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Welding Deformation and Residual
Stress Prevention
Welding Deformation
and Residual Stress
Prevention
Second Edition

Ninshu Ma
Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

Dean Deng
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University,
Chongqing, China
Naoki Osawa
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Osaka
University, Osaka, Japan

Sherif Rashed
Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
Hidekazu Murakawa
Joining and Welding Research Institute Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
Yukio Ueda
Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Preface

Since arc welding was invented in the late 19th century, welding has been widely used
as an essential technology for metal joining in construction. Generally, welding pro-
duces deformation and residual stress in welded products, which influences the quality
and performance of these products. Welding heat input is from the welding arc or laser
beam or electron beam. This heat induces melting of the metal and conducts in the
joint. Local expansion and contraction in the joint result in welding deformation
and residual stress. Many engineers and researchers have expended great efforts to
find ways to control these incidents. However, welding deformation and residual
stress still remain as difficult engineering problems. This is because the phenomena
associated with welding are complex and interdisciplinary.
After the digital computer was invented, new computational theories and methods
were developed, one of which is the finite element method. This method is a powerful
numerical analysis tool to solve complex problems. The author’s research group has
developed many computational methods of analysis for welding mechanics based on
the finite element method.
In 1971, Ueda and Yamakawa [1] succeeded in analysis of thermal elastic-plastic
behavior of butt joints of two plates during welding and published a paper on this
pioneering work. Since then, the group has continued to analyze various types of
welded joints, including multipass joints of very thick plates. With these efforts,
the group established a simulation method of thermal elastic-plastic behavior of
welded joints.
In parallel with these analyses, they examined the accuracy of the analysis, com-
paring with residual stresses measured on experimental models. During this process,
they paid special attention to the source of residual stress, called inherent strain, and
developed a very efficient method to predict welding residual stress and deformation.
Additionally, they presented a new rational measuring method of three-dimensional
residual stress in thick welded joints, utilizing a special feature of the inherent strain
method, which they discovered. The methods of analysis, prediction, and measure-
ment of weld deformation and residual stress have been further advanced, and a frame-
work of computational welding mechanics has been established [2].
Safety requirements for welded structures are becoming increasingly strict. To
meet these requirements, engineers engaged in structural design and quality control
often need to anticipate welding deformation and residual stresses with higher accu-
racy. This changing engineering environment requires them to have more opportuni-
ties to conduct welding analysis utilizing commercial software, either general or
specialized for welding. In order to use such software and evaluate the output effec-
tively, inexperienced engineers need a basic understanding of welding mechanics and
good practice in handling the software.
xiv Preface

The first edition [3] of this book was written to meet this demand, and it provided
the following elements:
1. The generation mechanism of welding deformation, residual stress, and inherent strain was
illustrated using a simple three-bar model, and through the illustration, basic theories were
formulated and analysis procedures were presented.
2. A FEM program, User Q&A, and 21 sets of sample data were provided to practice the basic
analysis of heat conduction, deformation, and residual stress due to welding under basic
plane stress and plane deformation conditions.
3. Examples of strategic methods and procedures to solve various welding-related problems
encountered in the process of construction were presented.
4. Appendices provided databases for welding residual stresses in various types of joints,
temperature-dependent material properties, and the basic three-dimensional equations,
among other data.

Ten years have passed since the first edition was published in 2012. New technology
has been developed and more welding-related problems are yielding to computational
analysis and synthesis. It was thought to be appropriate to update the first edition and
add new material addressing welding mechanics-related problems.
In the second edition, the first three chapters are the same as those in the first edi-
tion. In Chapters 1, 2, and 3, the mechanism of production of residual stress, defor-
mation, and inherent strain during welding is illustrated using the simple three-bar
model undergoing typical welding thermal cycles. The relational expressions between
them are derived. Through the illustration, with the aid of the inherent strain method,
the fundamental theory of measurement of residual stress is formulated, and the pro-
cedures of prediction of residual stress and deformation are presented. Considering the
fact that three-dimensional finite element analysis is commonly used nowadays,
Chapters 4, 5, and 6 of the first edition were deleted in the second edition.
In the new Chapter 4 of the second edition, various advanced computing methods
of welding thermal-mechanics are introduced, including heat source models, and the
finite element method for heat transfer and thermal stress analysis. In Chapter 5, ther-
mal elastic-plastic-creep behavior is introduced using a simple bar model, and welding
residual stress distributions in typical joints are discussed based on simulation results
and measured data. In Chapter 6, practical analysis methods including modeling
methods for welding assembly deformation are introduced. Chapter 7 presents predic-
tion examples of welding deformation for large-scale structural models and covers the
influence of constraint conditions and fabrication sequences on structural deforma-
tion. Chapter 8 discusses numerically computed and experimentally measured resid-
ual stress and deformation in additive manufacturing, such as 3D metal printing and
surface improvement techniques. Chapter 9 reuses Sections 7.1–7.6 from Chapter 7 of
the first edition, presenting strategic analysis of welding residual stress for
manufacturing problems such as welding-induced cracking, and implements the influ-
ence of residual stress on fatigue safety as well as buckling behavior of welded struc-
tures in the new Sections 9.6–9.10. In Appendix, a database of welding residual
distributions in various welded joints is summarized.
Preface xv

This second edition of the book has been written for the practicing engineer who
wishes to utilize computational analysis and prediction of welding residual stress and
deformation in their practical work, as well as for researchers who are engaged with
welding mechanics-related problems. The authors believe that the efforts of the
readers should contribute to developing their own computational analysis-based
manufacturing.

Ninshu Ma
Dean Deng
Naoki Osawa
Sherif Rashed
Hidekazu Murakawa
Yukio Ueda

References
[1] Y. Ueda, T. Yamakawa, Analysis of thermal elastic-plastic stress and strain during welding
by finite element method, Trans. Jpn. Weld. Soc. 2 (2) (1971) 90–100.
[2] Y. Ueda, A pioneer of computational welding mechanics and ultimate strength analysis
(ISUM), hall of fame, Ships Offshore Struct. (2020), https://doi.org/10.1080/
17445302.2020.1855500.
[3] Y. Ueda, H. Murakawa, N. Ma, Welding Deformation and Residual Stress Prevention, first
ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier, 2012. ISBN 978-0-12-394804-5.
List of symbols

A Area, cross-sectional area

A (exp: 4.60) Material constant in Norton-Bailey equation
A (4.121) Material parameter for back stress calculation
A0
[A] (4.26) Conductivity matrix
a Weld pool radius in the Goldak heat source model
a Crack length
B({T}) Residual error
[B] Strain-displacement matrix
BF Half breadth of flange
Bw Height of web
b Weld pool width in the Goldak heat source model
b Kinetic parameter in JMAK equation
b Width of the shell elements adjacent to the weld line
b0 Half width of inherent strain zone in case of infinitive
plate width
C (4.122) Material parameter for back stress calculation
C0 Radiation constant for black body (Stefan-Boltzmann
constant)
[C]e (4.23b) Damping matrix of corresponding each element
[C] Heat capacity matrix
[C] (4.23) Damping matrix
c Specific heat
c (4.113) Propagation speed of stress wave in materials
c (4.120) Back stress
af, ar Weld pool length in the Goldak heat source model
cij (4.120) Back stress tensor
[D] Elasticity matrix
Dstrain, [Dstrain]
Dtemp, [Dtemp]
Dtime, [Dtime]
[De] (4.66) Elastic matrix
[Dep] (4.91) Elastic-plastic corresponding matrix under plastic
loading state
E Young’s modulus
Continued
xx List of symbols

Continued

Ep Elastic-plastic modulus
e Base of natural logarithm
e∗ (6.4) Inherent strain
erav (4.109) Averaged square root index
ermax (4.109) Maximum error index
F Force, load
F (4.17) Radiation efficiency
F∗ Sum of external force and thermal load
Fconcentrate (4.112b) Concentrated nodal force
Ff, Fr (4.7) Heat distributing factors in the Goldak heat source
model
Fgravity (4.112b) Gravity-induced nodal force
FN, FT, FL, Fθ (6.14) Bonding forces
Fp (6.28) The share of the tendon force of each side of the plate
Fpressure (4.112b) The nodal force due to external pressure
Fw (6.28) The web share of tendon force
{F} (4.26) Heat flow matrix
{Fdamp} (4.112d) Damping nodal force vector
{Fext} (4.112b) External equivalent nodal force vector
{Fint} (4.112c) Internal equivalent nodal force vector
f (4.120) Yield function
f (6.4) Nodal force vectors
fB (4.59) Fraction of bainite
fM (4.57) Fraction of martensite
fS (4.11) Fraction of total heat transferred onto the surface
fV (4.12) Fraction of volumetric heat source
f(R) Fatigue enhancement factor
G (4.50) Shear modulus
H (6.23) Web height
HT (4.86) Thermal softening coefficient
H0 Coefficient of work hardening
H0 (4.86) Plasticity hardening tangent
[H∗] Elastic response matrix
[H∗]T Transposed matrix of [H∗]
h Thickness
I Welding current
K (4.57) Coefficient of
transformation
plasticity
[K] (4.23) Stiffness matrix
K Stress intensity factor (SIF)
Kc (6.14c) Large contact stiffness
Kmat Material’s fracture toughness in SIF unit
Kr SIF ratio
List of symbols xxi

Continued

ΔKeff Effective SIF range

k Table 4.1 Thermal diffusivity
[K] Heat conduction matrix of whole structure
[K]1 (6.5) Inverse matrix of [K]
[K0 ] (6.2) Initial stress matrix
L Length
Le (4.114) Equivalent length of elements
Lr Load ratio
ΔL Longitudinal expansion in welding direction
ΔL∗ Inherent deformation, inherent displacement in one
dimensional case
[M] (4.110) Mass matrix
m Number of measured elastic strains, number of strain
gages
m (4.58) Kinetic parameter in K-M equation
m (4.60) Material constant in Norton-Bailey equation
m Mass
N Number of cycles
[N] (4.22) Shape function matrix
n (4.14)–(4.17) Normal unit vector of surface
n (4.59) Kinetic parameter in JMAK equation
n (4.60) Material constant in Norton-Bailey equation
P Electric power
{P} (4.23) Heat flux matrix
p (4.75) Hydrostatic pressure
Q Net heat input per unit length of weld
Q_ A , Q_ B Time rate of heat quantity
q Number of unknown effective inherent strains
qA, qB Heat flow rate
qS (4.11) Power density in a surface heat source model
qV (4.10) Power density in a volumetric heat source model
q_ A Surface heat flux
q_ c Heat flows through the metal with unit cross section
in the unit time
q_ t Heat flow rate by convection
q_ t Heat transfer per unit area and unit time
q_ V Heat generation rate per volume
R (4.9) Radius of a half sphere of heating zone
R Stress ratio
r Table 4.1 Distance from the weld center
r0 (6.14b) Relative displacement at maximum bonding stress
{△ r} (4.108) Residual error induced equivalent nodal force
S Sum of squares of the residuals νi
S (4.10) Sectional area
Continued
xxii List of symbols

Continued

S1, S2, S3 (4.23) Heat transfer boundaries

S∗T Transverse inherent displacement
s Cross-sectional area
s^ Unbiased estimate of measurement variance
T Temperature
T0 Initial temperature
Tav Average temperature increase
Tm Mechanical melting temperature
Tmax Maximum temperature
Tmelt Melting temperature
Tref (4.53) Reference temperature
TY Yield temperature
ΔT Temperature increment
{Te} (4.22) Nodal temperature vector
Tolav, Tolmax (4.109) Acceptable tolerance
t Time
t Fig. 5.14 Thickness
Δt Time increment
U Welding voltage
U (6.1) Displacement
U Opening ratio
δU (4.102) Internal virtual work
u Displacement
uY Displacement when temperature increment reaches
TY
Δu Displacement increment
Ve (4.23d) Element volume
v Welding speed
Wp (4.79) Plastic work per unit volume
δW (4.104) External virtual work
x, y, z Coordinates
Z (6.8) Section modulus
α Instantaneous linear thermal expansion coefficient
α0 Average value of linear thermal expansion
coefficient
αL (5.4) Coefficient of thermal expansion
β Equivalent heat transfer coefficient including both
convection and radiation
βc Heat convection coefficient
βr (4.19) Equivalent radiation heat transfer coefficient
δN, δT, δL, δθ (6.14) Relative displacements
δx ∗ ,δy ∗ ,θx ∗ ,θy ∗ Table 6.3 Inherent deformations
θ Circumferential direction of pipe
θ (4.24) Weighting factor
List of symbols xxiii

Continued

ε Emissivity of the material

ε Total strain
εa, εb, εc Strain in bar a, bar b, and bar c, respectively
εc Creep strain
εe Elastic strain
ε∗inh (6.32) Inherent strain
εp Plastic strain
εph (4.45) Phase transformation strain
εT Thermal strain
εtp (4.55) Transformation-induced plastic strain
εvol (4.55) Phase transformation-induced volume strain
mε
e
Measured elastic strain
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
εx , εy , εz , γ yz (6.6) Components of inherent strain
^ε∗ Most provable value of effective inherent strain
εp (4.79) Equivalent plastic strain
ε∗x Maximum value of inherent strain
ε∗x0 Maximum value of inherent strain in case of
infinitive plate width
ε_ c Creep strain rate
ε_
c
Equivalent creep strain rate
Δε Strain increment
ΔεP1 Plastic strain increment during heating process
ΔεP2 Plastic strain increment during cooling process
Δmεe Observation errors
η Efficiency of heat input
κ Thermal diffusivity
λ Thermal conductivity
Δλ (4.51) Plasticity loading variable
μ (4.31) Correction factor
ν Poisson’s ratio
{ν} Residuals
σ Stress
σ (4.17) Stefan-Boltzmann constant
σb (5.2) Bending stress
σ ex, min, σ ex, max Minimum and maximum stress due to external
loading
σm (5.1) Through-thickness membrane stress
σ max (6.14) Maximum bonding stress
σ N, σ T, σ L, σ θ (6.14) Bonding stresses
σR Welding residual stress
σ se (5.3) Self-equilibrating stress
σ x, σ y, τxy Components of stress
σY Yield stress
Continued
xxiv List of symbols

Continued

σ yield Table 8.3 Yield strength

mσ Measured stress
σ Equivalent stress
σ^ Most provable value of residual stress
σ0 (4.57) Stress deviation
Δσ Stress increment
ρ Density
ωmin (4.14) Minimum radial eigenvalue
JWS Japan Welding Society
JWRI Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka
University, Japan
Acknowledgments

The authors express their special appreciation to Professor Emeritus Yukio Ueda and
Hidekazu Murakawa, Professor Ninshu Ma for their encouragement in writing the sec-
ond edition by implementing new Chapters 4–9 and enhanced Appendix combining
Chapters 1–3 of the first edition. The authors wish to acknowledge their colleagues
and students who engaged in the associated research, the results of which are used
in this book. Sincere thanks are extended to Elsevier’s Science and Technology
Editorial and Book Production teams for their strong support in publishing this book.
Finally, and most importantly, the authors would like to acknowledge the support of
their family members, without whom this book would never have been completed.
Appendix: Database of typical
residual stress distributions
in various welded joints

Table A.1 List of residual stress database in various welded joints.

Relevant
Section Base plate or welded joints section References

A.1 Residual stresses in base metals

A.1.1 Residual stress in TMCP steel [1,2]
A.1.2 Residual stress in TMCP steel induced by bead [1,2]
weld
A.1.3 Explosive clad steel [3]
A.1.4 Cylinder thick plate by cold bending [4]
A.2 Residual stresses in welded joints of plates:
Two-dimensional
A.2.1 Butt-welded joints [5,6]
A.2.2 Long butt-welded joint [7]
A.2.3 Build-up members of T-shape and I-shape [7]
A.2.4 Build-up members of T-shape, experiment [8]
A.2.5 Slit welds [9]
A.3 Multipass butt welds of thick plates: Three- [9.5]
dimensional
A.3.1 Residual stress classification [10]
A.3.2 Residual stress measured by experiment [11]
A.4 Electron beam welds, thick plate [12]
A.5 First bead of butt joint: RCC test specimen [9.1] [13,14]
A.6 Multipass welded corner joint [9.4] [15]
A.7 Fillet welds: Three-dimensional
A.7.1 Straight fillet welds [16]
A.7.2 Fillet welds at the joint of web and flange [9.3] [17,18]
A.8 Repair weld of thick plate: Three- [19]
dimensional
A.9 Circumferential welded joint of pipes [9.6]
A.9.1 Heat sink welding [20]
A.9.2 Penetration pipe joints in nuclear reactor [21–23]
A.10 Thin plate butt-welded joint [24]
A.11 Electroslag welded joint [25]
Continued
358 Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints

Table A.1 Continued

Relevant
Section Base plate or welded joints section References
A.12 Dissimilar metal plate butt-welded joint [26]
A.13 Controlling residual stresses using low- [27,28]
temperature transformation filler metal
A.14 Penetration nozzle welded joint [29,30]
A.15 Circumferential welded joint of pipes [31]
A.16 Electron beam weld with multielectron [32]
beam heating
A.17 Extra thick plate multipass butt joint with [33]
430 MPa yield strength
A.18 Extra thick plate multipass butt joint with [34]
390 MPa yield strength
A.19 Butt-welded joint of pipes [35]
A.20 Dissimilar metal nozzle joint [36]
A.21 Lap joint measured by X-ray diffraction [5.3] [37]
method

A.1. Residual stresses in base metals

A.1.1. Residual stress in TMCP steel
Doc. No. 1.1 Base metal of TMCP [1,2] (Figs. A.1.1–A.1.4).

Production TMCP Medium thick Material: High strength steel

Experiment Measurement by Lx specimen and Ly specimen using stress release

method.
Components σ x ¼ in rolling direction, σ y ¼ in transverse direction.
Characteristics Tensile residual stress in the middle of thickness, compressive one on
upper and lower surfaces of plate
 x Rolling direction

y
z Lx
Ly

h =12,16, 20 mm
Steel plate

Cut
lines
Strain gauge
Lx and Ly specimens
Fig. A.1.1 TMCP plate for measurement.

100
Residual stresses (MPa)

50

−50
σx
σy
−100

−150
z
−200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
z (mm)
Fig. A.1.2 Residual stresses of TMCP (12 mm thick).

100

50
Residual stresses (MPa)

−50

σx
−100 σy

−150
z
−200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
z (mm)
Fig. A.1.3 Residual stresses of TMCP (16 mm thick).
360 Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints

100

50

Residual stresses (MPa)

0

−50 σx
σy

−100

−150
z
−200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
z (mm)
Fig. A.1.4 Residual stresses of TMCP (20 mm thick).

A.1.2. Residual stress in TMCP steel induced by bead weld

Doc. No. 1.2 Residual stress induced by bead weld [1,2] (Figs. A.1.5 and A.1.6).

Bead Medi. Material: High strength

Weld. cond. weld Single thick steel

Analysis Thermal El-Pl analysis by FEM.

Components σ x ¼ in rolling and welding direction, σ y ¼ in transverse direction.
Characteristics On the upper surface, the computed residual stresses with and without the
effect of the initial rolling stress are shown in Fig. A.1.5. The influence of
initial rolling stress on total residual stress is schematically shown in
Fig. A.1.6. It can be approximately expressed by the influence factor α,
which is 0.0 in the welded metal and HAZ, 1.0 in the elastic deformation
zone, and 0.0 to 1.0 in the plastic deformation zone, respectively

500
σx Welding stress only {σW}
400
Residual stress (MPa)

Total residual stress {σ }

with initial stress {σ0}
300
x
200
y
σy z
100

0.00

−100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
y (mm)
Fig. A.1.5 Residual stresses of TMCP induced by bead welds.
Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints 361

α σ total = σ welding + α · σrolling

Influence factor α of initial stress

on residual stress
Weld Plastic Elastic
& HAZ zone zone

1.0

0.0
0 h b y (mm)
Fig. A.1.6 Influence factor α of initial rolling stress on residual stress.

A.1.3. Explosive clad steel

Doc. No. 1.3 Explosive clad steel [3] (Figs. A.1.7 and A.1.8).

Production Explosively cladding Thin Ni/SUS304

Experiment Measured by inherent strain method.

Components σ x ¼ in explosive direction, σ y ¼ transverse direction to σ x
Characteristics Very high tensile residual stress at the interface of the joint and decreases
rapidly a short distance away

600
0

20
20

Lx specimen 200
Ly specimen
0
20

x Explosive direction
0
20

Ni (2.0) y
200

SUS (20.)

z Original specimen R
Ni

Strain gauge
SUS Lx specimen and Ly specimen

Fig. A.1.7 Lx and Ly specimens for measurement (Ni/SUS304 explosive clad steel).
362 Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints

600

Residual stresses (MPa)

Ni SUS σx
400 σy
200

– 200

– 400
0 2 4 6 8 10
z (mm)
Fig. A.1.8 Measured residual stress at transverse cross-section (L method of inherent strain method).

A.1.4. Cylinder thick plate by cold bending

Doc. No. 1.4 Cylindrical thick plate by cold bending [4] (Fig. A.1.9).

Manufacture Cold bending Thick plate 80 kgf/mm2 HT

Experiment Inherent strain method

Components σM
θ ¼ circumferential, σ z ¼ axial
M

Characteristics Similar to residual stress distribution of a beam subjected to elastic-

plastic cold bending
Distance from inner surface (mm)

50
:σθM
40 :σzM
(mm) R
= 30
65
Mz specimen 0
20
50
Z
θ 10
Mθ specimen
r 0
−60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60
σ M (kgf/mm2)

(a) Geometry of cylindrical thick plate (b) Residual stresses in thickness direction
subjected to cold bending
Fig. A.1.9 Residual stresses due to cold bending in shell plate.

A.2. Residual stresses in welded joints of plates: Two-dimensional

A.2.1. Butt-welded joints
Doc. No. 2.1 Classification of patterns of residual stress distributions [5,6]
(Figs. A.2.1–A.2.3).
Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints 363

Welding Butt joint Single Submerged arc welding Mild steel

Analysis Thermal el-pl analysis by FEM

Components σ x ¼ in welding direction
Characteristics Transverse distributions of longitudinal residual stress may be classified
into typical three types (A, B, C)
Each pattern depends on L/B and distance from the ends. Summary is
shown in figures

0 x

2L
Fig. A.2.1 Butt-welded joint.

y
y

Type A Type B

0 x 0 x
(a) L/B: small (Region 1) (b) L/B: medium (Region 2)

0 Type C x
(c) L/B: large (Region 3)
Fig. A.2.2 Change of stress distributions with variation of L/B (Figs. A.2.3 and A.2.4).
364 Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints

sx sx sx

y (mm) B y (mm) B y (mm) B

0 0 0

Type A Type B Type C

Fig. A.2.3 Types of stress distribution patterns.

The type of transverse distribution of longitudinal residual stress depends on L/B

and the distance from the ends. A change of pattern is influenced by the distance from
the ends, as shown in Figs. A.2.2 and A.2.4 and summarized in Table A.2.

Shear lag Rotation effect

effect
1.6 y 75
y
y

Type A Type B

1.2 0 0 x 0 Type C x 100

x
αTav /εYB

B (mm)

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3

0.8 150

0.4 Q 300
Tav = (°C)
2crhB

0 1 2 3 4 ∞
L/B
Fig. A.2.4 Classification of patterns of residual stress distribution.

Table A.2 Classification of longitudinal residual stresses.

Transverse distribution

Close to the Between ends and Middle

Region L/B ends middle portion

1 Small Type A Type A Type A

2 Medium Type A Type C Type B
3 Large Type A Type B Type C

Type A: Effect of shear lag from the ends: large.

Type B: Effect of in-plane bending: large.
Type C: Effect of shear lag and in-plane bending is compensated or vanishes.
Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints 365

A.2.2. Long butt-welded joint

Doc. No. 2.2 Predicting method of residual stress of long welded joints [7] (Figs. A.2.5
and A.2.6).

Welding Butt Single Submerged arc Mild steel

Theoretical prediction Longitudinal residual stress distribution in transverse cross-

section at the middle length (based on theoretical analysis)
Components σ x ¼ in welding direction
Characteristics Predicting equation for inherent strain distribution in transverse
section. Residual stress is calculated by elastic analysis regarding
inherent strain as initial strain
Equation is a function of L/B, heat input, and kind of steel

y
h

0 x

2L
Fig. A.2.5 Butt-welded joint.

e x*/e YW e x* s x /s YW sx
−1.5

e−x*/e YW −
e x* 1.0 s YW
−1.0

0.5
−0.5
Distance from weld
Distance from weld b line y (m) B
line y (m) 0
0 yH
yH b B

−0.5
0.5
(a) Assumed distribution of (b) Predicted distribution of
inherent strain residual stress
Fig. A.2.6 Assumed inherent strain and predicted residual stress distributions.
366 Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints

The prediction for the inherent strain region is:


0:27αT av
ζ¼ ε∗x =εYW ¼ 1+
εYB

0:27αtav
ξ ¼ b=b0 ¼ 1  ,
εYB

where
ε∗x : maximum inherent strain in the welded zone
εYW, εYB: yield strains of welded zone (weld metal and HAZ) and base metal
yield stress divided by Young’s modulus:
b: half width of inherent strain zone
b0: half width of inherent strain zone in case of infinitive plate width
Tav: average temperature increase

αQ
b0 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2επ ecρhεYB

Q
T av ¼
2cρhB

A.2.3. Built-up members of T shape and I shape

Doc. No. 2.3 Built-up members of T shape and I shape [7] (Figs. A.2.7–A.2.9).

Welding Fillet Single Submerged arc Mild steel

Prediction and FEM analysis 1. Prediction by elastic analysis (EA) using assumed
inherent strain (Doc. No. 2.2)
2. Thermal-elastic-plastic analysis (TEPA) by FEM
Components σ x ¼ in welding direction
Characteristics Prediction of welding residual stress by elastic analysis.
Verification of the predicted residual stress by TEPA of
FEM
Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints 367

z
z

Web
hW
Flange

Added flange
z−
BW y y

hF
2BF
x x
(a) T joint (b) I joint
Fig. A.2.7 Built-up members of T shape and I shape.

600 (TEPA) 2BF × hF Bw × hw Tav (°C) (EA)

500 100 × 12 190 × 12 150

80 × 12 130 × 12 200
400
Q = 2400 (J/mm)
300
s x (MPa)

200
100
40 0 0 40 80 120 160
0
−100 z (mm)
y (mm)
−200

(a)

600 (TEPA) 2BF × hF Bw × hw Tav (°C) (EA)

300 × 12 500 × 12 50
500
200 × 12 220 × 12 100
400
300 Q = 2400 (J/mm)
s x (MPa)

200
100
100 00 100 200 300 400
0
−100 z (mm)
−200 y (mm)

(b)

Fig. A.2.8 Comparison of welding residual stresses of built-up member of T shape obtained by
TEPA and EA with assumed inherent strain.
368 Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints

Fig. A.2.9 Comparison of welding residual stresses of built-up member of I shape obtained by
thermal-elastic-plastic analysis (TEPA) and elastic analysis (EA) with assumed inherent strain.

A.2.4. Built-up member of T shape, experiment

Doc. No. 2.4 Built-up members of T shape, experiment [8] (Figs. A.2.10 and A.2.11).

Submerged Mild
Welding Fillet Single arc steel

Experiment, analysis, and 1. Measurement by inherent strain method

prediction 2. TEPA by FEM
3. Prediction by EA using assumed inherent strain
(Doc. No. 2.2)
Components σ x ¼ in welding direction
Characteristics 1. Establishment of measuring method by inherent
strain method
2. Comparison of welding residual stresses of built-
up member of T shape obtained by TEPA and EA
with assumed inherent strain
Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints 369

z Web

12 Flange

BW

y
600
2BF
12
x
Fig. A.2.10 Built-up member of T shape by fillet weld (in mm).

Meas. = Measurement Meas.

500 TEPA = Thermal elastoplastic analysis
TEPA
Pre. = Predicting method
Pre.
400

300
s x (MPa)

200

100

0
100 0 0
100
−100

−200
y (mm) z (mm)

(a) Flange (b) Web

Fig. A.2.11 Comparison of welding residual stresses by measurement and theoretical analyses
(TEPA and EA with assumed inherent strain).

A.2.5. Slit welds

(Refer to Section 9.2, “Cold cracking of slit weld”)
Doc. No. 2.5 Residual stress and inherent displacement induced by slit welds [9]
(Figs. A.2.12–A.2.14 and Table A.3).

Welding Slit welds Single Medium thickness SS41

Experiment and analysis 1. Experiment

2. Elastic-plastic analysis (EPA) by FEM with inherent
displacement
Components σ x ¼ in welding direction, ST ¼ transverse inherent
displacement
Characteristics 1. Measurement of residual stress and inherent displacement in
slit weld cracking specimen
2. Effectiveness of elastic-plastic analysis with inherent
displacement
 y

hw
h
h

bw
A A-A section
x
B
A

Measuring position of temperature

y = 0, ±5, ±10, ±15, ±20, ±30 (in mm)

L
Fig. A.2.12 Specimen with slit welds.

s (kg/mm2)

No.1 B = 150
L = 200
30 = 80
(in mm)
20

10

0
No.2 B = 300
L = 200
= 80
30

20

10 : Calculation[9]
: Experiment
0
No.3
30 B = 150
L = 400
= 160
20

10

0
No.4
30 B = 300
L = 400
= 160
20

10

0
−1.0 −0.5 0 0.5 1.0
X
Fig. A.2.13 Welding residual stress distributions (experiment and analysis).
Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints 371

: Experiment (gage length = 20 mm)

No.5 : Calculation
0.3

ST (mm)
0.2

0.1

0
−1.0 −0.5 0 0.5 1.0
X
Fig. A.2.14 Inherent displacements ST (experiment and calculation).

Table A.3 Size of Specimens Furnished for Experiment [9]

B L I h hw Q
No. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) Groove (J/cm) σY σU Note

1 150 200 80 3.2 I 2950 46 57 SS41

2 300 200 80 3100
3 150 400 160 3050
4 300 400 160 3050
5 150 200 80 25 5 Y 16,500 SM41A

σ Y: yield strength, σ U: tensile strength of weld metal (kg/mm2 ).

A.3. Multipass butt welds of thick plates: Three-dimensional

A.3.1. Residual stress classification

(Refer to Section 9.5, “Analysis of transient and residual stresses of multipass butt
welds of thick plates in relation to cold cracks, under-bead cracks, etc.”)
Doc. No. 3.1 Multipass butt welds, classification [10] (Fig. A.3.1).

Multipass (by single Butt weld with

Welding pass) narrow gap Thick SM50

Analysis Thermal el-pl analysis by FEM

Components σ x ¼ transverse to weld line, σ z ¼ in weld line, τxy ¼ in transverse section
Characteristics 1. Production mechanism of residual stresses under completely
constrained and free conditions
2. Proposal of simplified specimens for examination of weld cracks near
finishing surface for both experimental and theoretical analysis
372 Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints

50 z

Unit length
for analysis
95 10 95 (mm)
(a) Specimen 1

2.5 7.5
50

50

200 200
(b) Specimen 2 (c) Specimen 3
Fig. A.3.1 Specimens for analysis.

A.3.2. Residual stress measured by experiment

Doc. No. 3.2 Multipass butt weld of thick plate [11] (Figs. A.3.2–A.3.4).

Welding Multipass butt weld Submerged arc Thick SS41

Experiment Measurement by inherent strain method

Components σ x ¼ transverse to weld line, σ y ¼ transverse to welding direction, σ z ¼ in
thickness direction
Characteristics 1. The first application of inherent strain method
2. Measurement of three-dimensional residual stresses
Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints 373

Weld
B x
(Direction
of welding)
y
t

z
Specimen T
Specimens Li

(a) Welded joint of thick plate (Specimen R)

L1
L2
Li
Lm

(b) Sliced plates perpendicular (c) Sliced cross-section

to z-axis (Specimens Li) to the weld line
(Specimen T)
Fig. A.3.2 Specimen R for measurement of three-dimensional residual stresses and
specimens T and L (L ¼ 200, B ¼ 200, t ¼ 50, l ¼ 70 (in mm)).

On top surface : This method On bottom surface

: Direct meas-
400 urement 400
sx sy

sx
(MPa)

(MPa)

200 200
sy

0 0

: This method
−200 −200 : Direct meas-
urement

−100 −50 0 50 100 −100 −50 0 50 100

y (mm) y (mm)
(a) Residual stresses on top surface (b) Residual stresses on bottom surface

Fig. A.3.3 Three-dimensional residual stresses on top and bottom surfaces in the middle
section.
374 Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints

0 0
AT y = 0 AT y = 20 mm
sy
sx

z (mm)
z (mm)

sx

sy
50 50
−200 0 200 400 (MPa) −200 0 200 400 (MPa)
(a) Residual stresses in thickness (b) Residual stresses in thickness
direction at y = 0 direction at y = 20 mm

Fig. A.3.4 Three-dimensional residual stresses on the middle cross-section (X ¼ 0).

A.4. Electron beam welds, thick plate

Doc. No. 4.1 Electron beam weld through thickness, thick plate [12] (Figs. A.4.1–
A.4.3).

Butt Through Electron HT

Welding weld thickness beam Thick SM50

Experiment Inherent strain method

Components σ x ¼ in welding direction, σ y ¼ in transverse direction to weld line, σ z ¼ in
thickness
b
σ x ¼ most probable value, mσ ¼ directly measured
Characteristics 1. σ x on weld line is large
2. There is some difference between σ x distributions in thickness
direction estimated by both measuring methods

(+) : Check gages

(+)
(+)
(+)
x (+)
y (+)
20 z (+)
0 (+) (in mm)
10
0 (R specimen) 49
290 160 220
670
−, +, : Strain gages (R′ specimen)
: Cutting lines
Fig. A.4.1 R0 specimen jointed by butt weld through thickness (measurement was conducted on
R specimen).
Fig. A.4.2 Three-dimensional welding residual stress distributions on cross-section due to
electron beam welding (at y ¼ 0, 5, 13 mm).

Fig. A.4.3 Welding residual stresses on top and bottom surfaces of R0 specimen.
376 Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints

A.5. First bead of butt joint: RCC test specimen

(Refer to Section 9.1, “Cold cracking at the first pass of a butt-welded joint under
mechanical restraint”)
Doc. No. 5.1 First bead of butt joint; RRC test [13,14] (Fig. A.5.1).

Welding Butt First bead Manual Medium Mild steel

Analysis Thermal el-pl analysis by FEM

Components σ x ¼ transverse to weld line
Characteristics 1. Analyses for rigidly restrained and free conditions
2. Maximum tensile stress is produced at the root of the weld metal and
may cause root cracking

Weld metal
Fixed Fixed
5
5 60°
20 mm 2 mm

124 mm 124 mm

Fig. A.5.1 Rigidly restrained cracking specimen (RRC specimen).

A.6. Multipass welded corner joint

(Refer to Section 9.4, “Multipass-welded corner joints and weld cracking”)
Doc. No. 6.1 Multipass-welded corner joint of several groove shapes [15]
(Fig. A.6.1).

Corner HT
Welding joint Multipass SMAW Medium SM50

Analysis and 1. Thermal el-pl analysis

experiment 2. Measurement by strain gage
Component σ x ¼ transverse, KB ¼ intensity of bending restraint
Characteristics 1. Residual stresses under various restraint conditions by CJC test
apparatus
2. Suggested measures for prevention of lamellar tearing
Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints 377

Thermocouple
1000
l
45°
hT

h 100

l
1000
Eh3
KB = Roller
24l
E: Young’s modulus
h = 40 mm
hT = 20, 30 mm

(in mm)

Fig. A.6.1 Apparatus for corner joint cracking test (CJC test).

A.7. Fillet welds: Three-dimensional

A.7.1. Straight fillet welds

Doc. No. 7.1 Single fillet weld [16] (Figs. A.7.1 and A.7.2).

Single fillet (leg length

Welding 7 8 mm) SMAW Medium SUS316L

Experiment Inherent strain method

Component 3-D: σ x ¼ longitudinal (weld line), σ y ¼ transverse, σ z ¼ transverse
Characteristics 1. Measurement of 3-D residual stresses at fillet weld
2. Estimation of functional expression of inherent strain distribution
378 Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints

L = 1000 mm

T specimen

Block L
Bw = 150 mm
2Hw = 19 mm
2BF = 300 mm x
2Hw
Bw

HF = 19 mm

y
L
HF

2BF
(a) Test piece R
z
Welding conditions
z I = 170 A
U = 28 V
S = 5.0 mm/sec
LC
Symmetric section
7 mm y
Web Weld y
1 mm
8 mm
1 mm Strain gauges
Flange
± Strain gauge
y LC
y

LB
z

(b) T specimen (c) Specimens LA B C

z , Lz , and Ly , sliced off from block L

Fig. A.7.1 Measuring method of fillet welds (TLyLz method).

500 500
Residual streses (MPa)

Residual streses (MPa)

TLyLz method TLyLz method

400 400
sx sy sx sy
300 sx (Direct measurement)
300 (Direct measurement)
sx
200 z 200 z
y y
100 sz 100
sy 0 sy sz 0

0 0
−100 −100
−200 −200
−10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 −20−10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100
y (mm) z (mm)
(a) Distribution in y direction (b) Distribution in z direction
Fig. A.7.2 Measurement by TLyLz method of inherent strain method and directly observed
value of residual stress at fillet welds.
Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints 379

A.7.2. Fillet welds at the joint of web and flange

(Refer to Section 9.3, “Analysis of welding residual stress of fillet welds for preven-
tion of fatigue cracks”)
Doc. No. 7.2 Fillet welds at the joint of web and flange [17,18] (Fig. A.7.3).

Joint of web and Single

Welding flange fillet Manual SM40

Experiment and 1. Direct measurement by strain gages

analysis 2. Thermal el-pl analysis by FEM
Component σ x ¼ in welding direction, σ y ¼ transverse to weld line
Characteristics 1. Generally, σ x is larger
2. σ x is largest at toe and root

z
100

x
16

y
x

Line 1 Longitudinal weld

250

Line 4
12

Web
Transverse weld 200
Line 2

Line 3

Flange
500

Fig. A.7.3 Joint of web to flange.

380 Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints

A.8. Repair weld of thick plate: Three-dimensional

Doc. No. 8.1 Repair weld of thick plate [19] (Figs. A.8.1–A.8.3).

Welding One pass repair weld Submerged arc Thick Mild steel

Analysis Thermal el-pl analysis by FEM

Component σ x ¼ in welding direction, σ y ¼ transverse to σ x, σ z ¼ in thickness direction
Characteristics 1. To remove the assumed weld defect and put one pass weld
2. Large tensile residual stress produced at the bottom of weld metal

L = 600
B = 300 d
h = 90 (in mm) b
= 100
b =8 x = 0 section
d =5

h B
z

Fig. A.8.1 Repair welding model for analysis.

Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints 381

Fig. A.8.2 Distributions of three-dimensional residual stresses and plastic strains along
weld line.
382 Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints

Fig. A.8.3 Distributions of three-dimensional residual stresses and plastic strains in z direction
(at middle section).
Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints 383

A.9. Circumferential welded joint of pipes

A.9.1. Heat sink welding
(Refer to Section 9.6, “Improvement of residual stresses of circumferential joint of a
pipe by heat-sink welding”)
Doc. No. 9.1 Circumferential welded joint of pipes heat-sink welding [20]
(Figs. A.9.1–A.9.4 and Table A.4).

Thin,
1. Conventional welding medium,
Welding Multipass 2. Heat-sink welding thick SUS304

Analysis Thermal elastic-plastic analysis by FEM

Component σ z ¼ axial, σ θ ¼ circumferential
Characteristics 1. Heat-sink welding is effective to produce compressive residual stress
on inner surface of the pipe
2. The method can be more effective by providing lower heat input for
final few passes of thin pipe and for first few passes of thick pipe

r t = 5.5
6 5
4 3
z 2
e
1
2B Sch80
49.5 f
60.5 f

600 (mm) 0 5 10

(a) 2-inch diameter pipe

r
t = 8.6
5 6
4
z 3 2
4B e
1
Sch80
114.3 f

97.1 f

600 0 5 10
(mm)

(b) 4-inch diameter pipe

r
t = 30.9
15 16
14 13
12 11
9 10
7 8
e
609.6 f

z 5 6
3 4
24B 2
1
Sch80
547.8 f

600 (mm) 0 10 20

(c) 24-inch diameter pipe

Fig. A.9.1 Dimensions and built-up sequences of pipes used in analysis.
384 Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints

Fig. A.9.2 Welding residual stresses of 2-inch pipes on inner and outer surfaces at the cross
section (z ¼ 0).
Fig. A.9.3 Welding residual stresses of 4-inch pipes on inner and outer surfaces at the cross
section (z ¼ 0).
386 Appendix: Database of typical residual stress distributions in various welded joints

Fig. A.9.4 Welding residual stresses of 24-inch pipes on inner and outer surfaces at the cross
section (z ¼ 0).
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 Venetian book-trade, close of the history of, ii, 398; Hall, for
the Venetian book-trade, ii, 395
Guiscard, Robert, i, 182
Guldemund, Hans, ii, 410
Gutenberg, i, 9, 349 ff.; earlier operations of, i, 358; first
partnerships of, i, 358; lawsuits of, i, 358 ff.; conditions of the
business of, i, 364; financial difficulties of, i, 364 ff.; fonts of
type manufactured by, i, 365; early testimony concerning the
invention of, i, 380; ii, 17, 178

H
Hagen, quotes a rhyming record from a Hagenau manuscript, i,
285
Hagenau, early manuscript-trade of, i, 284; printing introduced
into, i, 284; relations of, with Heidelberg, i, 284 ff.
Hahn, printer of Ingolstadt and of Rome, i, 406
Hallam, on Saumaise, ii, 315
Hamburg, manuscript-dealers of, i, 283; caution of the Senate
of, concerning dedications, ii, 434
Hans, the brothers, ii, 425
Hardy, Thomas Duffus, on the literary work of the British
monasteries, i, 102
Harlinde, Abbess, skilled as a scribe, i, 53
Harper, the House of, ii, 335
Harsy, Antoine de, ii, 94
Hatzlern, Clara, scribe of Augsburg, i, 41
Hauslik, history of the University of Prague, i, 278
Hedwig, Duchess of Suabia, teaches Greek to Abbot Burckhart,
i, 126
Hegel, Philosophy of History of, quoted, i, 367
Heidelberg, the library of, i, 85; books bought for the library of, i,
232; book-trade in the University of, i, 279
Heilsbrunn, manuscripts from the monastery of, i, 280
Heinsius, Nicholas, ii, 298, 310, 313 ff., 317
Helgaud, i, 56
Hellenic Brothers, the, of St. Gall, i, 126
Henry II. of France, ii, 48, 56, 70; letters-patent of, i, 203
—— III., ii, 82 ff.
—— IV., ii, 95 ff.
—— VI. of England, death of, ii, 129; interest of, in printing in
England, ii, 135
—— VII., ii, 123
—— VIII., ii, 45, 141
Heresbach, ii, 41
Heresy, the Venetian Commissioners of, ii, 404
Herluca, corresponds with Diemude, i, 54
Hermonymus, a designer of type in Paris, ii, 10, 23
Herneis, publisher of Paris in the thirteenth century, i, 271
Herodotus, History of, ii, 73
Herrad of Landsberg, writings of, i, 52
Herrgott, Johann, ii, 249
Heynlin, ii, 5, 111
Higden, Ralph, the Polychronicon of, i, 56, 307
Hilary, works of, edited by Erasmus, ii, 209
Hilda, Abbess of Whitby, i, 93
Hildesheim, the Brothers of, producers of books, i, 90
Hiltebrand, Johann, ii, 231
Hippocrates and Galen, described as the “Aristotles of
Medicine,” i, 195; writings of, used as text-books, i, 195
Hochstraten, ii, 202
Hodgkin, Thomas, Italy and her Invaders, cited, i, 3 ff.;
summarises the services of Cassiodorus, i, 23, 24
Hoeck, Adolph von, Prior of Scheda, i, 86
Holbein, Hans, ii, 10, 180, 181, 200
Holland, the increasing trade of, ii, 290 ff.; book-trade of, during
the Thirty Years’ War, ii, 498
Hollybushe, John, ii, 142
Honoratus, Saint, founds Monastery of Lerin, i, 32
Honorius, opinion of, concerning the philosophers, i, 129
Hopyll, Wolffgang, printer of Paris, ii, 18
Horn, Conrad, stadtschreiber, sells books by contract, i, 288
Hroswitha, daughter of Duke of Saxony, i, 52
—— of Gandersheim, i, 37, 52; the Chronicon Urspergense of, i,
87, 360; the dramas of, ii, 414, 420
Hubmayer, Balthasar, ii, 243
Hugh, Abbot of Flavigny, i, 57
Hugo of Trimberg, schoolmaster and book collector, i, 287
——, Cardinal, ii, 157
—— Bible, the, ii, 154, 157 ff., 167
Humanistic Movement, influence of the, on the production of
printed literature, i, 370 ff.; the leaders of the, ii, 226
Humanists, the influence of the, in the German universities, i,
223; ii, 172
Humery, Doctor Conrad, of Mayence, i, 292; co-operates with
Gutenberg, i, 361 ff.
Hummelsburger, letter of, concerning Aldine editions, i, 436
Hungarians, destroy monasteries in the tenth century, i, 132
Hunt, Thomas, ii, 137
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Huszner, George, i, 383
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—— and Luther, ii, 251

I
Ibo, Bishop of Chartres, treatise of, De Rebus Ecclesiasticis, i,
117
Idung, the Dialogues of, i, 54
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Imperial Commission for the regulation of literature, ii, 421
Ina, King, i, 106
Index Expurgatorius of Louvain, ii, 44
Index, the, of 1564, ii, 243
Index, the, and the book-trade, ii, 372 ff.
Index, the, issued by the Council of Trent, ii, 375 ff.
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of Peterborough, i, 132
Innocent IV., Pope, i, 183
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printing-press, ii, 371
Iona, the monastery of, founded, i, 47, 90
Irnerius, jurist of Bologna, i, 183
Isidore, Bishop of Seville, writings of, i, 35; treatise of, on
elocution, i, 117
Italian literature, influence of, on Elizabethan authors, ii, 144
Italy, the monastic schools in, i, 118; monasteries in, destroyed
by the Saracens, i, 132; the printer-publishers of, i, 403 ff.;
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concerning literary property in, ii, 406

J
Jacob of Breslau, volumes written by, i, 86
Jacob, Saint, monastery of, in Liége, i, 114
James I., ii, 96 ff.
Jehan, Jacques, grocer and book-seller, i, 274
Jenson, Nicholas, first printer in Venice, i, 407; operations of, in
Paris and in Mayence, i, 408; settles in Venice, i, 409; sells
printing plant to Torresano, i, 411; sent to Mayence by Charles
VII., ii, 2; 344
Jerome, Saint, writings of, i, 3, 23, 32; ii, 189; befriends S. Paula
and her daughter, i, 51; injunction of, concerning reading, i,
124; complains of the untrustworthiness of the work of
scribes, i, 229
Jews, forbidden to buy or sell manuscripts in the Italian
universities, i, 194; lend moneys to monasteries on pledges of
books, i, 231
Jewell, John, ii, 53
John, Bishop of Aleria, cites prices of early printed books, i, 375
——, King of France, buys stationery in England, i, 312
—— of Speyer, printer of Venice, i, 407 ff.; secures a monopoly
for printing in Venice, i, 408
Jordæus, treatise on the Goths, i, 19
Junius, Hadrian, historian of Koster, i, 352
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K
Kalle, Samuel, ii, 425
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Kefer, Heinrich, ii, 150
Kennett, White, ii, 63
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Kirchhoff, on the selling of dedications, ii, 434
Knight, Charles, The Old Printer of, cited, i, 302 ff.
Knittel, concerning the work of the scriptorium, cited, i, 65
Kobergers, the, of Nuremberg, ii, 149 ff.; business of, interfered
with by the Reformation, ii, 163
Koberger, Anthoni, i, 384; the publications of, i, 397 ff.; ii, 76,
149 ff.; principal publications of, ii, 152, 154; commended by
Badius, Wimpfeling, Leontorius, and the Emperor Maximilian,
ii, 155, 156; friendship of, with Amerbach, ii, 156; relations of,
with Celtes, Dürer, and Pirckheimer, ii, 156; editions of the
Bible printed by, ii, 157, 158; conservatism of, ii, 204; relations
of, to the system of privileges in Germany, ii, 409
——, Johannes, ii, 159
——, Melchior, relations of, with Luther, ii, 159
Koelhoff, Johann, printer of Cologne, i, 388
Koepke, Otton. Studien, cited, i, 36 ff.
König, Conrad, agent for Luther’s books, ii, 231
Köpflin, ii, 245
Köster, Laurens, of Harlem, i, 349 ff.; the statue of, ii, 298
Krantz, printer of Paris, ii, 5, 111
Kyrfoth, Carolus, ii, 137
 L
LaCasa, Papal Nuncio, ii, 373
Lachner, ii, 179, 232
Landino, the writings of, i, 340
Lanfranc, i, 197
Langendorf of Basel prints piracy editions of Luther’s writings, i,
395
Large, Robert, ii, 102
Laskaris, Greek grammarian, i, 365; ii, 23
Latin, the language of literature for Europe, i, 318; ii, 503
LaTrappe, the Order of, i, 120
Lauber, Diebold, scribe and manuscript dealer in Hagenau, i,
284 ff.; noteworthy manuscripts of, i, 289; rhyming
advertisements of, i, 289
Laurentium, the monastery of, in Liége, i, 87
Laurie, summarises the Christian conception of education, i, 120
Lavagna, printer of Milan, i, 408, 447
Law, Roman and canonical, the study of, in Bologna, i, 190
—— text-books required in Bologna and Montpellier, i, 194
Lay-clerics, functions of, i, 38
League, influence of the wars of the, on the supervision of the
Press, ii, 450
Lectores, the work of, i, 116
Leew, Gerard, ii, 134
LeFevre, (d’Estaples), ii, 19
LeGrand, Jaques, ii, 119
Leipzig, the earlier printers of, i, 399; ii, 29, 202; as a centre for
the distribution of printed books, i, 401; the book fair of, ii,
303, 426; as a centre of book production, ii, 422 ff.; the literary
commission of, ii, 423; caution of magistracy of, concerning
dedications, ii, 434
Leland, catalogue prepared by, of the abbatial libraries of
England, i, 102
Leo, Bishop of Ostia, i, 57
Leo X., Pope, sends emissaries to collect manuscripts, i, 301;
the literary interests of, i, 322; relations of, with the earlier
 printers, i, 368; excommunicates Luther, ii, 225; Bull of, in
regard to the licencing of books, ii, 439
LeRoys, printer of Lyons, ii, 10
Lerin, monastery of, founded by Honoratus, i, 32
Leukardis, a scribe of Mallesdorf, i, 54
Lewis, a scribe of Wessobrunn, i, 75
Leyden, the University of, ii, 280 ff.; as a publishing centre, ii,
286; the Press of University of, ii, 297; the University in its
relations with publishing, ii, 336
Liaupold, Brother, i, 39, 54
Libraires jurés, regulations concerning the, i, 207 ff.; of Paris, ii,
365
Librairie, origin of the term, i, 189
Librariers Gild of Ghent and of Brussels, i, 290
Libraries of the monasteries, the, and their arrangements for the
exchange of books, i, 133 ff.; of the manuscript period, i, 146
ff.
Librarii, i, 10; of Paris, regulations concerning, i, 260 ff.; of Paris
in the 15th century, i, 269 ff.
Ligugé, monastery of, founded, i, 32
Linacre, Sir Thomas, ii, 194
Lincoln, manuscript-dealers of, i, 312
Lioba, Saint, a pupil of S. Boniface, organises schools in North
Germany, i, 51
Lipsius, ii, 281, 284
Listrius, Gerard, ii, 200
Litera Romana, i, 67
Literary property, in England, beginnings of, ii, 464 ff.;
development of the conception of, ii, 477 ff.; diverse theories
concerning, ii, 507 ff.; in Italy, enactments concerning, ii, 406
Literature, beginnings of property in, ii, 343 ff.
Locke, on the death of Daniel Elzevir, ii, 319
Longarard, the unintelligible writings of, i, 45
Longinus, Vincenzo, relations of, with Aldus, i, 435
Lotter, printer of Leipzig, i, 400 ff. Melchior, first printer of
Wittenberg, i, 401; ii, 230 ff.; 430
Louis the Débonnaire, i, 97
—— IX., pays for transcribing an Encyclopædia, i, 230
—— XI., borrows books from the University of Paris, i, 136; lays
claim to the estate of a publisher, i, 270; in 1474, pledges
silver for the loan of a manuscript, i, 299; a collector of books,
ii, 4; recognises the library of the Louvre, ii, 4; intervenes for
the protection of Schöffer, ii, 8; institutes the Parliament of
Paris, ii, 441
—— XII., edict of, in behalf of booksellers, ii, 6; interest of, in
printing, ii, 6; toleration of, for heretical literature, ii, 6
—— XIV., ii, 318; relations of, to literature, ii, 458 ff.
Louvain, Index Expurgatorius of, ii, 44; the University of, ii, 258;
theologians of, ii, 261; the Indexes of, ii, 268 ff.; the University
of, in its relations to censorship, ii, 373
Lowell, on Socinians, ii, 53
Lübeck, book sales in the churches of, i, 283
Lucca, early printers of, i, 455
Luden, concerning the printing-press of Germany, ii, 427
Lufft, Hans, claims copyright in Luther’s Bible, ii, 235
Lupus, Abbot, orders transcripts prepared in York, i, 229
Luther, complaints of, concerning the piracy editions of his
works, i, 402; ii, 408; heresies of, condemned at the Council
of Sens, ii, 22, 26, 45; relations of, with the Kobergers, ii, 159;
Froben’s edition of the writings of, ii, 190 ff.; as an author, ii,
216 ff.; the published writings of, ii, 219 ff.; completes his
version of the New Testament, ii, 225; Catechism of, printed in
Slovenic, ii, 230; compensation paid to, for his literary work, ii,
232; letter of, to Lang, ii, 245; and the war of the peasants, ii,
250; and von Hutten, ii, 251; the Table-talk of, ii, 429; on the
compensation of authors, ii, 431
Lutheran tracts printed in out-of-the-way places, ii, 248
Luxeuil, the monastery of, founded, i, 47
Lydgate, John, ii, 116 ff.
Lyons, early printers of, ii, 8 ff.; a publishing centre for light
literature, ii, 9 ff.; printers of, “appropriate” the productions of
Paris and other cities, ii, 9, 495; publishing activities of, ii, 93
 M
Mabillon, Jean, treatise of, on monastic studies, i, 120; work of,
in behalf of the Benedictines, i, 122, 123; literary journeys of,
i, 123; on the prices of books during the Middle Ages, i, 135
Machiavelli, The Prince of, ii, 202
Madan’s Early Oxford Press, ii, 134
Magdeburg, as a publishing centre, ii, 229, 248
Magdeburg Centuries, ii, 97
Maintenon, Madame de, relations of, to ecclesiastical
censorship, ii, 461
Maitland, The Dark Ages, cited, i, 31 ff.; opinion of, concerning
palimpsests, i, 72; describes the arrangements of the
scriptoria, i, 75; on the book production of the Middle Ages, i,
77, 78; calculation of, concerning the speed of the work of the
scribes, i, 98; criticises Robinson’s description of the Church
in the Middle Ages, i, 117; points out the inaccuracies of
Milner, i, 130; on the prices of books in the Middle Ages, i,
135; analyses the value of MSS., i, 137
Maittaire, Bibliography of, ii, 22, 25 ff., 40
Makkari, historian of the Mohammedan dynasties, i, 255
Malmesbury, William of, The Chronicles of, i, 56; writes life of
Aldhelm, i, 97; his account of the chapel at Glastonbury, i,
106; collector of books, i, 307
Malory, Sir Thomas, ii, 118, 126
Manenti of Urbino, copyright secured by, ii, 348
Mansfield, Lord, ii, 473
Mansion, Colart, or Colard, escripvain and printer, i, 289; ii, 102
ff.
Manuscript, the earliest existing example of monastic scribe-
work, i, 34
Manuscripts, trade in, in Bologna, i, 184; formalities connected
with the sale of, in Paris, i, 212; the trade in, carried on by
pedlars, grocers, and mercers, i, 232; production of, continued
after the invention of printing, i, 243; Moorish trade in, i, 254;
illuminated with the arms of noble families, i, 268; copyright in,
ii, 481 ff.
Manuscript-dealers, the historians of the, i, 180; of Italy, i, 244
ff.; of Germany, i, 276 ff.; of Paris, i, 256 ff.
Manuscript period in England, the i, 302 ff.
Manuscript-trade, of the Brothers of Common Life, i, 291 ff.; of
France, i, 255 ff.; of Germany, i, 287, 291; of the Netherlands,
i, 290 ff.; of London, in the 14th century, i, 312 ff.
Manutius, Paul, inherits business of his father, i, 438; settles in
Rome, i, 440; letters of, to his son Aldus, i, 441; journeys to
Milan, i, 444; completes his commentaries on Cicero, i, 444;
death of, i, 445; coöperation of, with Plantin, ii, 264
Map, Walter, De Nugis Curiatum of, i, 304
Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, ii, 103, 122, 126
Margounios, Maximus, ii, 377
Marguerite de Valois, ii, 46
Mariegole, or by-laws of the Venetian Guild, ii, 366 ff.
Marillac, ii, 40
Marloratus, ii, 70
Marmontier, monastery of, founded, i, 32
Marquard, Abbot, pawns the library of his Abbey, i, 232
Marsam, Jehan de, master of arts and dealer in manuscripts, i,
273
Marsham, cited, i, 55
Martene and Montfaucon, the literary journeys of, i, 131
Martyr, Peter, ii, 53
Mary, Saint, of Robert’s Bridge, inscription in a manuscript from,
i, 73
Mary, Queen of Scots, ii, 66
Mascon, Bishop of, ii, 44
Maseyk, the nuns of, i, 53
Massimi, the brothers, introduce printing into Rome, i, 405
Massmann, Die Goth. Urkunden von Neapel, etc., cited, i, 43
Mathesius, ii, 228
Maximilian, the Emperor, befriends Reuchlin, ii, 203
—— II., relations of, to book privileges, ii, 422 ff.
Mayence, connection of, with the origin of printing, i, 358 ff.; the
sack of, by Adolph of Nassau, i, 362, 372; printers driven
from, i, 372
Medici, the, purchased books from scribes, i, 240
——, Cosimo de’, i, 322; institutes libraries, i, 328; founds the
Platonic Academy, i, 328
——, Lorenzo de’, i, 338
Meerman, reference of, to Koster, i, 354
Melanchthon, Philip, ii, 231, 238 ff.
Melania, Saint, makes a living as a scribe, i, 33; founds convent
at Tagaste, i, 33; beauty of transcripts of, i, 53
Melchior, Abbot, founds printing-office in Augsburg, i, 87;
manuscript-dealer, i, 249
Mellin, Réclus, ii, 446
Memmingen, caution of the burgomaster of, concerning
dedications, ii, 434
Ménage, ii, 312
Mendicant monks, work of, in copying and distributing books, i,
84; libraries of, i, 148
Mensing, Doctor, ii, 229
Mentel, Johann, printer of Strasburg, i, 375, 381 ff.
Mercers’ Company, the, of London, ii, 122
Metal workers, relations of the, to early printers, ii, 164
Metz, Cathedral of, as a resort for booksellers, i, 283
Milan, the manuscript-trade of, i, 228, 241; literature at the Court
of, i, 334; the printing, publishing, and bookselling Guild of, i,
450 ff.; various activities of, i, 446 ff.; the first printing in, i,
447; Publishing Association of, i, 448 ff.; the regulations of
Printers’ Guild of, i, 453
Millar vs. Taylor, ii, 472, 505
Milner, the historian, criticised by Maitland, i, 130
Milton, John, Paradise Lost, possibly suggested by Cædmon’s
Revolt of Satan, i, 93; agreement of, for publication of
Paradise Lost, ii, 147; the Defensio Populi Anglicani of, ii, 308;
on the liberty of the printing-press, ii, 474 ff.
Minner, Johann, scriptor, i, 288
Minorite Order, literary work of, i, 84
Minutianus, professor and printer, i, 447
Mirandola, Pico della, i, 339
Mocenigo, Andrea, ii, 357
Modena, Statutes of the High School of, concerning the book-
trade, i, 189
Mohammedan states, literary activity in, i, 180
Monasteries, Irish and Scotch, founded by S. Columba, i, 45-47
Monastery cells, the severe temperature of, i, 64
—— schools, the earlier, i, 106
Monk, Roger, ii, 117
Monks, of England, literary work of the, i, 90
Monkish chroniclers of England, i, 55-60, 307 ff.
Monmouth, Geoffrey of, Chronicles of, i, 56, 307
Monopolies conceded by Venice to earlier printers, i, 408
Mons Castellius, monastery of, i, 21
Montalembert, The Monks of the West, cited, i, 30 ff.
Montanus, Arius, ii, 260 ff.
Monte Cassino, monastery of, founded, i, 10, 182
Montfaucon, cited, i, 42 ff.; quoted by Robertson, i, 72; the
literary journeys of Martene and, i, 130
Montpellier, the book-dealers of the University of, i, 266 ff.; the
Press of, ii, 92
Moors, destroy monasteries in Spain, i, 132
More, Sir Thomas, ii, 130, 194, 200; prints books in Basel, i, 395
Morel, Frederic, ii, 25
Moretto, Antonio, ii, 351
Moretus, John, ii, 283
Morhart, Ulrich, ii, 230
Morier, on the prices of MSS. in Persia, i, 136
Morosini, Andrea, historian of Venice, ii, 387
Morrhius (Campensis), ii, 24
Morte d’Arthur, ii, 118
Moulins, ordinance of, ii, 450
Mount Athos, the monastery of, i, 146
Mountjoy, Lord, ii, 215
Mühlberg, battle of, ii, 421
Mullinger, summarises the Apostolic Constitutions, i, 121
Münster as a publishing centre, ii, 248 ff.
Muratori, the Chronicles of, i, 57; reference of, to books
presented to churches, i, 137; concerning the monastery
 collection of books, i, 138
Murbach, the monastery of, i, 83
Mure, Conrad de, i, 40
Muretus, ii, 67
Murner, Thomas, ii, 183, 431
Murray, the House of, ii, 335
Musurus, Marcus, appointed professor of Greek, i, 416;
appointed censor by the Venetian Senate, i, 422; script of,
utilised as a model for Greek type, ii, 347; censor of Greek
books in Venice, ii, 356
Mutianus, the work of, at Erfurt, i, 223
Myrop, C., ii, 305

N
Nantes, the edict of, ii, 451 ff.
Naples, the University of, i, 182; the Academy of, i, 344
Napoleon and the freedom of the printing-press, ii, 427 ff.
Navagero, Andrea, appointed censor for the literature of the
Humanities, ii, 356
Néobar, (or Neobarius), Conrad, appointed royal printer in
Greek, ii, 33, 42, 448
Neri, S. Philip, ii, 97
Neudorffer, J., ii, 150
Nevelo, works of penance in the scriptorium, i, 70
New Testament, the paraphrase of, by Erasmus, ii, 207
Niccoli, Niccolo de’, funeral oration upon, i, 240; bequeaths
books to Florence, i, 240
Niceron, ii, 46
Nicholas, l’Anglois, bookseller and tavern-keeper in Paris, in the
fourteenth century, i, 272
—— of Breslau, printer and engraver of Florence, i, 458
—— V., Pope, i, 329 ff.
Nicholson, John, ii, 142
Niclaes, ii, 266
Nicolai, publisher of Berlin, ii, 417
Niedermünster, the nuns of, famed as scribes, i, 54
Noailles, Cardinal de, ii, 462
Nordlingen Fair, the book-trade of, i, 283; first sale of printed
books in the, i, 287
Normans, ravages of, in the Benedictine monasteries, i, 132;
piracies of the, i, 231
Notker, of St. Gall, writes to the Bishop of Sitten, i, 39, 229
Novantula, monastery of, burned by the Hungarians, i, 132; the
manuscripts of, i, 131
Numeister, printer of Mayence and of Foligno, i, 456
Nuns as scribes, i, 51-55
Nuremberg, the printer-publishers of, i, 397 ff.; and the writings
of Luther, ii, 236; piracy editions issued in, ii, 236; edict of, ii,
242; censorship in, ii, 243

O
Obscene literature and the papal censorship, i, 333
Odo, Abbot of Clugni, i, 129
——, Abbot of Tournai, i, 67, 77
Œcolampadius, ii, 23
Offa, King, gives a Bible to the church at Worcester, i, 97
Olbert, Abbot of Gembloux, i, 97; transcribes the Old and the
New Testaments, i, 98
Old Testament, Luther’s version of the, ii, 233
Olivier, librarius of Paris, schedule of his book sales, i, 274
Omons, work of, entitled The Picture of the World, i, 142
Origen, Saint, literary work of, i, 32; the library of, in Cesarea, i,
147; requires the service of scribes, i, 228
Orleans, literary interests of the dukes of, i, 268
Orosius, a manuscript of, i, 43, 226
Orphanage, publishing concern of Halle, ii, 425
Össler, Jacob, appointed imperial supervisor of literature, ii, 419
Othlo of Tegernsee, his work as a scribe, i, 64
Othlonus, a scribe of S. Emmeram, i, 78, 79. (Same as Othlo.)
Othmar, Sylvan, publisher for Luther, ii, 229
Oxford, the University of, i, 181; early purchases of books for the
libraries of, i, 306; early printing in, ii, 134 ff.; first printers of, ii,
 137
Ozanam, La Civilisation Chrétienne cited, i, 36 ff.

P
Padua, the University of, i, 181, 421, ii, 348; regulations of the
University of, concerning the book-trade, i, 188, 193;
commissioners of the University of, appointed censors of
Venetian publications, ii, 362 ff.
Paedts, Jean, ii, 294
Palencia, the University of, i, 196
Pallavicini, Cardinal, ii, 388
Palm, publisher, shot by order of Napoleon, ii, 427
Pannartz, Arnold, printer of Subiaco and of Rome, i, 405
Panthoul, Macé, bookseller and paper-maker of Troyes, i, 276
Panzer, ii, 12
Papacy, claim of the, to the supervision of books in Venice, ii,
355 ff.
Paper, first manufactured from rags, i, 409
Paper-makers, relations of, with the early publishers, i, 237
Paper-making in Italy, i, 409
Paper manufacturers, the earlier work of, in France, i, 266;
protected by University privileges, i, 266
Papyrus, latest use of, i, 43, 44
Paradise Lost, agreement for the publication of, ii, 147
Paravisinus, printer of Milan, i, 447
Parchment, the scarcity of, i, 70; used for palimpsests, i, 72;
regulations for the sale of, in Paris, i, 204; costliness of, in the
14th and 15th centuries, i, 332
Parchment-dealers in Paris, regulations concerning, i, 265
Parentucelli, Tommaso, (Pope Nicholas V.), founds the Vatican
Library, i, 329
Paris, Matthew, Chronicles of, i, 56, 69, 307; writes Lives of the
Two Offas and the Chronicles, i, 105
——, city of, in 1600, ii, 95; scribes of, i, 41; instructions of the
Council of, concerning the lending of books, by the
 monasteries, i, 138; printed books first sold in, ii, 5; relations
of the Elzevirs with, ii, 303 ff.
——, the University of, i, 51, 181; foundation and constitution of
the, i, 197 ff.; regulations of, concerning the early book-trade,
i, 201 ff.; the earlier scribes in, i, 256; students of, 1524, ii, 28;
censures the writings of Erasmus, ii, 210; publishes an Index
Expurgatorius, ii, 373; relations of, to censorship of the Press,
ii, 439 ff.
Parliament of Paris, relations of the, to the censorship of the
Press, ii, 440 ff., 470 ff.; contests of, with the Crown, ii, 441;
suppression of, ii, 441; relations of, with the book-trade, ii, 442
Parrhasius, Janus, institutes the library of S. Giovanni, i, 146
Paruta, contentions of, against the Clementine Index, ii, 377 ff.
Pasqualigo, ii, 370
Passau, the library of, i, 228
Patronage provides compensation for Italian writers, i, 334
Pattison, Mark, ii, 27, 85 ff.; analysis by, of the literary influence
of Italy, France, Holland, and Germany, i, 346
Paul, Abbot of St. Albans, i, 69
—— III., ii, 29
—— IV., issues an Index, ii, 374
Paula, Saint, writes Hebrew and Greek, i, 51; assists S. Jerome
in his writing, i, 51
Paulsen, characterises the instruction in the mediæval
universities, i, 223
Pavia, the University of, i, 183
Peasants, the war of the, ii, 250
Pecia, definition of, i, 186
Peciarii, functions of, i, 187
Pedlars, regulations limiting the book-trade of, i, 213; as dealers
in books, i, 232
Pellican, Conrad, ii, 232
Penalties for literary piracies in Venice, ii, 352
Pentateuch, the, printed in Constantinople, ii, 260
Penzi, Jacomo di, of Lecco, ii, 353
Permit for publication, earliest record of, ii, 439
Perugia, the early manuscript-dealers of, i, 249
Peter of Blois, describes the manuscript collections of Paris, i,
256
—— of Celle, borrows books from S. Bernard, i, 143
—— the Venerable, Abbot of Clugni, i, 130; makes translation of
the Koran, i, 145; correspondence of, i, 144, 145; orders
books from Aquitaine, i, 144
—— of Bacharach, writes a Schwabenspiegel, i, 41
—— of Ravenna, ii, 439, 488
Peterborough, the abbey of, burned by the Danes, i, 132
Petrarch, appreciative reference of, to Aretinus, i, 246; the
influence of, in behalf of the study of Greek, i, 323; as a
collector of manuscripts, i, 324; script of, used as model for
the type founders, i, 324
Petri, Adam, of Basel, ii, 223, 225, 228
——, Heinrich, printer-publisher, of Basel, knighted by Charles
V., i, 395; sends books to Casaubon, ii, 90
Pez, the Chronicles of, cited, i, 39 ff.
Phalaris, the Letters of, ii, 351
Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, a collector of books, i, 273;
purchases manuscripts, shirts, hats, and more manuscripts, i,
274, 275
—— the Fair of Burgundy, regulations of, concerning
manuscript-dealers, i, 263; and the Parliament of Paris, ii, 441
—— the Good of Burgundy, ii, 105
—— II., of Spain, gives charter to the Milan printers’ guild, i,
451; ii, 265, 284, 272; refuses to accept the Tridentine Index,
ii, 382; and the Papal censorship, ii, 388
—— III. confirms the monopoly of the Milan printers’ guild, i, 454
Philobiblon, of de Bury, cited, i, 308 ff.
Piacenza, the University of, i, 183
Pio, Albert, Prince of Carpi, treatise of, against Erasmus, ii, 445
Piracies, literary, regulations in Basel concerning, ii, 412
Pirckheimer, translator of the Geography of Ptolemy, i, 385 ff.; ii,
151, 174, 165, 167
Pius IV., Pope, calls Paul Manutius to Rome, i, 440
—— V., institutes the Congregation of the Index, ii, 377;
relations of, with Paul Manutius, i, 442 ff.
Plantin, the House of, ii, 255 ff.; publications of, ii, 259 ff.
——, Christopher, ii, 255 ff.; the Press of, ii, 76; relations of with
Leyden, ii, 294; the Bible of, ii, 334
—— Museum, the, ii, 283
Plantinerus, purchasing agent for manuscripts, i, 242
Plater, Thomas, ii, 238
Poggio, funeral oration of, upon Niccoli, i, 240; translates the
Cyropaedia, i, 329
Poliziano, the writings of, i, 340
Polliot, Etienne, ii, 449
Pontchartrain, Chancellor of France, ii, 460 ff.
Porson, ii, 37
Prague, the University of, i, 181; regulations for the copyists in
the University of, i, 220; bookdealers in the University of, i,
278
Praise of Folly, the first edition of, ii, 194
Pratt, William, mercer and manuscript-dealer, i, 313; friend of
Caxton, ii, 119, 123
Prayer-book, first printed in England, ii, 142
Premonstratensians, the regulations of, for the care of books, i,
148
Press, the freedom of, in Venice, ii, 404
Press-correctors, in the 16th century, ii, 165
Preston, Thomas, the writings of, ii, 386
Prices of Plantin’s publications, ii, 279
Printers, early, in France, ii, 3 ff.; of Paris, regulations for, in
1581, ii, 453 ff.
Printers’ Guild, of Venice, the, and Press legislation, ii, 394 ff.
Printing, the invention of, i, 348 ff.; in France, ii, 3 ff.; in
Germany, begun for the benefit of the middle classes, i, 363;
in Germany, initiated without the aid of princes, universities, or
ecclesiastics, i, 378
Printing undertakings, in Florence, Bologna, Milan, Rome, and
Venice, up to 1500, i, 327
Printing-press, service of the, for the Reformation, ii, 218; in
France, regulations for the control of, ii, 437 ff.
Printing-presses, in Venice, at the close of the 16th century, ii,
367; reduction in the number of, under the papal censorship,
ii, 384
Privileges, in England, ii, 465 ff., 468 ff.; and regulations in
Germany, ii, 407 ff.; imperial, in Germany, ii, 416 ff.; in
Holland, ii, 332; and censorship in Italy, ii, 343 ff.; the terms of,
in Venice, ii, 350 ff.; summary of, in Venice, ii, 486
Probi Vita, cited, i, 9
Procopius, history of the campaign of Belisarius, i, 20
Property in literature, summary of the diverse theories
concerning, ii, 507 ff.
Protestant tracts, distribution of, in Germany, ii, 249
Proto-typographer, the, of the Netherlands, ii, 272 ff.
Prussia, book production in, ii, 425; earlier legislation of, in
regard to copyright, ii, 506
Publishers and printers in Paris, the guild of, ii, 453 ff.
Publishing, by subscription in England, ii, 436; methods in
Germany, the earlier, i, 429 ff.; in Venice, burdens upon, in the
17th century, ii, 393
Puteanus, ii, 309
Pütter, concerning privileges in Germany, ii, 415
Pynson, Richard, King’s printer, ii, 133, 138, 467

R
Rabanus, M., treatise by, De Instituto Clericorum, i, 116
Rabelais, a student in Montpellier, i, 196
Radegonde, Saint, i, 51
Radewijus, Florentius, i, 89
Rahn, Die Künste in der Schweiz, cited, i, 43 ff.
Raphelengius, ii, 282 ff., 294
Rapond, Dyne, banker and book-seller, i, 274 ff.
Ratdolt, printer-publisher of Augsburg, ii, 396
Rauchler, Johann, first Rector of Tübingen High School, i, 369
Ravenna, Peter of, ii, 345
Reading aloud at meals, i, 69
Reculfus, Bishop of Soissons, the Constitutions of, i, 117
Reformation, the, influence of, upon the literary activities of
Germany, i, 224; literature of, sold under prohibitory
regulations, i, 399; literature of, printed in Leipzig and in
Wittenberg, i, 401; influence of, on the production of literature,
ii, 26 ff.; the influence of, on publishing in Germany, ii, 152; an
intellectual revolution, ii, 217
Regino, Abbot of Prüm, i, 57
Reinhart, Johann, an early printer of popular literature, i, 384 ff.
Renaissance, the, as the forerunner of the printing-press, i, 317
ff.
Renilde, Abbess, skilled as a scribe, i, 53
Reno, Guillaume de, i, 85
Resbacense, catalogue of the library in monastery of, i, 128
Resch, publisher of Paris, ii, 442
Reuchlin, Johann, relations of with Aldus, i, 426 ff.; founder of
Greek studies in Germany, i, 429; appointed professor in
Ingolstadt, i, 429; ii, 172, 202, 226, 237
Rhaw, George, publisher for Luther, ii, 231
Rhenanus, Beatus, writes introduction for the works of Erasmus,
i, 435; as corrector for Henry Estienne (the elder), ii, 21; on
Froben, ii, 188; writes to Erasmus, ii, 232; death of, ii, 45
Rhenish-Celtic Society, ii, 414
Richard II., ii, 117
—— de Bury, on the Mendicant Friars, i, 148
—— of Wedinghausen, the preservation of his writing hand, i,
65
Richelieu, institutes the French Academy, ii, 458
Richer, French chronicler, i, 56
Rifformatori, the, of Venice, ii, 367; regulations of, in 1767,
concerning the book-trade, ii, 397
Riquier, Saint, books possessed by the monks of, i, 97
Rivers, Earl, ii, 103, 122
Rivington, the House of, ii, 335
—— Charles, ii, 335
Robertson, quotes Montfaucon erroneously, i, 72; inaccurate
statements of, concerning the prices of books in the Middle