum
for the sub-grade.
84
Formation level for a typical driveway
Bad ground, soft spots, and other construction works may need the sub-grade to be
reduced even further to overcome these problems. It is much more cost efficient to
remove any potential trouble-spots at this stage than have to take up a section of
the final pavement and re-construct the sub-base.
An acceptable formation level will be free of any soft spots, reasonably parallel to
the plane of construction. On public highways, it is usual practice to reduce-dig to
remove ALL surface vegetation, and top-soil and to establish formation level upon
a compacted clay, bedrock or sub-soil.
The picture opposite shows a typical site strip for an estate road. The ground level
is established relative to finished floor levels in the properties to be built, while
road formation level has been reduced down to a compact clay.
Road Formation 85
Information Sheet- 3. 4 Cutting and laying paving segments
3.4. CUTTING THE PAVERS:
If any pavers need to be cut, mark the cuts with a crayon or chalk and cut with a
masonry saw or splitter.
On sides where PAVE EDGE is to be installed later you can place the edging after
laying the pavers to reduce the amount of cutting. Allow for up to 1/4” (6mm) gap
between the cut paver and the PAVE EDGE or permanent structure. You will fill
this with sand later. You should use a diamond blade mason saw, or a
PAVERSPLITTER.
SAND SETTING BED
NOTE: It is important to keep your sand dry. Always keep your sand covered in
case of rain.Do not attempt to level any area or surface irregularities with the sand
bedding. This will result in an uneven surface and unwanted settling.
86
Lay your screed guides (1” (25mm) electrical conduit, 1” strips of wood or other
suitable rigid 1” guide) 4’ to 6’ apart and parallel. Work from side to side; moving
your screed guides, screed 10’ sections of sand. You will use your 6 ft. to 8 ft. long
2”x 6” screeding board to loosely spread the sand and to strike off any excess. DO
NOT walk on or work from your screeded sand. Do not worry about voids that
screed guides have left after you have removed them. You will lightly fill them
with sand and trowel them smooth as you are laying the pavers.
LAYING THE PAVERS
Lay the pavers in the chosen pattern, starting from the straightest convenient edge.
If you are working on a sloping site then lay pavers up hill. Avoid laying downhill
if possible. Maintaining a nominal joint of 3mm between pavers is essential to
allow sand penetration and paving performance. If you need to cut pavers for edge
filling, use a concrete saw or paving splitter (available from hire centres) or a
bolster chisel for smaller areas. Keep vehicles off the paved area until complete
and if a loaded wheelbarrow has to cross it, lay timber running boards.
Compact The Pavers

For smaller areas use a rubber mallet to compact. For larger areas use a plate
compactor, available from most hire centres. However, do not use a plate
compactor on large paving or flagstones as it could cause them to break. Courtyard
Flagstones, Grass Pavers and Gobi Blocks should also be compacted with a rubber
mallet rather than with a compacter. Once the pavers are compacted, sweep dry
joint sand (following the instructions on the bag) into the joints. Go over with a
plate vibrator again and repeat the process until all joints are filled. Do not vibrate
pavers that are more than 450mm x 450mm as it may cause them to crack. Grass
Pavers and Gobi Blocks don’t require jointing sand.
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Information Sheet- 3.5 Completing finishing joints
3.5. Safety and Handling
Wear a dust mask, goggles and gloves while using this product. Handle and store
in a manner to avoid dusty conditions. If the product comes in contact with your
eyes, flush thoroughly and repeatedly with water. DO NOT RUB EYES. Wash
hands after use.
JOINT PAVER SAND, while easy to use, requires a few basic steps to prevent
unnecessary clean up or extra work. To create a long lasting paving stone terrace,
patio, or driveway, use Joint Paver Sand between the paving stone joints for
maintenance free enjoyment for years to come. Our fine blend of quality mason
sands and organic polymers provide a long lasting environmentally friendly
solution to your next paving stone project.
Application
1. Clean & Dry Pavers
Make sure that the surface of the pavers and the paver joints are free of debris and
completely dry before applying Paver Sand. The weather forecast should be rain
free after application to ensure optimum performance.
88
2.Pour Sand & Spread
Pour Paver Sand evenly over the entire area to be finished. Sweep repeatedly over
the joints until they are completely and uniformly filled. For best results fill the
joints up to 3mm below the top surface of the pavers.
3.Compact Sand & Sweep
Use a plate compactor to compact the sand between the joint of the pavers. this
will ensure all voids are filled, repeat steps 2 & 3 as necessary. After compaction
sweep off all extra sand.
4.Repeatedly Saturate Area
After you have ensured that the paver surface is completely free of sand, lightly but
thoroughly saturate the area. The objective is to spray mist some amount of water
above the surface but do not overspray as it will flush out paver sand out from the
cavity joint. Repeat this step 2 times allowing 10 minutes intervals between
89
soakings. Make sure the paving stones are free of car and foot traffic for 18-24
hours following application of paver sand.
90
Self-Check 3.5 Written Test
Name: _____________________________ Date: ___________________________
1. In excavating area for stone paving, what are the essential criteria for considerations?
Explain. (10 points)
2. Explain, what is meant by “Heel Test” ? (5 points)
3. Explain, what is meant by “ Sub-grade”? (5 points)
4. What are the three (3) properties of sub-grade conditions inquiring data acceptable for
the laying work? (10 points)
5. If you have a stone paver thickness of 50mm, what shall be your total excavation depth?
(5 points)
6. From the information above, what shall be maximum aggregate size of base course
materials to fill in every layers? (10 points
MODEL ANSWER 3.5 Written Test
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Score = ___________
Answer Sheet
Rating: ____________
91
Operation Sheet 3.1 Paving Public Thoroughfares
I. PURPOSE: Apply Paving Works
b. Look after yourself properly:
Safety - Before you begin any project, please ensure you protect yourself the following:
 Protect your skin and eyes. Cement based products are alkaline and can
cause burns to exposed skin or eyes.
 When working outdoors, be SunSmart - Slip on some sun-protective
clothing – Slop on sunscreen - Slap on a hat - Seek shade - Slide on some
sunglasses.
 All 20kg bags require 2 people to lift them safely. Always follow safe
lifting procedures to avoid injury. So you will need a friend to help you
handle the 20kg bags - the more friends the merrier for larger paving jobs!
1. Shovel 2. Bolster hammer 3. Push-pull meter 4. Screeder tools

5.Broom 6. Rubber mallet 7. Trowel 8. Steel pegs 9. Stone chisels 10.
Nylon strings
11.Paving stone 12. Gap Sand Fills 13. Bedding sand14. Road base material
15. Plate compactor 16. Wheel barrow 17. Spirit Level
IV. PROCEDURE:
2. CALCULATE THE AREA TO BE PAVED
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Paved areas are mostly square or rectangular, triangular or circular. To determine the area
to be paved please use the formulas below:
 Square or rectangular area in m2 = length x width

 Triangular area in m2 = half width of base x height
 Area of a circle in m2 = µ (pi) x radius squared (or µr2)
These formulas provide the square meters of the area to be paved and you will need this
information to be able to order your bedding materials.
3. CALCULATE THE MATERIALS REQUIRED

To determine the amount of bedding materials required to create the stable bed for your
new paved area:
 Road base laid at 100mm depth

Bedding sand laid at 50mm depth when compacted
4. PREPARING THE AREA TO BE PAVED

Mark out the area to be paved with a string line placing the timber pegs 50mm beyond
the end of the paving to minimise the impact on the string line when digging the ground.
Excavate the area to be paved to the depth of the paver plus 100mm for the compacted
road base and 50mm for the compacted bedding sand (i.e. 150mm in total).
Tip: Ensure that the base is gently sloped away from any nearby buildings allowing
for a fall of 20mm per meter.
5. PLACE AND COMPACT THE ROAD BASE
Tip the road base into the area to be paved spreading it evenly to a depth of 110mm using
a screed allowing for 10mm settlement when compacting. Compact the road base with a
tamping tool thoroughly wetting the road base to ensure it compacts hard. Set the screed
rails at the ends of the area to be paved to ensure that the base has the desired fall.
6. SPREAD AND COMPACT THE BEDDING SAND
93
Place the bedding sand on top of the compacted road base to a depth of 60mm allowing
for 10mm settlement as the pavers are placed on top. Set up the screed rails at each end of
the area to be paved using wooden stakes and level the bedding sand.
7. LAYING THE PAVERS
Lay the pavers in rows according to the pattern that you have chosen ensuring that they
are level with each other using a rubber mallet. Butt joint the pavers together leaving a
3mm gap between them continually checking for level with a spirit level.
Tip: As you pave the area, you can rest on the pavers that have already been laid.
8. CUT THE PAVERS AS REQUIRED
When there are spaces requiring less than a standard paver length, measure and make the
required cuts to the paver using a brick bolster hammer. Ensure that the cut pavers fit
neatly and are butt jointed to the next pavers.
9. HAUNCHING THE EDGES
Haunching the edges locks the pavers into place to prevent them loosening or dislodging
from their intended position. Dig a trench along the edge of the paving deeper than the
bedding sand and road base. In a wheelbarrow, mix mortar with a shovel and using a
trowel place the mixed concrete up against the side of the pavers in the trench you have
dug. Angle the surface of concrete half way up the side of the paver and smooth the
surface using a wooden float.
Leave this haunching to set for 24 hours before compacting the pavers.
10. FILLING THE JOINTS AND COMPACTING

Spread Gap Sand Fill over the full surface of the pavers and work the Gap Sand into the
joints using a broom.
To compact the bedding sand, use a compactor for larger paved areas or a rubber mallet
for smaller areas. Sweep off any excess sand. To activate the additive in the Gap Sand,
use a hose on a light spray setting to thoroughly wet the whole paved area. Be careful to
avoid any flooding or directly hosing the joint which will wash the Gap Sand out of the
cracks.
94
11. READY FOR USE AFTER 3 DAYS
Allow 3 days for the concrete to harden and the Gap Sand to bond the pavers into place
before using the paved area.
V. PRECAUTIONS
Runoff slope shall be maintained throughout to avoid ponding of rain water during
pouring period.
2. Finished projects shall conform according to company specifications.
95
Job sheet/LAP Test/ 3 Practical Demonstration
Name: _____________________________ Date: ________________
Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________
Instructions: Given the paving jobsite, you are required to perform the following
tasks.
Task 1: Determine the types of sub-soil and footing structure
Task 2: Locate and determine under-ground services
Task 3: Set out paving dimension (Look up the operation #1)
Task 4: Measure and excavate depth of pavement (Look up operation #2)
Task 5: Mix mortar using the ratio of sand to cement is about 3:1 by volume(Look up
operation #3)
96
Information Sheet four LO4. Clean Up
Instruction Sheet LO4.
LO4: Clean Up

 Materials disposal and recycling

 Maintaining tools and equipment
 Performing good housekeeping
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover
page. Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to –
 Clear work area and dispose, reuse, or recycle materials in accordance with
legislation/regulation/codes of practice and job specification
 Clean, check, maintain, and stored, plant, tools and equipment in accordance with
manufacturers’ recommendations and standard work practices
them.
97

them.
them.

98
in page __.
or procedure.
Information Sheet 4.1. LO4. Clean Up
Many different types of waste construction materials like paving materials are produced in
construction work. It is your responsibility to identify the type of waste you have created and the
best way of disposing it.
Cleaning up after finishing a job is an important part of a structure construction worker role.
Even when you have finished measuring & calculating everything you need for a job, there will
be something that needs to be cleaned, stored, maintained or documented.
4.1. Cleaning your work area

When you finish your work area should be left in a clean and neat condition. This means
ensuring that things are properly stored away so as not to cause an OH&S hazards.
99
Plans can be large documents & are often stored in card board cylinders. If you have been
using large plans ensure that they are stored in an appropriate place & don/t block walk
ways.
You should also ensure that any other materials you have been using are stored in an
appropriate place. For example drawings & other documents such as calculation should
be stored in a project file so they can be easily accessed.
If you have been working on site measuring & calculating you may have had to move
items to gain access to the area you have been measuring always ensure that you replace
items you have moved & cleaned up the area accordingly.
Your work place is likely to have procedures you will need to follow to deal with this.
4.2. Housekeeping
Housekeeping is the simple term used for cleaning up after your self to ensure your work area is
clear and tidy. Good housekeeping is vital on a construction site, as an unclean work area is
dangerous.
To maintain good housekeeping it is important that you:
 Work tidily/neatly/ to reduce the risk of you or somebody else getting hurt
 Ensure fire exits and emergency escape routes are clear
 Correctly dispose of materials waste as.
 Only get as many nails and screws as you need – loose nails and screws can puncture
tires and even cause injury to feet
 Clean and sweep up at the end of each day
 Avoid blocking exits and walkways
 Be aware while you are working – how might your mess/disorder/ affect you or others
100
101
SELF CHEKE FOUR LO4: Clean up:
Give short answer:
1. Define house keeping

2. Write the porpuse of site cleaning
3. Write 5s and explaine these
MODEL ANSWER FOUR LO4: Clean up

The answer is refer or chec from information sheet four.
1.
2.
Reference:
1. Different TTLM of TVET college instructors.
2. A textbook of Building Construction
Author: - S.P.Arora
3. Motivate Building Construction Principles & Practices
Author: - D.Walton
4. Building Construction
Author: -getachew yimer
 Prepared by Members of Tigray TVET Colleges of Construction Instructors/Trainers/:
1. Hadush w/slasie A LEVEL Mekele poly technic college

2. Selomon seyoum A LEVEL Mekele poly technic college
3. Tewelde g/krstos A LEVEL Mekele poly technic college
4. Abyot mengustu A LEVEL Maichew poly technic college
5. Medhanie berhe A LEVEL humera poly technic college
6. Tilahun Assefa B LEVEL (Abi-Adi)
7. Tesfu Hailu B LEVEL (hagereselam)
8. Tadesse Desta B LEVEL (Samre)
9. G/her Teklay B LEVEL (edega arbi)
10. G/hiwot Abreha B LEVEL (axum)
11. Hailay Berihu B LEVEL (shire)
102

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Institution Name: Date : 1/13/2009 E.

Structural Construction Works Level I

Module Title: Laying Paving

LG Code: CON SCW1 13

TTLM Code: CON SCW1M 13

Shire. Tigray, Ethiopia.

Summary of Learning Outcomes:

LO1. Plan and prepare work

LO2: Set out work area

LO3: Lay paving

How to Use this TTLM

Instruction Sheet One Plan and Prepare

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information

 Plan/working drawing interpretation

 Follow OH&S requirements in accordance with safety plans and policies

 Identify and implement signage/barricades requirements

1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.

2. Follow the instructions described in number 3 to 20.

4. Accomplish the “Self-check 1” in page __.

6. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Information Sheet 2”. However, if

9. Accomplish the “Self-check 2” in page __.

12. Accomplish the “Self-check 3” in page __.

14. If you earned a satisfactory evaluation proceed to “Operation Sheet 1” in page _.

1.1. Importance of Working Drawings

 Topographical information. This will provide the builder with information

Gaining a Deeper Understanding of Architect's Drawings

Reference the description of various sheets to find an element of construction

Learn to recognize the different types of lines the architects and

Name: _____________________________ Date: ___________________________

Time started: _______________________ Time finished: ____________________

MODEL ANSWER ONE 1.1 Plan/working drawing interpretation

1. Interpret Planned Working Drawing

From the sketch above, interpret the situation of a foundation geography

III. EQUIPMENT TOOLS AND MATERIALS

1. Provide the data ought to be needed in the sketch plan to become a

1.2. Identifying Safety Requirements

c. First Aid Kit

Plasters, Bandages, Ointment, Cotton, Disinfectant, Antiseptic, blood suppressants, etc.

Name: _____________________________ Date: ___________________________

Time started: _______________________ Time finished: ____________________

1. What are the basic safety requirements in the jobsite? ( 10 points )

1.3. The Regulatory Requirements

 The extent of the work to be done

The Waste Disposal

Recycling- it’s worth thinking about.

There are three important reasons for the disposal of waste:

Waste material left lying around can cause accidents.

Materials are expensive; therefore do not waste materials.

Offcuts of timber can be used as pegs or for making profiles.

Name: _____________________________ Date: ___________________________

Time started: _______________________ Time finished: ____________________

1.4. Common Paving Materials

Preparing the base

Recommended guideline for base depth:

Walkways = 4"-8" (10-20cm)

 Tools and Equipment

Instruction Sheet 2 LO2. Set out work area

LO2: Set out work area

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information

 Locating area of paving

 Identify location and area of paving according to plans and specifications

 Identify sub-soil and footing type and classify according to standards

 Locate and avoid underground services throughout work process

Name: ___ Date: _

Time started: ___ Time finished:

Name: ___ Date: _

Time started: ___ Time finished:

Name: ___ Date: _

Time started: ___ Time finished:

Name: ___ Date: _

Time started: ___ Time finished:

Name: ___ Date: _

Time started: ___ Time finished:

Name: ___ Date: _

Time started: ___ Time finished:

Name: ___ Date: _

Time started: ___ Time finished: