BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES

LABORATORY REPORT No. 3

Prepared By:
GROUP 9
GUDOY, BENEDICT L.
BUGAOISAN, NEMALYN
DE GUZMAN, LOVLY VALERIE D.
LIPSOT, DAN LENARD C.

ENGR. RALPH LAWRENCE R. QUEDDENG

INSTRUCTOR

OCTOBER 4, 2023
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I. INTRODUCTION

An element can be simply defined as the building block from which matter

is made and is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

(Lagowski et al., 2023). Examples of an element are oxygen, hydrogen, and

carbon. A substance consists of a combination of two or more elements/ atoms

and can be broken down into simpler substances through a chemical reaction is

called a compound (Zumdahl et al., 2022). Examples of compounds are water,

which is composed of two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom, and carbon

dioxide which is composed of a carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. On the

contrary, the combination of two or more chemical substances that but can be

broken down into simpler substances through physical process (“What is a

Mixture?”, 2023). Examples of a mixture are salt water, sugar water, and mud.

These substances can be separated through experimentation. The first

separation method is decantation which is the process of separating liquid from

solid or other immiscible liquids and removing the top layer of liquid from the

bottom layer of solid or other liquids (“Decantation, 2022). An example of this

process is the separation of water from dirt in mud when it is settled for a period

of time. Another separation method is sublimation where a substance is directly

turned from a solid into a gas without undergoing the liquid state (“Separation of

Mixtures using Sublimation and Magnets”, 2021). An example of this is when

separating ammonium chloride from chalk powder through heating the mixture
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and subliming the ammonium chloride. And lastly, extraction is the process of

separating a substance from a mixture through the use of a suitable solvent

(“Definition of extraction”, n.d.) An example is when extracting the tea from the

tea leaves by extracting it to the water. With these in mind, the purpose of the

experiment is to showcase the different separation methods for compounds and

mixtures.

II. OBJECTIVES

1. To differentiate elements from compounds, and pure substances from

mixtures.

2. To be able to separate a mixture into its components based on the

differences in their properties.

3. To determine the percentage components and percent recovery of a

mixture.

III. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

- 25-mL Graduated cylinder - Spatula

- 100-mL Beakers (2) - Stirring rod

- Clamp - Test tube holder

- Evaporating dishes (2) - Thermometer

- Gas burner - Tongs

- Iron Stand - Weighing Balance

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- Iron ring - Watch glass

- Match - Wire gauze

CHEMICALS:

- Magnesium ribbon - Sodium chlordie

- Ammonium chloride - Sand

IV. PROCEDURES

A. Formation of a Compound from Elements

Magnesium readily combines with oxygen to form the compound

magnesium oxide.

Obtain a piece of magnesium ribbon from your instructor. Describe the

properties. Scrape the magnesium strip with a blunt knife or with the edge of

a steel spatula until it turns into a metallic luster. Once again make your

observations.

Hold the piece of magnesium ribbon with a test tube holder. Touch the end

to the flame of a burner. (Caution: The reaction produces an intense light. Do

not look directly into the burning magnesium). Describe what takes place.

B. Pure Substances vs. Mixtures

Heat 50.00 mL. of distilled water. Allow it to boil for 5 minutes. What is

the boiling point of the distilled water (pure substance)?

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Dissolve approximately 20.00 g chloride in 100.00 mL. of water. Boil the

mixture for 5 minutes. What is the boiling point of the mixture?

What conclusions can you make regarding the boiling point of a pure

substance and the boiling point of a mixture?

C. Separation of Components from a Mixture

Obtain a sample of a mixture containing NaCl, NH 4Cl and sand in a pre-

weighed evaporating dish from your instructor. Weigh the evaporating dish

containing the sample. Heat the evaporating dish containing the sample. Heat

the evaporating dish until white fumes no longer appear, or until the mixture

assumes a dirty white color. Heat carefully to avoid splattering. Gently stir

the mixture with your glass stirring rod every 2 minutes. Allow the

evaporating dish with the content to cool to room temperature. Weigh the

evaporating dish containing the mixture. Record the data in the table. What

separation technique is applied in this separation?

Add 25.00 mL. of water to the remaining solid in the evaporating dish and

stir gently. Weigh another clean, dry evaporating dish. Decant the liquid

carefully into the second evaporating dish which you have weighed, being

careful not to transfer any of the solid into the second evaporating dish. Add

10.00 mL. of water to the solid in the first evaporating dish. Stir and decant

the liquid into the second evaporating dish as before. Repeat the extraction

process with another 10.00 mL. of water.

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What substance is being extracted from the mixture?

Gently heat the evaporating dish containing the solution to evaporate the

water. Take care to avoid splattering. Cover the evaporating dish with a pre-

weighed watch glass when half of the water in the solution has evaporated.

When the solid has dried completely, with no more water condensing on the

watch glass, let the evaporating dish cool to room temperature. Weigh the

evaporating dish, watch glass and its content. Tabulate results.

Heat the evaporating dish containing the wet sand in a low flame until the

sand appears dry. Continue heating for 10 minutes. Cool the evaporating dish

and its content to room temperature. Record the mass.

Identify the property of each of the component present in the mixture

which makes them different from one another.

Calculate the percent component of each substance in the mixture and the

percent recovery using the formulas given below:

mass ofcomponent
% component= ×100
mass of original sample

mass of matter recover

% recovery= × 100
mass of original sample

Does the experiment illustrate the principle of conservation of matter?

Justify your answer.

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V. DATA GATHERING

A. Formation of Compound from Elements

Table 5.1. Observed data from exposing magnesium ribbon to flame.

Magnesium Ribbon Observation

The magnesium ribbon has a dull

Before scrapping with spatula
silver color.

The magnesium emitted a shiny

After scrapping with spatula
silver color.

The magnesium ribbon emitted a

During burning
very bright glow during burning.

The magnesium turned into a

After burning
white powder.

B. Pure Substances vs. Mixture

Table 5.2. Gathered data on the boiling point of distilled water, and a
mixture
of distilled water and salt.
Matter Boiling Point

Distilled water 100 °C

Mixture of distilled
104 °C
water and salt
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C. Separation of Components from a Mixture

Table 5.3. Gathered data on separating Ammonium Chloride from the

original
sample.
Mass
Mass of evaporating dish + original sample 72.8 g
Mass of evaporating dish 57.8 g
Mass of original sample 15.0 g
Mass of evaporating dish after subliming
N H 4 Cl 72.0 g
Mass of N H 4 Cl 0.8 g

Table 5.4. Gathered data on separating salt from the original sample.
Mass
Mass of evaporating dish, watch glass + salt 105.4 g
Mass of evaporating dish 47.7 g
Mass of watch glass 56.2 g
Mass of salt 1.5 g

Table 5.5 Gathered data on separating sand from the original sample.
Mass
Mass of evaporating dish + sand 70.5 g
Mass of evaporating dish 57.8 g
Mass of sand 12.7 g

VI. CONCLUSION

In light of the results, the researchers were able to differentiate elements from

compounds since an element is a substance that has only one kind of atom while a

compound is a substance that is composed of two or more kinds of atoms. The

researchers were able to create the compound magnesium oxide by heating the

element magnesium. And differentiate pure substances from mixtures since a pure

substance is a type of matter that has a specific composition and cannot be split
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into other substances, whereas a mixture is a combination of two or more

physically joined substances that may be separated physically. The researchers

were able to arrive at this conclusion by getting the different boiling points of the

pure substance water (H2O) and the mixture of salt water (NaCl + H 2O). The

researchers were also able to separate the components of a mixture by utilizing

their unique properties and the different separation methods. Sublimation was

used to separate NH4Cl from the mixture, decantation was used to separate water

from the mixture, and extraction was utilized to extract the NaCl from the water.

Lastly, the researchers were also able to determine the percentage components

and percentage recovery of each components from the mixture, and they were

able to know the difference.

VII. QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. What conclusions can you make regarding the boiling point of a pure

substance and the boiling point of a mixture? (Part B)

- The boiling point of a pure substance is lower than the boiling

point of a pure substance. For instance, the boiling point of the

pure substance water is 100 °C, while the boiling point of the

mixture of water and salt is higher at 104 °C. Thus, leading to the

conclusion that the boiling point of mixtures is higher compared

to the boiling point of pure substances.

2. What separation technique is applied in this separation? (Part C)

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- Sublimation was the separation technique that was utilized in this

experiment. Sublimation is the process of turning solids directly

into gas. For instance, NA4Cl (Ammonium chloride) is a solid

that turns into gas in the form of white fumes when heated. Thus,

sublimation was the technique applied in this separation.

3. What substance is being extracted from the mixture? (Part C)

- In the process of decantation, the water with dissolved salt is

extracted. Decantation is known as the separation of liquid from

solids. In this procedure, salt is dissolved by the water when

mixing, which is followed by separating the water from the

mixture by decantation. Thus, the substance being extracted from

the mixture is the water with dissolved salt.

4. Identify the property of each of the component present in the mixture which

makes them different from one another. (Part C)

- Each of the components has a unique property that makes them

different from each other. The NA4Cl (Ammonium chloride) has

the property to sublime when heated, water has the solubility

property that makes it dissolve the salt and boiling point that

allowed the researchers to extract the salt from the mixture.

5. Does the experiment illustrate the principle of conservation of matter? Justify

your answer. (Part C)

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- This experiment illustrates the principle of conservation of

matter, which states that matter cannot be created nor destroyed

and only transform from one form to another. In this experiment,

the researchers were given an initial mixture with a mass of 15.0

grams. They were instructed to separate the components of the

mixture through an experiment. They were able to extract 0.8 g

of ammonium chloride, 1.5 g of salt, and 12.7 g of sand. The 0.8

g of ammonium chloride is extracted through sublimation, which

turns the solid mass into gas. The 1.5 g of salt was first dissolved

into water, then separated from the sand of the mixture, and then

extracted by boiling the water. The 12.7 g of sand also went

through the process of decantation to be extracted. Thus, explains

that the experiment illustrates the principle of the law of

conservation of matter.

VIII. CALCULATIONS

Given:
OS = 15.0 g
ED 2 = 57.8 g
ED 1 = 47.7 g
WG = 56.2 g

A. Getting the mass of NH4Cl

mN H Cl =( ED 2+ OSbefore subliming )−( ED 2+OS after subliming )
4

mN H Cl =( 72.8 g )−( 72.0 g )

4
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mN H Cl =0.8 g
4

B. Getting the mass of salt

msalt =( ED 1+ WG+ Salt )−( ED 1+WG )
msalt =( 105.4 g )−( 47.7 g+56.2 g )
msalt =1.5 g

C. Getting the mass of sand

msand =( ED 2+sand )−( ED 2 )

msand =( 70.5 g )− ( 57.8 g )

msand =12.7 g

Table 8.1. Observed value true value of the sand, salt, and NH4Cl.
Observed Value True Value
12.7 g Sand 13. 1 g
1.5 g Salt 1.6 g
0.8 g NH4Cl 0.3 g

observed value
% Recovery= ×100
true value

12.7 g
% Recovery sand = ×100
13.1 g
0.8 g
% Recovery sand =96.95 % % Recovery N H Cl = ×100
4
0.3 g
% Recovery salt =266.67 %
1.5 g
% Recovery salt = ×100
1.6 g
% Recovery salt =93.75 %
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IX. DOCUMENTATION

Figure 9.1. The researchers pre– weighed the

beakers, evaporating dishes, and watch glass.

A. Formation of Compounds from Elements

Figure 9.2. The researchers observed what happens when they scraped the magnesium ribbon,
and observed what happens when during and after heating the magnesium ribbon.
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B. Pure substance vs. Mixtures

Figure 9.3. The researchers transferred 50 mL of water into

a beaker, heated it for 5 minutes, and record the boiling
point of water.

Figure 9.4. The researchers transferred 100 mL of water and 20 g

of salt into a beaker, heated it for 5 minutes, and measured the
boiling point of the mixture.
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C. Separation of Components from a Mixture

Figure 9.5. The researchers transferred the 15.0 g mixture into an evaporating
dish, and recorded the initial mass of the evaporating dish and original mixture.
The researchers sublimed the NH4Cl through heating, and then recorded the
final mass of the evaporating dish with the mixture.

Figure 9.6. The researchers transferred 25.0 mL of water into the evaporating
dish, stirred the mixture gently, and let it settle until the water is separated from
the solid mixture. They, then transferred the water into another evaporating dish.
And repeated the process twice with 10.0 mL of water.

Figure 9.7. The researchers boiled the water in an evaporating dish and covered it
with a watch glass to trap the residue of the salt.
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Figure 9.7. The researchers heated

the wet sand to dry and recorded its
mass.
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X. REFERENCES

Decantation. (2022). BYJU’S. https://byjus.com/chemistry/decantation/

Definition of extraction. (n.d.). Chemicool. https://www.chemicool.

com/definition/extraction.html

Lagowski, J., Mason, B. H., & Tayler, R. J. (2023, September 29). Chemical
element | Definition, Origins, Distribution, & Facts. Encyclopedia
Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/chemical-element

Separation of Mixtures using Sublimation and Magnets. (2021). GeeksforGeeks.

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/separation-of-mixtures-using-sublimation-
and-magnets/

What is a Mixture?. (2023). BYJU’S. https://byjus.com/chemistry/mixtures/

Zumdahl, S. S., Noller, C. R., Usselman, M. C., Norman, R. O. C. (2022, August

25). Chemical compound | Definition, Examples, & Types. Encyclopedia
Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/chemical-compound
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PEER EVALUATION RATING

GROUP 9
EXPERIMENT NO. 1

NAME GROUP ATTENDANCE SPEED CREDIBILITY OVERALL TOTAL

DESIGNATION AND AND AND PARTICIPATION
COOPERATION ACCURACY HONESTY
20% 25% 25% 30% 100%

Gudoy, 19.67% 24.67% 24.67% 30% 99.01%

Leader
Benedict L.
Bugaoisan, 20% 24% 24.67% 26.33% 95%
Co – Leader
Nemalyn
De Guzman, 20% 24% 25% 29.67% 98.67%
Lovely Valerie Member
D.
Lipsot, Dan 19.33% 23% 23.33% 28% 93.66%
Member
Lenard C.
Instructions: After every experiment, all the members of the group will have to
evaluate their fellow members, the leaders will evaluate the assistant leader and
members, the assistant leader will evaluate the leader and members, and the
members will also evaluate their respective leader and assistant leader.
When evaluating, each member of the group must have a copy of
the table shown above, the one who is evaluating (evaluator) will not write and
evaluate his/her name on the table already. After the individual evaluation, the
leader and assistant leader will get the average score of every team member, and
tabulate them in the table above.