1

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Fossil fuels are the world's main energy sources for both stationary

power generation and transportation. Currently, almost 85% of the

energy utilized worldwide comes from fossil fuels including oil, coal, and

natural gas. Byproducts from combustion, such as particulates and

dangerous gases like CO2 and NOx, are produced during the energy

production from fossil fuels. It is well established that these emissions

have an impact on our health, the environment, and the climate (Sundén,

2019). This leads the researcher to solve the main issue by producing

biogas using the banana peel waste mixed with goat manure.

In research from Schnürer and Jarvis (2018), Biofuel that is

produced spontaneously as organic waste decomposes is called “biogas”.

Biogas is produced when microorganisms decompose organic matter such

as food waste or manure in the absence of oxygen, a process known as

anaerobic degradation or digestion. In addition, Banana (Musa) can be

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found in densely populated regions or near banana processing companies.

They may be found growing bananas in all tropical and subtropical regions

of Asia, America, Africa, and Australia (Evans and Ballen, 2018).

According to Rahim et al., (2019), Chemicals like cellulose and

hemicellulose can be found in banana peels. These are organic substances

that are acidic in nature and can be used as substrates for biogas

production.

Goat manure (GM) is an excellent raw material for anaerobic

digestion because of its high total nitrogen content and fermentation

stability (Zhang et al., 2013).

Furthermore, there are plenty of goats in the researcher’s

residence, Barangay La Suerte, Davao del Sur which produces manure. On

the other hand, there was also an overabundance of bananas in the

researcher’s residence which its peel was just thrown and neglected. As a

result, the researcher will make use of Banana Peel mixed with Goat

Manure as raw material for biogas production, making this research more

appropriate and significant in terms of contributing to the betterment of

society's welfare.
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Objectives of the Study

The general objective of this study aims to produce biogas from

banana peel mixed with chicken manure at different ratios. Specifically, it

aims to answer the following questions:

1. Is there any significant difference in temperature, pressure,

or pH in banana peel mixed with goat manure at different

ratios?

2. What is the daily biogas yield that may be collected from

banana peel mixed with goat manure in various ratios?

3. Is there any significant difference in overall biogas yield and

gas content when banana peel and goat manure are mixed

at different ratios?

4. What is the length of time it will take to produce biogas?

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Significance of the Study

This research is of great significance in the field of agriculture

engineering because, biogas is an eco-friendly and renewable energy

source. In addition, this will help certain groups and organizations

including:

Society. The result of this study will protect our air, water, and soil

by turning organic waste into soil products and renewable energy while

lowering GHG emissions.

Environment. The result of this study may help to produce fewer

nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and methane emissions.

Consumers. This study will help the consumers to produce a new

source of gas that is relatively inexpensive, simple to set up, and requires

little effort and time to produce biogas. Small biodigesters that utilize

animal manure and kitchen trash can be used at home.

Production of Biogas. This study will help in increasing an eco-

friendly gas which also saves mother earth from global warming.

World. The result of this study will be a great help to the world

since biogas could help to reduce agricultural losses, expand access to

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energy, strengthen global health, and enhance people's lives and

industries.

Moreover, this will benefit government organizations such the

Department of Agriculture (DA), the Department of Science and

Technology (DOST), the Department of Energy (DOE), the Local

Government Units (LGU's) and the Department of the Environment and

Natural Resources (DENR). This will provide as a further source of

information for any literature relating to the production of biogas from

used banana peels.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This research will be limited only to creating home biogas that can

be used for cooking. To produce the aforementioned biogas, the

experiment will only make use banana peels mixed with goat manure and

a digester as the major focus of the study.

An analogue thermometer will be used to obtain the temperature

data, and it will measure the temperature within the digester. And to

measure the pressure inside the digester, a digital manometer will be

utilized as the instrument. Lastly, the proponent underwent laboratory

 6

testing of sample treatments prior to sealing the setup and following gas

collection in order to determine the pH.

The study will be conducted to determine the biogas yield of

banana peel with chicken manure at different ratios. Materials will be

gathered from La Suerte, Matanao, Davao del Sur and will be conducted

at Davao del Sur State College (DSSC), Matti, Davao del Sur, Philippines.

Definition of Terms
Anaerobic Digestion - Refers to an oxygen-free

process by which

microorganisms decompose

organic substances, such as

animal manure and food

waste.

Biogas - Frequently referred to as

biomethane.

Biogas Plant - Refers to a plant which is

oxygen-free environment

that enable and support

anaerobic digestion.

Digester - refers to a sealed container

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that used as natural

anaerobic decomposition of

organic material.

K₂O - or potassium oxide which

refers to a nutrient content

found on goat manure and

widely used as a fertilizer in

the agricultural industry

P2O5 - or phosphuros pentoxide

which refers to a nutrient

content found on goat

manure used as a fertilizer

in the agrigultal industry.

RNG - or renewable natural gas is

a term to be used in place

of fossil natural gas that has

been enhanced.
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CHAPTER II

Review Related Literature

Biogas

Biogas is a naturally occurring gas produced by anaerobic bacteria

as a result of the breakdown of organic materials. It is employed in the

production of energy. Biogas differs from natural gas in that it is a

renewable energy source obtained through anaerobic digestion rather

than a fossil fuel obtained through geological processes. Methane gas,

carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon

monoxide make up the majority of biogas.

It occurs naturally in compost piles, as swamp gas, and in cattle

and other ruminants as a result of intestinal fermentation. Biogas can also

be made from plant or animal waste in anaerobic digesters or collected

from landfills. It can be burned to generate heat or utilized to generate

energy in combustion engines (Badurek, 2020).

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Biogas Plant

According to the webpage HOMEBIOGAS (2022), a biogas plant is a

facility that provides oxygen-free conditions where anaerobic digestion

can occur. Simply put, it’s an artificial system where you can turn waste

into sustainable energy and fertilizers, with positive effects on the

environment. A biogas plant has three major components that make the

biogas production process possible a reception area, digester (or

fermentation tank) and a gas holder.

Reception area. The reception area is where the raw materials

arrive and are prepared for anaerobic digestion. Each type of biomass has

a different fermentation process, so the overall length of the biogas

production process varies depending on the raw materials used, and it

isn’t uncommon to use pre-treatments in industrial biogas plants to

accelerate fermentation and increase the production of biogas.

Digester. According to the website Future Learn. (2021), biogas digestor

uses natural anaerobic decomposition of organic matter under controlled

conditions. The digestor is usually a large, sealed container for the organic

matter eg manure from livestock or poultry, green waste from agriculture,

sewage or food waste. This is digested by bacteria in the absence of

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oxygen to produce a gas containing methane and carbon dioxide. The gas

is piped away from the digestor and burnt to produce heat energy.

Gas holder. is an airproof container, preferably made in steel,

that collects the gas generated during fermentation. It’s provided with a

gas outlet that permits the biogas to come out of the system and produce

energy and heat.

Anaerobic Digestion

United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2022) stated that

anaerobic digestion is a process through which bacteria break down

organic matter—such as animal manure, wastewater biosolids, and food

wastes in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic digestion for biogas

production takes place in a sealed vessel called a reactor, which is

designed and constructed in various shapes and sizes specific to the site

and feedstock conditions.

Anaerobic Digestion process

Biogas is generated during anaerobic digestion when

microorganisms break down (eat) organic materials in the absence of air

(or oxygen). Biogas is mostly methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2),
 11

with very small amounts of water vapor and other gases. The carbon

dioxide and other gases can be removed, leaving only the methane.

Methane is the primary component of natural gas

Hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is the first step in the anaerobic

decomposition of organic matter. It involves the conversion of polymeric

organic matter (e.g., polysaccharides, lipids, proteins) to monomers (e.g.,

sugars, fatty acids, amino acids) by hydrolases secreted to the

environment by microorganisms (Sikora et al., 2017).

Acidogenesis. Acidogenesis is the fermentation stage where the

products of hydrolysis (soluble organic monomers of sugars and amino

acids) are degraded by acidogenic bacteria to produce alcohols,

aldehydes, and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and acetate together with H2

and CO2 (Sambusiti, 2013).

Acetogenesis. According to the website SSWM (2020),

acetogenesis is the third step of anaerobic digestion. Products from

fermentation (organic acids, alcohols) are converted into hydrogen (H2),

carbon dioxide (CO2) and acetic acid (CH3COOH). To produce acetic acid,

acetogenic bacteria need oxygen and carbon.

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Methanogenisis. Is the final phase which take places under

neutral conditions. It is critical step where the biogas is generated. This is

a final stage and is the slowest biochemical conversion step.

Renewable Natural Gas

According to Tanigawa (2017), renewable natural gas (RNG), or

biomethane, is biogas that has been refined to remove carbon dioxide,

water vapor, and other trace gases so that it meets natural gas industry

standards. RNG can be injected into the existing natural gas grid

(including pipelines) and used interchangeably with conventional natural

gas.

Banana (Musa)

According to Vu. Et al (n.d.), bananas are produced in vast

quantities each year, and the peel, which accounts for about a third of the

fruit’s weight, is discarded as trash. The peel has traditionally been used

to treat a variety of diseases. Over 40 different phenolic compounds have

been found in this by-product. Various factors, including as variety, age,

cultivation circumstances, and pre-treatments, influence the content and

amounts of these chemicals. Phenolic present in banana peels have been

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linked to a variety of health advantages, including antioxidant and

antibacterial qualities. As a result, recovering phenolic from this byproduct

for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries is beneficial.

Banana peel as an energy source

The peels containing high organic content are potentially converted

to methane through the fermentation process. Methane produced from

the anaerobic digestion of banana peel can also be used to generate

energy under mesophilic temperature conditions (Pisutpaisal et al., 2014).

Banana mass production

According to the website Banana link (2021), in recent years the

Philippines has been in the top five banana exporters in the world, and the

top ten in production, exporting around 3.5 million tonnes of bananas

annually. The Philippines consists of 7,640 islands, about 200 of which are

inhabited. In 2018 84% of bananas (and 99% of the Cavendish cultivars)

were produced on the island of Mindanao, with Davao region, Northern

Mindanao and Soccskargen as the top three regions. Cavendish is the

most grown variety in the Philippines, accounting for 53% of all bananas,
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followed by Saba (28%) and Lakatan (10%). Cavendish cultivars are

grown in a variety of plantation sizes for domestic and export markets,

and a small amount for home consumption. A small portion of the

country’s exports are organic bananas.

Banana Utilization

Banana (Musaceae) is one of the world’s most important fruit crops

that is widely cultivated in tropical countries for its valuable applications in

food industry. Its enormous by-products are an excellent source of highly

valuable raw materials for other industries by recycling agricultural waste.

This prevents an ultimate loss of huge amount of untapped biomass and

environmental issues (Padam et al., 2014).

Banana Usage

Banana belongs to the family Musaceae and genus Musa. Musa

spp., which has already provided man with food, tools and shelter prior to

recorded history. Banana is a major crop of West and East Africa and is

grown in some 120 countries throughout the developing world. It is a fruit

common in the tropics and is non-seasonal. There are several types of

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bananas grown for food consumption. These have been classified as

cooking bananas, roasting bananas, sweet bananas and brewing bananas.

Though banana is mainly known for its fruit as a culinary

ingredient, it is classified as a functional food because it contains a food

component that affects one or a limited number of function(s) in the body

in a targeted way to have positive effects.

Banana possesses desirable qualities such as high fiber content

which helps restore normal bowl action, stimulates the production of

hemoglobin in the blood. It contains potassium and has a low salt content

which helps to lower blood pressure as well as control stroke and when

consumed along with other fruits and vegetables and banana was

observed to be associated with reduced risk of various cancers such as

renal cell carcinoma (Ngwang, 2015).

Banana Peel

Banana peel is made of carbohydrates (roughly 60 per cent), fibre

(30 per cent), water and small amounts of protein and fat. Banana skin’s

thickness and high fibre content make it quite tough and sometimes

bitter, but it is edible and contains many minerals including potassium and

manganese (Franklin-Cheung, 2020).

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Goat Production

According to Goat Situation Report, April-June 2021 of Philippine

Statistic Authority (2021), the total goat production from April to June

2021 was estimated at 17.53 thousand metric tons, liveweight. This was

higher by 23.4 percent than the previous year’s same quarter output of

14.20 thousand metric tons, liveweight.

Goat manure as energy source

Sandra Vijn, (2014) stated that, over time, bacteria convert the

manure from solid waste into liquid waste, which produces methane gas.

The methane is separated out, collected and converted into electricity to

power farms or houses, or processed into CNG to power trucks, or could

even be used to make bioplastics.

Manure Usage

According to Animal Feeding Operations - Uses of Manure of United

States Environmental Agency, (2022) throughout history, people who

raise livestock and poultry have used manure as a fertilizer, soil

amendment, energy source, even construction material. Manure contains

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many useful, recyclable components, including nutrients, organic matter,

solids, energy, and fiber.

Goat Manure

Goat manure is virtually odorless and is beneficial for the soil. This

manure contains adequate amounts of the nutrients that plants need for

optimal growth, especially when the goats have bed in stalls. As urine

collects in goat droppings, the manure retains more nitrogen, thus

increasing its fertilizing potency. However, this increase in nitrogen usually

requires composting prior to use (Tilley, 2022).

Goat Manure Nutrient Content

Solid goat manure contains 46.58% organic C, 1.34% N, 0.54%

P2O5, and 1.56% K2O. After 30 days of composting, the nutrient content

reached 2.23% N, 1.24% P2O5, and 3.69% K2O. Besides, goats also

produce urine which contains nutrients such as 1.13% N, 0.05% P2O5,

and 7.9% K2O (Batubara, 2021).

Goat Manure Production

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According to the Goat Manure Production and Waste Management

report of WikiFarmer (2017), it is estimated that a single goat’s manure

plus its wasted food and hay can exceed 2200 lbs. (1000 kg) per year.

Consequently, having in advance a solid and legitimate waste

management policy will keep you secured against environmental (e.g.,

water pollution) and health problems or violations of local laws.

Factors affecting Biogas Production

There are several factors such as biogas potential of feedstock,

inoculums, nature of substrate, pH, temperature, loading rate, hydraulic

retention time (HRT), C:N ratio, volatile fatty acids (VFA), inhibitory

substances, etc. influence the biogas production (Bhajani, 2022).

Temperature. Temperature for fermentation will greatly affect

biogas production. There are different temperature ranges during which

mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria are most active causing maximum

gas yield. Generally, mesophilic bacteria are most active in the

temperature range 35-40°C and thermophilic bacteria in the range 50-

60°C. Choice between the mesophilic and thermophilic fermentations is

governed by the natural climatic conditions in which the plant is

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located.The methanogens are inactive in extreme high and low

temperatures, while the optimum temperature is 35°C. The rate of gas

production increases with the increase in temperature but the percentage

of methane reduces. It is found that temperature between 32°C35°C are

most efficient for stable and continuous production of methane. Biogas

produced outside this range will have a higher percentage of carbon

dioxide and other gases than within this range. If the temperature is lower

than 20°C the rate of gas production falls sharply and it almost ceases at

about 10°C. So, it is necessary to keep the temperature as constant as

possible.

pH. pH value indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a

solution. The micro-organisms require a neutral or mildly alkaline

environment. Ideal pH value is between 7.0 – 8.0 but can go up or down

by a further 0.5. In the initial stages of acid forming stage of digestion,

the pH value may be around 6.0 or less, however during methane

formation stage the pH value higher than 7.0 is maintained since methane

formers are sensitive to acidity. The amount of CO2 and volatile fatty

acids produced during the anaerobic process affects the pH of the digester

contents.
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Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio. The relationship between the amount of

carbon and nitrogen present in organic materials is expressed by the

Carbon/Nitrogen (C/N) ratio. The elements carbon and nitrogen are the

main food of anaerobic bacteria. Carbon is used for energy and nitrogen

for building the cell structure. The optimum C/N ratio that best suits for

maximum microbiological activity is 30:1.

Retention Period. It represents the time period for which the

fermentable material remains inside the digester. This period ranges from

35 days to 50 days depending upon the climatic conditions and location of

the digester. The longer retention period needs larger size digester, and it

allows more complete digestion of feed (Karthika & Narayanan, 2016).

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PREVIOUS STUDY MATRIX

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Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Treatment 1 - (100%) Banana Peel at 5  Biogas Yield

kg and 5 L of water.  Methane Content

Treatment 2 - (80% + 20%) Banana Peel  Carbon Dioxide Content

at 4 kg + Goat Manure at 1kg and 5 L of  pH level

water.  Temperature

 Pressure
Treatment 3 - (50% + 50%) Banana Peel
 Duration
at 2.5 kg + Goat Manure at 2.5 kg and 5 L

of water.

Treatment 4 - (20% + 80%) Banana peel

at 4 kg + Goat manure at 1kg and 5 L of

water.
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Figure 1. Diagram showing the Independent and Dependent

Variables in the study of “Biogas Production from
Banana Peel mixed with Goat manure at different
Ratio”

Hypothesis

There is no significant difference in the Biogas Production from

Banana Peel mixed with goat manure at different ratio in terms of:

-Biogas yield

 Methane Content

 Carbon Dioxide Content

 pH level

 Temperature

 Pressure

 Duration
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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Research Locale

The study will be conducted to determine the biogas yield of

banana peel with chicken manure at different ratios. Materials will be

gathered from La Suerte, Matanao, Davao del Sur and will be conducted

at Davao del Sur State College (DSSC), Matti, Davao del Sur, Philippines.

Research Design

This proposed study focuses on the biogas production from banana

peel mixed with goat manure at different ratio and will be conducted

through Complete Randomized Design. Four (4) treatments replicated four

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times with the parameters including: methane and carbon dioxide

volumes in liters, pH level, gas temperature and pressure. There will be

four (4) samples in each replication.

Design Features

Biogas Design and Specification

The prototype biogas plant's main parts are the digester, gas holder,

and gas distribution system for extracting and using the produced gas.

These three elements will be used to calculate biogas yield. The digester

was an 18 L water container, the gas holding was the interior of the tire,

and the gas delivery system will be a ¼ inch diameter valve.

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Biogas Plant Design

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Figure 2. Biogas Plant Design for the study of the “Biogas

Production from banana peel mixed with goat
manure at different ratio”.

Construction of Biogas

I. All required supplies were gathered and acquired.

II. An 18-liters of water container, 1 meter of ¼ inch PVC hose for the

gas piping system, .5-meter of ¼ inch PVC hose for the gas

passage to the gas holder, 1 meter of ¼ inch PVC hose for the gas

outlet, valve, Teflon tape, waterproof glue, and ¼ inch diameter t-

pipe.

III. The diameter of the hose (¼ inch) was used to guide the drilling of

water containers.

IV. The valve was fitted after connecting the 1 m 1/4-inch diameter

flexible Hose to the gas distribution system.

V. The interior tube of the tire and the 18-liter water container were

both connected to the gas delivery system.

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VI. The upper right corner of the digester was where the digital

manometer was attached.

VII. The first thermometer was inserted into the digester's upper left

corner, and the second was inserted into the top of the gas holder.

VIII. Waterproof adhesive was used to seal each connection.

Safety Considerations for Leak Test (PAES 413)

Water Tightness Test. Water should be poured into the digester until it

reaches the level of the inlet and outflow pipes. Mark the water level after

allowing it to sit for 3 to 5 hours or until the walls are completely

submerged. Set it for nighttime monitoring; if there is a noticeable decline

in water level, leaks or cracks are present. (PAES 413, 2001).

Batch Study for Biogas Production

The study of biogas production of banana peel mixed with goat

manure; a micro-scale batch digestion experiment was carried out.

Anaerobic digestion of banana peel samples will be done in 18-liter water

container. A ¼ inch diameter rubber hose will be connected in the

digester to the gas holder and acted as an outlet for biogas. Three
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replications will be made for the study. The following treatment

combinations will be used for the study.

Substrate Mixture. Substrate mixture will be determined by the ratio of

goat manure/banana peel plus goat manure and water.

Substrate mixtures in different treatment were as shown below:

Banana peel (treatment combinations); each 3 replications with ratio (%)

Treatment 1 (100%) Banana Peel at 5 kg and 5 L of water.

Treatment 2 (80% + 20%) Banana Peel at 4 kg + Goat Manure at 1kg

and 5 L of water.

Treatment 3 (50% + 50%) Banana Peel at 2.5 kg + Goat Manure at 2.5

kg and 5 L of water.

Treatment 4 (20% + 80%) Banana peel at 5 kg + Goat manure at 1kg

and 5 L of water.

Note: The ratio of the treatment combination will be 1:1 substrate

mixture and water.

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Research Instrument

The following are the materials needed in producing biogas. Function of

its materials is as follows:

Analogue Thermometer - will be used to measure the

temperature within the

digester.

Banana Peel - will be used as raw material

or a feed to a digester

Bottle - a 5-liter bottle will be used

to get the exact amount of

water needed

Cutter - will be used to cut the

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traced sizes of pipe to

create a hole

Digital Manometer - will be used to measure the

pressure inside the digester

Digital Weighing Scale - will be used to weigh the

amount of banana peel and

goat manure required for its

digester

Epoxy - will be used as a tool to

measure the pH of the

solution

Flexible hose - a ½ inch diameter hose will

be used as a gas passage

Goat Manure - will be used as raw material

or a feed to a digester

Modified Funnel - will be used as passage

upon pouring the Crashed

organic matter

Pen - will be used to trace the

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sizes of pipe into the

digester to create hole

Pet water Jar - a 18L pet water will be used

as a digester

Pre-Heated Nails - will be used to create a

small hole of the traced size

of pipe to perfectly cut a

hole

Steel Saw - will be used for cutting

pipes

Solvent - will be used to avoid leaking

of biogas.

Tire Interior tube - will be used as a biogas

holder

T-pipe - will be use in the gas holder

for gas passage

Teflon Tape - will be used to avoid

leakage of biogas
 33

Valve - will be used to control the

direction of flow of biogas

Water - will be used as the main

mixture of every treatment

Collecting and Procurement of Materials

The Banana Peel and Goat manure will be procured at

researchers’ residence in La Suerte, Matanao, Davao del Sur and other

materials for constructing biogas plant such as 18 Liter water container,

cutter, Tire’s Interior tube, digital weighing scale, digital thermometer,

digital manometer, epoxy, ¼ inch diameter hose, steel saw, solvent, T-

pipe, Teflon tape, and valve will be sourced out in the local suppliers.
 34

Table 2. Matrix of Materials Needed.

Materials Quantity Remarks

18L pet water jar 12 pcs Digester

Cutter 1 pc For cutting
Multicab Tire’s Interior 12 pcs Gas holder
Weighing scale 1 pc Amount
measurement
Digital Manometer 12 pcs Pressure
measurement
Digital thermometer 24 pcs Gas temperature
reading
Epoxy 1 pc Sealant
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Flexible hose (¼) size 40 m Gas passage

Digital Manometer 12 pcs Manometer
measurement
Solvent 1 pc sealant
T-pipe 12 pcs For
sender/receiver of
biogas hose
Teflon Tape 1pc Sealant
Valve (¼) inch diameter 12 pcs Gas controller
Hygrometer 1 pc Outside
temperature
reading
Hydrochloric acid Gas analysis
Potassium hydroxide Gas analysis

Balloon Gas Holder Method for Biogas Production

The study of biogas production from banana peel mixed with goat

manure, a micro-scale balloon gas holder will be excreted. Anaerobic

digestion of banana peel and goat manure samples were set in a pet jar

that has 18L capacity. A ¼ inch diameter flexible hose will be connected

in the digester to the interior tube which the gas is stored. Three

replications were made for the study.

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Substrate Mixture. Substrate mixture will be determined through the

ratio of banana peel, goat manure and water. Substrate mixtures in

different treatment were the following.

T1 - (100%) Banana Peel at 5 kg and 5 L of water.

T2 (80% + 20%) Banana Peel at 4 kg + Goat Manure at 1kg and 5

L of water.

T3 (50% + 50%) Banana Peel at 2.5 kg + Goat Manure at 2.5 kg

and 5 L of water.

T4 (20% + 80%) Banana peel at 5 kg + Goat manure at 1kg and 5

L of water.

Experimental Set-up and Layout

T3R3 T2R2 T1R1

T2R3 T1R2 T4R1

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T1R3 T3R1 T4R3

T3R2 T2R1 T3R2

Figure 3. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) Experimental

and Layout with replication of floating method
anaerobic digestion in the study entitled “Biogas
Production from banana peel mixed with goat
manure at different ratio”.
Data Gathering

A. Temperature Monitoring

Temperature will be monitored daily at 6:00 am, 12:00pm, and

6:00pm using the analogue thermometer.

B. Pressure Monitoring

Pressure will be monitored daily at 6:00 am, 12:00pm, and 6:00pm

using the digital manometer.

C. pH Monitoring
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pH will be determined through laboratory testing of sample

treatments before sealing the setup and after gas collection.

D. Measurement of Gas Production

Gas Production can be measured using the Ideal Gas Law formula

which is PV=nRT. Where: P=pressure (atm), V=volume (L), n=

amount of gas (mol), R=0.08206, T=temperature(°K).

E. Methane Content Determination

Methane (CH4) was often determined by absorbing CO2 in an

alkaline liquid, following method stated below.

1. A cylindrical flask was filled with liquid and was placed with the

opening in the same liquid in a container, so that the flask

remained in full of liquid. To the inside of the cylindrical flask a

closed tube with a clamp and with a syringe at the other end

was attached.

Note: In the test, a graduated measuring cylinder and a basin

half-filled with water was used, as described above. The

oylinder shall be filled with Hydrochloric Acid (HCTI) and was

added to the container.

 39

2. The syringe was injected through the butyl bung of the reactor,

the Clamp was opened, and the gas Produced was flow into the

cylindrical flask and was replaced the liquid.

3. The amount of liquid replaced corresponds to the volume of

gas produce. If the liquid was an acid, the volume of biogas

produced was measured, while if the liquid was basic, the CHa

production was measured.

Note: On injecting the needle into bung of a reactor, biogas

bubbles through liquid and was fill the cylinder, replacing the

liquid, and the gas volume was read (V1, ml).

F. Carbon Dioxide Content Determination

Methane (CH4) was measured by absorbing CO2 in an alkaline

liquid.

4. A cylindrical flask was filled with liquid and was placed with the

opening in the same liquid in a container, so that the flask

remained in full of liquid. To the inside of the cylindrical flask a

closed tube with a clamp and with a syringe at the other end

was attached.

Note: In the test, a graduated measuring cylinder and a basin

half-filled with water was used, as described above. The

 40

cylinder shall be filled with Hydrochloric Acid (HCI) and was

added to the container.

5. The syringe was injected through the butyl bung of the

reactor, the clamp was opened, and the gas produced was flow

into the cylindrical flask and was replaced the liquid.

6. The amount of liquid replace corresponds to the volume of

gas produce. If the liquid is an acid, the volume of biogas

produce was measured, while if the liquid was basic, the CH

production was measured.

Note: On injecting the needle into bung of a reactor, biogas

bubbles through liquid and was fill the cylinder, replacing the

liquid, and the gas volume was read (V1, ml).

Statistical Tools

The data will be gathered in this study and will be statistically

analyzed and interpreted using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) by

one-way Analysis of Variance 5% level of significance of the Biogas

production from Banana Peel mixed with Goat Manure at different ratio.
 41

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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066845
 46

APPENDICES

GANTT CHART
 47

APPENDIX TABLE 2. BUDGETARY REQUIREMENT

ITEMS/ QUANTITY UNIT PRICE/UNIT TOTAL

MATERIALS (Php) COST
(Php)
Bond Paper 3 Ream 175.00 525.00
Paper Clips 1 Box 48.00 48.00
Sliding Folder 4 Piece 7.00 28.00
Canon Printer 1 Piece 6,999.00 6,999.00
Outline Defense N/A N/A 1,650.00 1,650.00
Transportation N/A N/A 500.00 500.00
(Gasoline)
Total Cost Php 9,750.00
 48

Appendix Table 3. Biogas Yield of Treatment in Batch of

Banana Peel mixed with Goat Manure
at Different Ratio

TREATMENTS Replicate Total Mean

I. II. III.
T1- 100% Banana
Peel

T2- 80% Banana

Peel & 20% Goat
Manure

T3- 50% Banana

 49

Peel & 50% Goat

Manure

T4- 20% Banana

Peel & 80% Goat
Manure

Appendix Table 4. Analysis of Variance of Gas Production

in Batch Study of Banana Peel mixed
with Goat Manure at Different Ratio.
 50

Appendix Table 5. Daily Gas Production of Treatments in

Batch Study of Banana Peel mixed
with Goat Manure at Different Ratio.

Gas Production (Liters)

Day Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4

R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3
 51

Appendix Table 6. Average Substrate Temperature (°C)

of Treatments in Batch Study of
Banana Peel mixed with Goat Manure
at Different Ratio.

Average Substrate Temperature (°C)

Day Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4

R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3
 52

Appendix Table 7. Average Pressure Build Up in the

Digester of Biogas Yield of Banana
Peel mixed with Goat Manure at
Different Ratio.

Pressure (psi)

Day Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4

R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3
 53

Appendix Table 8. Power of Hydrogen (pH) in Batch

Study of Banana Peel mixed with Goat
Manure at Different Ratio.

pH Level

Interval Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4

R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3

Before

After

Average.
 54

Appendix Table 9. 1 Approximate

Treatment Treatment 2 Percnetage
Treatment 3 of Treatment
Methane 4
and Carbon Dioxide Determination
R1 R2 R3 Analyzed
R1 R2 R3 R1 R2
through R3 R1Carbon
Absorbing R2 R3
Dioxide.

Gas

Methane

Carbon
Dioxide
 55

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name : James A. Dayoc

Nickname : Doydoy
Address : Purok San Francisco, Barangay Site La
Suerte, Matanao, Davao del Sur
Date of Birth : February 11, 2001

Place of Birth : Site La Suerte, Matanao, Davao del

 56

Sur
Sex : Male
Height : 174 cm
Weight : 80 Kg
Religion : Roman Catholic
Nationality : Filipino
Father’s Name : Ronald B. Dayoc
Religion : Roman Catholic
Nationality : Filipino
Mother’s Name : Virgita A. Dayoc
Religion : Roman Catholic
Nationality : Filipino

Educational Background

Elementary : La Suerte Elementary School

Year Graduated : 2011-2012
Secondary : Matanao National High School
Year Graduated : 2018-2019
Tertiary : Davao del Sur State College
Course : BS in Agricultural and Bio-Systems
Engineering
 57

AFFILIATIONS

Society of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Students

(SABES)

2019-2022: Member

On the Job Training (OJT) Course

National Irrigation Administration (NIA), Davao del Sur

July 04, 2022 - August 05, 2022