‫ﻘﺪ ﻢ ‪:‬‬

‫ان ا ان ز ﻦ‬ ‫آﺑﺎد ان و‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬

‫ﻣﺆﻟﻒ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻗﺎﺳﻢﺯﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻧﺼﻴﺮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﻮﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺎﺑﻚ‬
 ‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻔﺘﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺁﺳﺎﻥﺗﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺪﺍﺯﻳﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﻛﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻃﺒﺦ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻏﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﻴﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺟﺬﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭﺍﻡ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺷﻜﻞﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺯ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﮕﺮﺵ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲﻫﺎ ﻋﻮﺽ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺻﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺮﺥ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 13‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ 2011‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺭﺗﺒﻪ ‪ 16‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻔﺖ ﻣﺎﻩ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪2012‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺷﺪ ‪ 8/1‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2011‬ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ %70‬ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺳﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2011‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 4/5‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎﺭﺩ ﺗﻦ ﺫﺧﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺭﺗﺒﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺯﺩﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺫﺧﺎﻳﺮ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﻭﺭﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪35‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺭﺗﺒﻪ ﺩﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
 ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻬﺖﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺎﻟﻮﺭژﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﭘﻴﺶﺭﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻳﺪ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻣﺸﻮﻕ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺸﻜﺮ ﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺧﺎﻧﻢ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺳﺘﻴﺎ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﻋﻄﺎﺭ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺍﺭﺟﻤﻨﺪ ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﺪ ﺗﻘﻲ ﻧﻌﻴﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻗﺪﺭﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻗﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪-‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻟﻐﺰﺵ ﻭ ﺧﻄﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺎﺗﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻡ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺸﻜﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﻧﻜﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻧﺪﻩ ‪ ghasemzadeh@kntu.ac.ir‬ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﻦ ﻗﺎﺳﻢﺯﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻧﺼﻴﺮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﻮﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪91‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻔﺘﺎﺭ‪1 .................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪3 .......................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ‪13 .....................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ‪19......................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪21.........................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ‪21 .................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-1‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ‪22....................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-1‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ‪23 ...................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-2-1‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻱ ‪24 ..................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-2-1‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ‪24 ......................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-1‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ‪24 .......................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-3-1‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﻡ ‪25 ................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-3-1‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ‪27 ........................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-3-1‬‬
‫ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ‪27 ............... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-3-1‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ‪28 ................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪5-3-1‬‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ‪30 .......... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-1‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ‪31 ................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪5-1‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ‪33 ............. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪6-1‬‬
‫ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ‪35 ............................. ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪7-1‬‬
‫ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪36 .......... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪8-1‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ‪38 ....................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-8-1‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪39 .................. ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-8-1‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ‪43 .................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪43 ...................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-2‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ‪43 ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-2‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺴﺎﻧﺘﺮﻩ ‪46 .................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-2‬‬
‫ﺧﺮﺩﺍﻳﺶ ‪47 ............ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-3-2‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﻨﮓﺷﻜﻨﻲ ‪49 ....................................... ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-3-2‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺳﻴﺎﻛﻨﻲ ‪51 ...................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-3-2‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ‪53 .......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-3-2‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺴﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ‪58 ............... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪5-3-2‬‬
‫ﺁﺑﮕﻴﺮﻱ ‪59 .............. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪6-3-2‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ‪60 ....................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪7-3-2‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﻨﺘﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ‪61 ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-2‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻪ ﺁﻫﻦ ‪63 ........... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-4-2‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ‪64 ...................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-4-2‬‬
‫ﻟﺠﻦ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ‪64 ..................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-4-2‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ ‪65 ..................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-4-2‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ‪65 ...................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪5-4-2‬‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺯﻳﻨﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻱ ‪65 ........................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪6-4-2‬‬
‫ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪ ‪66........ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪5-2‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪ ‪70 .................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-5-2‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﮔﻨﺪﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﻡ ‪73 ............... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-5-2‬‬
‫ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ ‪73 ........................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪6-2‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ ‪75 ....... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪7-2‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺍﻥﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺭﻩﺳﺎﺯﻫﺎ ‪76 ................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪8-2‬‬
‫ﻛﻚ ‪77 .......... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪9-2‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻭﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ ‪78 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪10-2‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‪81 ...................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪81 ....... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-3‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ‪83 ................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-3‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ‪85 .................................. ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-3‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﭘﻲ ‪85 .................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-3-3‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ‪86 ..................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-3-3‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﻛﻚ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻢ ‪86 ............................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-3-3‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ‪87 ...................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-3-3‬‬
‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ‪88 .............................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪5-3-3‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺭﻩ ‪88 ....................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪6-3-3‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻣﺶ ‪89 .................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪7-3-3‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﻣﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍ ‪90 ............... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪8-3-3‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﮔﺎﺯ ‪91 .............. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪9-3-3‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﻫﻲ ‪91 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪10-3-3‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺫﻭﺏ ﻭ ﺍﺣﻴﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ‪94 ............................. ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-3‬‬
 ‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ)ﭘﻴﺶﮔﺮﻡ( ‪94 ........................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-4-3‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ )ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﺣﻴﺎء ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ( ‪96 ........................... ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-4-3‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺫﻭﺏ )ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﺣﻴﺎء ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ( ‪98 ...................... ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-4-3‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ‪98 ............................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪5-3‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ ﻭ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ‪100 ................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪6-3‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ‪102.............. ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪7-3‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻧﻲ ‪103 ............................................................................................................................................. BOF‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪103 ..................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-4‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ‪104 .................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ BOF‬‬ ‫‪2-4‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ‪105 .......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-4‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ‪108 ................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-4‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ‪110 ................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪5-4‬‬
‫ﺁﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﻡ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ‪110 ............................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-5-4‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ ‪110 .............. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-5-4‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺭﻩﺳﺎﺯﻫﺎ ‪111 ................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-5-4‬‬
‫ﺧﻨﻚﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ ‪111 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-5-4‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻱ ‪112 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪5-5-4‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻧﺴﻮﺯ ‪112 ....................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪6-5-4‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ‪113 ........... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪6-4‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ‪115.................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪115 ..................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-5‬‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ ‪116............... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-5‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ ‪117 .............................. ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-5‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺎﺯ ‪119 ....................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-3-5‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺯﻏﺎﻝ ﺳﻨﮓ ‪133 .................................. ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-5‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ‪135 .................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-4-5‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ‪136.................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ FASTMET‬‬ ‫‪2-4-5‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ‪139 ................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ FASTMELT‬‬ ‫‪3-4-5‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ‪141 ............................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ITmk3‬‬ ‫‪4-4-5‬‬
‫ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺯﻏﺎﻝﺳﻨﮓ ‪145 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪5-4-5‬‬

‫ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ )‪147 .................................................................................................................................(EAF‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪147 .................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-6‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ‪148 .............................. ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-6‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ‪151 ................................. ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-6‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﺭژ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ‪151 ........................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-3-6‬‬
‫ﺫﻭﺏ ‪153 ................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-3-6‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﺭژ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪156...................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-3-6‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ‪156.................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-3-6‬‬

‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ‪157 .............. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪5-3-6‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻫﺎ ‪158 ................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-6‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﻮﺯﻫﺎ ‪158 ................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪5-6‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ‪159........................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪6-6‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ‪160 .......... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪7-6‬‬
‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ‪161..................................... ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪8-6‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ‪161....................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪9-6‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ‪163 ....................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪163 .................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-7‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺎﻟﻮﺭژﻱ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪165......... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-7‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ‪165........... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-2-7‬‬
‫ﮔﺎﺯﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺮﺑﻦﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ‪167........................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-2-7‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪169.............................. ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-2-7‬‬
‫ﻫﻢﺯﺩﻥ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺗﻴﻞ ‪171 ........... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-7‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻫﻢﺯﺩﻥ ‪172......................... ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-7‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﭘﺮﻳﻦ ‪173 ................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-4-7‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺧﻸ )‪173 .................... ................................ ................................ ................................ (VD‬‬ ‫‪5-7‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ )‪ RH‬ﻭ ‪174 ........................ ................................ ................................ (RH-OB‬‬ ‫‪1-5-7‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺗﻴﻞ) ‪175 ...................................... ................................ ................................ (VD - VAD‬‬ ‫‪2-5-7‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﺶ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ )‪177 ......... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ (IGP‬‬ ‫‪6-7‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﺑﻦﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ‪178 ............. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪7-7‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻸ )‪178 .......................................... ................................ ................................ (VOD‬‬ ‫‪1-7-7‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺁﺭﮔﻮﻥ )‪179 .................. ................................ ................................ (AOD‬‬ ‫‪2-7-7‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ‪179................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪8-7‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﺎﺩ ‪181 ........ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪9-7‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪182 .......... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪10-7‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﭘﺎﺗﻴﻠﻲ )‪182 ............ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ (LF‬‬ ‫‪1-10-7‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪186 ........................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪11-7‬‬
‫ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺼﻲﻫﺎ ‪186.......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-11-7‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ‪186....................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-11-7‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﻮﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪188 .......................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-11-7‬‬
‫ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ‪189 ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-11-7‬‬

‫ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ‪191 ................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫ﺷﻤﺶﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺗﻚﺑﺎﺭﻱ ‪192 .............. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-8‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ‪193 ....................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-1-8‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﺎﺩ ‪194 .............................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-1-8‬‬
 ‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺷﻤﺶ ‪195 .................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-1-8‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺷﻤﺶ ‪197 .................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-1-8‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﻮﺏ ‪198 .............. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪5-1-8‬‬
‫ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ ‪200 .................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-8‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ ‪201 ................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-2-8‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ ‪203 ................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-8‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ‪203 ......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-3-8‬‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﻡ ‪205 .............................. ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-3-8‬‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ ‪208 ............................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-3-8‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ ﻭ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪209 .............. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-3-8‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ‪212 .......... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-8‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭﺩ‪215 ..........................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪215..................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-9‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ‪216 .................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-9‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ‪216................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-2-9‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ‪217 ...................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-2-9‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ‪220 ................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-2-9‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ‪221 .......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-2-9‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ‪222 ..................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪5-2-9‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺯ ‪222 ............... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪6-2-9‬‬
‫ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ ‪223 ........................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪7-2-9‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﺮﻭﻓﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺭﻳﻞ ‪224 ....................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪8-2-9‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺭﻳﻞ ‪224 ........................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪9-2-9‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻴﻠﮕﺮﺩ ‪225 ................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪10-2-9‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻴﻢ ‪226......................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪11-2-9‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ ‪227 ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪12-2-9‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ‪230 ........... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-9‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﮔﺎﺯﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﻲ ‪230 ..................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-3-9‬‬
‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﮔﺎﺯﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ‪231 ................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-3-9‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ‪232 ..................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-3-9‬‬

‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‪233.................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪233 ................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-10‬‬
‫ﺁﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ‪235....................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-10‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺧﻂ ﻳﻮﺗﻜﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪ ‪235 ........................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-2-10‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺧﻂ ﻳﻮﺗﻜﺘﻮﺋﻴﺪ ‪236.......................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-2-10‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﻴﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ‪237............................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-10‬‬
‫ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ‪238 .......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-10‬‬
‫ﺁﻧﻴﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻫﻤﺪﻣﺎ ‪239 .................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪5-10‬‬
‫ﺁﻧﻴﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻫﻤﺪﻣﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺘﻲ ‪239 ...................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-5-10‬‬
‫ﺁﻧﻴﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﭘﺘﻨﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ‪240 ............... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-5-10‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭژﻥﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ‪240 ....................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪6-10‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ‪241 ............................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪7-10‬‬
‫ﺁﻧﻴﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻧﺮﻡ ‪241 ........................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪8-10‬‬
‫ﺁﻧﻴﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ‪242 ......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-8-10‬‬
‫ﺁﻧﻴﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﻠﻲ ‪242 ............................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-8-10‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺶ ﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ‪242 ............................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪9-10‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ )ﺳﺨﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ( ﻭ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ‪242 ....... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪10-10‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ‪242 ........................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-10-10‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ‪244 .............. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-10-10‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ‪244 .......................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-10-10‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ‪245 .............. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-10-10‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﻧﻤﻚ‪/‬ﻓﻠﺰ ‪245 ......................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪5-10-10‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻫﺎ ‪245 ...................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪6-10-10‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﭙﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ‪245 ............................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪11-10‬‬
‫ﺁﺳﺘﻤﭙﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ‪246 ........................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪12-10‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ‪247 ..................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪13-10‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪247 ............. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-13-10‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻮﺭﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ‪248 .......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪14-10‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﺭﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ‪249 .................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-14-10‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻮﺭﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎﺯ ‪250 ...................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-14-10‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻮﺭﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ‪250 .................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-14-10‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻮﺭﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ‪250 ...................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-14-10‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﺳﺨﺘﻲ ‪250............................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪15-10‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎﺯ ‪251 ........................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-15-10‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ ‪251 ...................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-15-10‬‬
‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ ‪252 ................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪16-10‬‬
‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ﻟﻴﺰﺭ ‪253...................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪17-10‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎ ‪253.................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪18-10‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺧﻸ ‪254 ........................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-18-10‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺧﻸ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﺭﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ‪255 ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-18-10‬‬
 ‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﮔﺎﺯﻱ ‪256...................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-18-10‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ‪256........................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-18-10‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺗﻚﺑﺎﺭﻱ ‪257 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪5-18-10‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ‪258................................... ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪19-10‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺿﺪ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﻲ ‪260......................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-19-10‬‬
‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژﻱ ‪263......................... ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-19-10‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‪267 .....................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻛﺎﺭﻱ ‪267 ........... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-11‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻛﺎﺭﻱ ‪269 ....... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-11‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ‪270.................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-11‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﺵﻛﺎﺭﻱ ‪270 ..................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-3-11‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺯﻛﺎﺭﻱ ‪272 ................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-11‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺯ ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺯﺍﻧﻮﻳﻲ ‪272 ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-4-11‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺯ ﺩﺭﻭﺍﺯﻫﺎﻱ ‪272 ........... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-4-11‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺯ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ‪273 ........... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-4-11‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺣﻔﺮﻩ ‪273.......... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪5-11‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻳﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ‪273 .................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-5-11‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻪﺯﻧﻲ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ‪273 .......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-5-11‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻗﻮﻛﺎﺭﻱ ‪273 ........................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-5-11‬‬
‫ﺧﺰﻳﻨﻪﻛﺎﺭﻱ ‪274 .................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-5-11‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓﺯﻧﻲ ‪274 ........................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪5-5-11‬‬
‫ﺻﻴﻘﻞﻛﺎﺭﻱ ‪274 ............................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪6-11‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﭙﺎﺭﻙ ‪274 ................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-6-11‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ‪275 ....................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-6-11‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺳﻮﻧﻴﻚ ‪276.............. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-6-11‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺖ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩ ‪278 ............................. ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-6-11‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺵﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺖ ﺁﺏ ‪279 .................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪5-6-11‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﻲ‪285 ......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪285.................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-12‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ )ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭژﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﺭﮔﻮﻥ( ‪285..................... ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-12‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ‪288 ........................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪3-12‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺁﺏﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ‪290 ....................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪4-12‬‬
‫ﭘﺴﺖ ﺑﺮﻕ ‪292 ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪5-12‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻻﻳﻨﺪﻩ ‪294 ............ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪6-12‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ‪296 ............... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪7-12‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ‪296......................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-7-12‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﺁﻻﺕ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ‪298 .......................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-7-12‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ‪300 ..................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪8-12‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮﮔﺎﻩ ‪301 ............ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪9-12‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ‪302 ................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪10-12‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ‪302 ................................. ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪11-12‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ‪303 .......................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪12-12‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ‪307 ........................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ‪311.............................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺣﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪311 ............................ ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪1-14‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺫﻭﺏ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ‪315 ......................... ................................ ................................‬‬ ‫‪2-14‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ‪321 ............................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ‪328...........................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‪335 ....................................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 1-1‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﺁﻫﻦ‪ -‬ﻣﻜﻌﺒﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺩﺍﺭ) ‪ (BCC‬ﻭ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺩﺍﺭ)‪22 .............. ................................ ................................ ( FCC‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 2-1‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ‪29 ................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 3-1‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ‪32 ................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 4-1‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ‪33 .............................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 5-1‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ‪ 2001‬ﻭ ‪34 ..................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ . 2011‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 6-1‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ‪36 ......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 7-1‬ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ )‪36 ........................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . (2008-2011‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 8-1‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ‪37 .................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 9-1‬ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪40 ........................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 1-2‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﮔﻞﮔﻬﺮ ‪44 .............. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 2-2‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺳﻴﺎﻱ ﮔﻠﻮﻟﻪﺍﻱ ﮔﻞ ﮔﻬﺮ‪46 ............................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 3-2‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺗﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪﺕ ﻛﻢ‪ -‬ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﮔﻞ ﮔﻬﺮ‪46 .................................. ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 4-2‬ﺷﻤﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ‪48 .......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 5-2‬ﺳﻨﮓﺷﻜﻦ ﻓﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺏ( ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‪50 ........................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 6-2‬ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺳﻨﮓﺷﻜﻦ ژﻳﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭﻱ‪50 .......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 7-2‬ﺳﻨﮓﺷﻜﻦ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻲ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻦ‪51 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 8-2‬ﺁﺳﻴﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ )ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻧﻔﻠﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﻴﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﺒﺮ(‪52 ....................... ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 9-2‬ﺁﺳﻴﺎﻱ ﮔﻠﻮﻟﻪﺍﻱ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺧﺮﺩﺍﻳﺶ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻛﻨﺴﺎﻧﺘﺮﻩ ﺟﺪﺍﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ )ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﭼﺎﺩﺭﻣﻠﻮ(‪52 ............... ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 10-2‬ﺁﺳﻴﺎﻱ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺧﻮﺩﺷﻜﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﭼﺎﺩﺭﻣﻠﻮ‪53 ........................... ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 11-2‬ﺧﻮﺷﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻴﻜﻠﻮﻥﻫﺎ )ﺭﺍﺳﺖ(‪ ،‬ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻔﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﺭﭘﻴﭽﻲ )ﭼﭗ(‪54 ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 12-2‬ﺳﺮﻧﺪ ﻟﺮﺯﺍﻥ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺳﻴﺎﻱ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺧﻮﺩﺷﻜﻦ‪54 ............ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 13-2‬ﺟﺪﺍﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻫﻤﺴﻮ‪55 .................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 14-2‬ﺟﺪﺍﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﻤﺴﻮ‪56 .......................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 15-2‬ﺟﺪﺍﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻛﻮﺑﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻻ‪57 .......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 16-2‬ﺟﺪﺍﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‪57 ................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 17-2‬ﺟﺪﺍﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻻ‪58 ........................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 18-2‬ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻠﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻛﺎﻧﺴﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ‪59 ................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 19-2‬ﺗﻴﻜﻨﺮ ﻻﻣﻼ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺑﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻟﭗ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ‪60 .......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 20-2‬ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺑﻪﺭﻭﻱ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪﺍﻱ )ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ(‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪﺍﻱ )ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ(‪61 ............................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 21-2‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺯﻳﻨﺘﺮ ‪62 ..................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 22-2‬ﻧﻘﺸﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ‪ 4‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺯﻳﻨﺘﺮ ﻛﻤﭙﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻴﺴﻦ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪62 .................................. ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 23-2‬ﺩﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻨﺪﻟﺔ ﭘﺨﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ‪67 .................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪14‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 24-2‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪ ﻭ ﺯﻳﻨﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪67 ................................. ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 25-2‬ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪ‪68 .............................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 26-2‬ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪69 ...................................... ................................ ................................ 2004‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 27-2‬ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﻛﻪ‪70 ..................... .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 28-2‬ﺩﻳﺴﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ‪71 ........................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 29-2‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺁﻫﻦﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﮔﻨﺪﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﻡ‪72 ........................... ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 30-2‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺨﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ‪73 ........................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 31-2‬ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﺎﺭژ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ‪76 .......................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 32-2‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻓﺮﻭﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻛﻴﺴﻪ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﺮﻭ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژ ﻭ ﺏ( ﺑﺸﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﺮﻭ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژ‪78 ........................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 1-3‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺁﻥ ‪82 .......................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪2-3‬ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ‪84 .................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪3-3‬ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺁﻥ ‪88 ........... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 4-3‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻮﻟﻬﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻣﺶ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺁﻥ ‪90 .................................. ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 5-3‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ )ﺩﻭ ﺯﻧﮕﻲ( ‪92 .......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 6-3‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﻫﻲ ﻣﺪﺭﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺯﻧﮓ ‪93 ............................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 7-3‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺭﻭﺵ ﻭﺍﮔﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺏ( ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ ‪93 .......................................... ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 8-3‬ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺁﻥ ‪99 .......................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 1-4‬ﺭﺍﻫﺮﻭ ﺷﺎﺭژ ‪ BOF‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ )ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺷﺎﺭژ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ( ‪104 ...................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 2-4‬ﺷﻤﺎﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻧﻲ ‪104 ...................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 3-4‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺷﺎﺭژ ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ‪ BOF‬ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺷﺎﺭژ ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ ﺏ( ﺷﺎﺭژ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ‪106 ......................... ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 4-4‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ‪107 ................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 5-4‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻬﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ‪107 .......................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 6-4‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺏ( ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺭﻩ ‪108 ........................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 7-4‬ﭘﺎﺗﻴﻞ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻬﮕﺮﻱ ‪108 ....................................... ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 8-4‬ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ‪108 ...................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ BOF‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 1-5‬ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ DRI‬ﻭ ‪115 ........................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .HBI‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 2-5‬ﺳﻬﻢ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺷﻔﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ‪ DRI‬ﺩﺭ ‪116 ..................................... ................................ ................................ 2010‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 3-5‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ‪ DRI‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺩﺭ ‪116 .............................. ................................ ................................ ................................ 2010‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 4-5‬ﻓﻠﻮﺷﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ‪121 ........................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ FINMET‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 5-5‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪ FIOR‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﻧﺰﻭﺋﻼ‪122 ..................................... ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 6-5‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺭﺍﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﺣﻴﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ‪123 .................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ FINMET‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 7-5‬ﻓﻠﻮﺷﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ‪124 ....................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .[16] HYL‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 8-5‬ﻓﻠﻮﺷﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﻴﺪﺭﻛﺲ ‪125 ....................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 9-5‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻔﺖ ﻣﻴﺪﺭﻛﺲ ‪126 ............................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 10-5‬ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻴﺪﺭﻛﺲ ‪ LION‬ﺑﺎ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ‪ 1/5‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﺰﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2007‬ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫‪ QASCO‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻭ ‪ SHADEED‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﻩﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ‪127 ....................... ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 11-5‬ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻴﺪﺭﻛﺲ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ‪ 1/8‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺳﻌﻮﺩﻱ )ﺑﺰﺭگﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻴﺪﺭﻛﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫‪128 .............. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ (2007‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 12-5‬ﻓﻠﻮﺷﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ‪129 ....................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . HYL III‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 13-5‬ﺳﻬﻢ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪131 .............. ................................ ................................ 2010‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 14-5‬ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻴﺪﺭﻛﺲ ‪131 ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 15-5‬ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﺩﮔﺎﺯﺷﻜﻦ‪133 .............................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
 ‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 16-5‬ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ‪ DRI‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ‪134 ............................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 17-5‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﺍﺣﻴﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻮﺯﻳﺖ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ‪135 ........... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 18-5‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪ FASTMET‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ‪136 ........................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .KOBE STEEL‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ - 19-5‬ﻓﻠﻮﺷﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ‪137 ..................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .[25] FASTMET‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪20-5‬ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺍﺣﻴﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ‪138 ............................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .FASTMET‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 21-5‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ‪ FASTMELT‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻴﺪﺭﻛﺲ‪140 ........................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 22-5‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ‪ FASTMELT‬ﺩﺭ‪140 ........................... ................................ ................................ ................................ . KAKOGAWA‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 23-5‬ﻓﻠﻮﺷﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ‪141 ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .[26] ITMK3‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 24-5‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ‪ ITMK3‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ ‪142 ....................................... ................................ ................................ KAKOGAWA‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 25-5‬ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ‪142 ............ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .[26] ITMK3‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 26-5‬ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ‪ ITMK3‬ﺩﺭ ‪143 ............................ ................................ ................................ ................................ HOYT LAKES‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 27-5‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳﺎﮔﺮﺍﻡ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻟﻲ ﺁﻫﻦ‪-‬ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ‪144 ............................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 28-5‬ﻧﺎﮔﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ‪144 .......................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ITMK3‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 1-6‬ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ﺩﺭ ﭼﭗ‪ ،‬ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﻘﻒ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻭ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﻛﺎﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻧﺴﻮﺯ ‪149 ................... ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 2-6‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺁﻥ ‪150 ................. ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 3-6‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺁﻥ ‪151 .............. ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 4-6‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪153 ................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 5-6‬ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻧﺰﺩﺍﻳﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪155 .................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 6-6‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﭘﺎﺗﻴﻞ ‪158 ................................... ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 7-6‬ﺍﻧﺮژﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ‪160 ............. ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 1-7‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺼﻲﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﻗﻮﺱ ﺗﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﺎﺩ ‪166...............................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 2-7‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺯﺩﻥ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ‪167 ................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 3-7‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ﺑﺎ ‪ AL‬ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺭﻩ ‪170 .................................. ................................ CAO-AL2O3‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 4-7‬ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﻢﺯﺩﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺗﻴﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻣﺶ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺁﺭﮔﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ‪172 .................... ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 5-7‬ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﮔﺎﺯﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻸ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪174 .................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ RH‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 6-7‬ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﮔﺎﺯﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻸ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪175 .......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ . RH-OB‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 7-7‬ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﮔﺎﺯﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻸ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪175 .................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ VD‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 8-7‬ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ‪176 ........................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .VD‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 9-7‬ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﮔﺎﺯﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪176 ............ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . VAD‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 10-7‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﻮﭘﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺴﻮﺯ ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻣﺶ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻒ ﭘﺎﺗﻴﻞ ‪177 ........................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 11-7‬ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﭘﻮﺩﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺳﻴﻤﻲ )‪180 .................. ................................ ................................ ................................ .(IM‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 12-7‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺫﻭﺏ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺭﻩﺍﻱ ‪182 ................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ESR‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 13-7‬ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﭘﺎﺗﻴﻠﻲ )‪183 .................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ (LF‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 14-7‬ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﭘﺎﺗﻴﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺏ( ﺩﺭﭘﻮﺵ ‪ LF‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﺘﻲ‪183 ............... ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 15-7‬ﭘﻠﺖ ﻓﺮﻡ‪184 ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .LF‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 16-7‬ﺩﺭﭘﻮﺵ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﭘﺎﺗﻴﻠﻲ‪185 ............... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 17-7‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺩﺭﭘﻮﺵ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﭘﺎﺗﻴﻠﻲ‪186 .................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 18-7‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺗﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ‪187 ...................................... ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 1-8‬ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺶ ﺗﻚﺑﺎﺭﻱ‪193 ...................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 2-8‬ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﻬﻦ‪ ،‬ﺏ( ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﻚ ‪194 ................... ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 3-8‬ﭘﺮﻭﻓﻴﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﺎﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻤﺶ ﺗﻚﺑﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ‪195 ........... ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪16‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 4-8‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻤﺶ ﺗﻚﺑﺎﺭﻱ‪197 .......................... ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 5-8‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻡﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﻲ ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﺏ( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺁﺭﺍﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﻬﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﻬﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺩ( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ‪198 .................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 6-8‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ ‪201 .......................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 7-8‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ‪202 ....................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 8-8‬ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺧﻨﻚ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺎﺷﺶ ﺁﺏ ‪206 ....................................... ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 9-8‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺧﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﺍﻱ ‪207 ................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 10-8‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻛﺸﺶ ﻭ ﺻﺎﻑ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﺧﻢﺷﺪﻩ ‪208 ......................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 11-8‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ )ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ( ‪209 .............. ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 12-8‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺎﻳﺺ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪210 .............. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 13-8‬ﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ‪ (I‬ﺗﺮﻙﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻮﺷﻪﺍﻱ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ‪ (II ،‬ﺗﺮﻙﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ‪ (III ،‬ﺗﺮﻙﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ‪ (IV ،‬ﺗﺮﻙﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺎﺭﻩ‪ (V ،‬ﺁﺧﺎﻝﻫﺎ‪ (VI ،‬ﺷﻜﺎﻑ‪ (VII ،‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‪ (VIII ،‬ﻓﺮﻭﺭﻓﺘﮕﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ‪211 ......................................... ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 1-9‬ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ‪216 ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 2-9‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﺮﺩ‪218 ..................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 3-9‬ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺨﺘﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺷﻤﺶ ‪221 ................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 4-9‬ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ‪221 ...................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 5-9‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﺨﺖ ‪222 ............................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 6-9‬ﺷﻤﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﭘﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺯ ‪223 ............................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 7-9‬ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﺴﻤﻪ ‪224 ................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 8-9‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺪﺭﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺭﻳﻞ ‪225 ........... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 9-9‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ‪226 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 10-9‬ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻴﻢ ‪227 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 11-9‬ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪228 ............................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 12-9‬ﺳﺮﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ‪229 ................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 13-9‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺭﻳﺰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ‪ NR, AR‬ﻭ ‪230 ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ .TMCR‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 14-9‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ‪232 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 1-10‬ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺁﺳﺘﻨﻴﺘﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ‪235 ............ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 2-10‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ )‪ 0/77 (A,B‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪ 0/45 (C,D) ،‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻭ )‪ 1/2 (E,F‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ )‪ :A‬ﺁﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ‪:C ،‬‬
‫ﺳﻤﻨﺘﻴﺖ‪ :F ،‬ﻓﺮﻳﺖ ﻭ ‪ :P‬ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ(‪236 .................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 3-10‬ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺁﻧﻴﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ‪237 .................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 4-10‬ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﻴﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻤﭙﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ‪238 ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 5-10‬ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ‪239 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 6-10‬ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺗﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺫﻭﺏ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪241 ......................................... ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 7-10‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺲﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪243 .......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 8-10‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﻣﺎ‪-‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪-‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺁﺳﺘﻤﭙﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ‪247 .................................. ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 9-10‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﺭﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ‪249 ................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 10-10‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻭ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺲﻣﺎﻧﺪ ‪249 ..................................... ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 11-10‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﺳﺨﺘﻲ ‪251 ................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 12-10‬ﻛﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺍﺳﻔﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪254 .................. ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 13-10‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺧﻸ ‪255 ............................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 14-10‬ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﮔﺎﺯﻱ ‪256 ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
 ‫‪17‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 15-10‬ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﺍﻱ ‪257 ............ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 16-10‬ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺗﺎﺏ ﻧﺎﻗﻮﺳﻲ ‪258 ............... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 17-10‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ‪259 ......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 18-10‬ﺍﺑﺮﺷﻬﺮ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺰﻭ‪ -‬ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ‪260 ...................................... ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 19-10‬ﺭﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ‪261 ................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ MMFX‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 20-10‬ﺭﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ‪261 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ MMFX2‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 21-10‬ﺗﻴﻎﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺭﻳﺶﺗﺮﺍﺵ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ‪262 ...................................... ................................ ................................ SANDVIK NANOFLEX‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 22-10‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﺭ‪-‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ‪ SANDVIK NANOFLEX‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻃﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ‪ 300 ،200 ،100‬ﻭ ‪400‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ‪263 .......................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 23-10‬ﺟﻠﻮﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻕ ﻭ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺭﻳﻨﮓ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎ ‪263 .................................. ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 24-10‬ﺑﻠﺒﺮﻳﻨﮓ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺳﺮﺍﻣﻴﻚ ‪265 ......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 1-11‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﺵ‪269 ........... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ CNC‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 2-11‬ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﺵﻛﺎﺭﻱ ‪270 ................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 3-11‬ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﭙﺎﺭﻙ ‪275 .............. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 4-11‬ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ‪277 ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 5-11‬ﻃﺮﺡ ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺳﻮﻧﻴﻚ‪277 ..................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 6-11‬ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺳﻮﻧﻴﻚ ‪278 ...................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 7-11‬ﻳﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺖ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩ ‪279 ............................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 8-11‬ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺁﺏ ‪279 ............................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 9-11‬ﻋﻼﻳﻢ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ‪281 ................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 1-12‬ﻃﺮﺡ ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍ‪286 ................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 2-12‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ‪288 .......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 3-12‬ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪290 .......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 4-12‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺁﺏﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ‪292 .......................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 5-12‬ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ‪294 ........... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ SVC‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 6-12‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻏﺒﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺏﮔﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺏ( ﺩﺍﻛﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺝ( ﺩﻭﺩﻛﺶ‪294 ............................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 7-12‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻧﻮﺍﺭﻧﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺝﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺏ( ﺗﺴﻤﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻟﻪ ‪297 ............ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 8-12‬ﺷﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‪298 ................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 9-12‬ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺳﺒﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ ‪299 ...................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 10-12‬ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺭﻩ ‪299 ............ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 11-12‬ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻧﺴﻮﺯ ‪299 ........... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 12-12‬ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ‪300 ..................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 13-12‬ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﻳﺪﻛﻲ ‪300 ............... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 14-12‬ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ ﻭ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ‪301 ............. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪18‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪1-1‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺁﻫﻦ‪21 ................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 2-1‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻱ‪24 ........................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 3-1‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺗﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ‪32 .................................... ................................ 1970 -2011‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 4-1‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ‪34 .................................. ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 5-1‬ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ‪ 2005‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 2009‬ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺗﻦ ‪35 .............. ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 6-1‬ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪37 ...................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 7-1‬ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ )ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﻻ( ‪37 ................... ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 8-1‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ‪38 .......................... ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 1-2‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺫﻭﺏ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪64 .................................... ................................ 1363‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 2-2‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺫﻭﺏ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ ‪64 .............................. ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 3-2‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ‪74 ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 4-2‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺁﻫﻚ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ‪77 ......................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 5-2‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪77 .............. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 6-2‬ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﺮﻭ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ‪78 ....................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 7-2‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻓﺮﻭﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ‪79 .................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 1-3‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2010‬ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ‪83 ...................................... ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 2-3‬ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ‪99 ....................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 1-4‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‪109 .................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 2-4‬ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻧﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺗﻦ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ )‪ %75‬ﺷﺎﺭژ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ(‪109 ..................... ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 3-4‬ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪109 ...................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 4-4‬ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻧﻲ ‪110 ................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .BOF‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 1-5‬ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪118 .................. ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 2-5‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﻴﺪﺭﻛﺲ ‪126 ....................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 3-5‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻴﺪﺭﻛﺲ ﻭ ﻫﻴﻞ ﺳﻪ ‪132 ............................. ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 4-5‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ‪139 .................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ FASTMET‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 5-5‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ‪ DRI‬ﻭ ﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﻱ‪139 ........... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 6-5‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ‪140 ................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 7-5‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ‪143 ............................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ITMK3‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 8-5‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﮔﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ‪144 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 9-5‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ‪ DRI ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺧﺎﻡ ‪146 ....................... ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 1-7‬ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ‪164 ................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 2-7‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ‪168 ............ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪20‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 3-7‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩﺯﺩﺍﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﻮﺩﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪180 ............ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 4-7‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﮔﺮﺍﺩ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻥ ‪ %1‬ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻱ‪188 .......................... ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 5-7‬ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‪189 ................................. ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 1-8‬ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ‪ 10‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ‪192 ................................... ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 1-10‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺭﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‪234 ...................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 2-10‬ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﺻﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ‪239 .................. ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 3-10‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺳﺮﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ‪243 ..................... ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 4-10‬ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‪248 ........... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 5-10‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻖ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‪253 ......................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 6-10‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ‪262 ............... ................................ ................................ ................................ .SANDVIK NANOFLEX‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 1-11‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ‪268 ............................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 2-11‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ‪282 ......................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 1-12‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ‪287 ........................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 2-12‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ‪288 ..................................... ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 3-12‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ‪289 ........... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 4-12‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﭙﺮﺳﻮﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ‪289 ............................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 5-12‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻨﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪291 ...................................... ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 6-12‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺏ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ‪ EAF‬ﻭ ‪291 ............. ................................ ................................ .LF‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 7-12‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪293 .......................................... ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 8-12‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥﺳﺎﺯ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍﻛﺘﻴﻮ )‪293 ..................................... ................................ ................................ .(SVC‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 9-12‬ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻏﺒﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮ‪295 ..................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 10-12‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻏﺒﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮ‪296 ........................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 11-12‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻨﻲ ‪297 ................................... ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 1-13‬ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ‪307 ............................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 2-13‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ ‪309 ..................... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 1-14‬ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻨﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻴﻠﮕﺮﺩ ‪311 ............... ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 2-14‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺣﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻨﻲ ‪312 .......................... ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 3-14‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻴﻠﮕﺮﺩ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻨﻲ ‪313 ............................. ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 4-14‬ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺫﻭﺏ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺁﮔﻠﻮﻣﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﻮﺭﺗﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻴﻠﮕﺮﺩ ‪315 ................ ................................ ................................ ................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 5-14‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺫﻭﺏ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ ‪316 .............‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 6-14‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻴﻠﮕﺮﺩ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺫﻭﺏ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ ‪317 .........‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 7-14‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻴﻠﮕﺮﺩ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺫﻭﺏ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ ‪319 .....................‬‬
 ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪ 1-1‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺁﻫﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻭﺍژﻩ ﺁﻧﮕﻠﻮﺳﺎﻛﺴﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻣﻘﺪﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻤﺎﺩ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺁﻫﻦ ‪ Fe‬ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍژﻩ ﻻﺗﻴﻦ ‪Ferrum‬‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﻫﻦ ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ‪ 5‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﺸﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﻮﻧﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻬﻜﺸﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺷﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ]‪ .[1‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 1-1‬ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪1-1‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺁﻫﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﺗﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﺗﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺟﻮﺵ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺫﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫)‪(g·mol−1‬‬ ‫)‪(g·mol−1‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﻩ )‪(J·mol−1·K−1‬‬ ‫)‪(°C‬‬ ‫)‪(°C‬‬ ‫)‪(g·cm-3‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬

‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪55/845‬‬ ‫‪25/10‬‬ ‫‪2862‬‬ ‫‪1538‬‬ ‫‪7/874‬‬ ‫ﺁﻫﻦ‬

‫ﺁﻫﻦ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﻙ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺫﻭﺑﺶ‪ ،‬ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﻫﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺮ ‪ 912‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺁﻫﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺩﺍﺭ) ‪ (bcc‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺁﻫﻦ ﺁﻟﻔﺎ )‪ (α-iron‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ 1395°‬ﺗﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺫﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺁﻫﻦ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻱ ‪ bcc‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺩﻟﺘﺎ )‪ (δ iron‬ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 912°C‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 1395°C‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﺁﻫﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺩﺍﺭ )‪ (fcc‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺁﻫﻦ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Iron‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪22‬‬

‫)‪ (γ - iron‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﭼﻴﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﻢﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 1-1‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 1-1‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﺁﻫﻦ‪ -‬ﻣﻜﻌﺒﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺩﺍﺭ) ‪ (bcc‬ﻭ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺩﺍﺭ)‪( fcc‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‪ 1‬ﺑﻪ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﺎﻩ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﺎﺩﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻮﺑﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺗﺮﻱ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺼﻲ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻫﻦ ‪ bcc‬ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻓﺮﻳﺖ )‪ (Ferrite‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻳﺖ ﺁﻟﻔﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ‪ 0/025‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻳﺖ ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ‪ 0/09‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ )‪ (fcc‬ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺁﺳﺘﻨﻴﺖ )‪ (Austenite‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺩﺭ‬
‫‪ fcc‬ﺍﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ‪ 2/14‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫‪ 6/67‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﻴﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻤﻨﺘﻴﺖ )‪ (Cementite‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﺤﻼﻝ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻭ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺳﺮﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺮﻟﻴﺖ‬
‫)‪ (Pearlite‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻨﺰﻳﺖ )‪ (Martensite‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻨﺰﻳﺖ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 0/025‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 2/14‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻟﻴﺎژ ﺁﻫﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 2/14‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 6/67‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﭼﺪﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ]‪ .[2‬ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﭼﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺰﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻴﺎژ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2-1‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬

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‫‪Steel‬‬
 ‫‪23‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺩ‪ :‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﻢﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻛﻢﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮﻱ ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﻛﻤﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺁﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺲ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺒﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﻣﻨﺰﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺁﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺎﻧﺘﻴﻨﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ‪ 2‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژ ﻛﻢ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژ ﻛﻢ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ‪ 1‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 5‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻱ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻮﺑﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻭ‪ ...‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻓﺮﻭﺩ ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺷﻔﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺥﺩﻧﺪﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻌﺎً ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 5‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﻛﺮﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺿﺪﺯﻧﮓ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻋﻤﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻕ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 5‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﻭﻡ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺿﺪﺯﻧﮓ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺿﺪﺯﻧﮓ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﺟﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻭ ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺩ ﻭ ﭼﻨﮕﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﭘﺨﺖ ﻭ ﭘﺰ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﺮﺵ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ‪ 2‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺿﺪﺯﻧﮓ ﭘﺮﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬ ‫‪1-2-1‬‬

‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻥﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺫﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ x‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 0/04‬ﺗﺎ ‪0/15‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﺧﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺟﻮﺵﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﻭ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ x‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 0/15‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 0/45‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﭘﻞﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ x‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 0/45‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 1/2‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻓﻨﺮ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﻞ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭼﺮﺥ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﺁﻻﺕ ﺑﺮﺵ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 2‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪24‬‬

‫ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻱ‬ ‫‪2-2-1‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻱ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺑﻲﺷﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻱ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﺎﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ )‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ .(2-1‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 2-1‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬

‫ﺿﺪﺯﻧﮓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻭﻡﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺳﺎﻳﺸﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺳﺨﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﺠﺎﻋﻲ ﺧﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻧﺎﺩﻳﻮﻡﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺿﺪﺯﻧﮓ‪ ،‬ﺳﺨﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻫﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺷﻮﻙ ﻭ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻴﺒﺪﻥﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﮕﺴﺘﻦﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺎﻟﺖﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺿﺪﺯﻧﮓ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺲﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻮﺑﻴﻮﻡﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺿﺪﺯﻧﮓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻴﻢﺩﺍﺭ‬

‫‪ 3-1‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫‪ 2-1‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻫﻦﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻛﺎﻣﻞﺗﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺼﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪1-3-1‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻚ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺯﻏﺎﻝ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ x‬ﺁﮔﻠﻮﻣﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻧﻪﺁﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺭﻳﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﺮﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻨﺴﺎﻧﺘﺮﻩ ﻛﺎﻧﻪ ﺁﻫﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻛﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺣﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺁﮔﻠﻮﻣﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﻧﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺩﺭﺷﺖﺗﺮ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺁﮔﻠﻮﻣﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
 ‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ(ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ :1‬ﺩﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻳﺰ ﺍﺯ ‪ 45‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﺗﺎ ‪ 0/1‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺎ ‪16‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﻛﻠﻮﺧﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺯﻳﻨﺘﺮﻳﻨﮓ‪ :2‬ﺩﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻨﺴﺎﻧﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 0/1‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﺎ ‪ 10‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻮﺧﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺯﻳﻨﺘﺮ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ x‬ﻛﻚ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻚ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺯﻏﺎﻝ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻛﻚﺷﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻ )ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 1200‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﮔﺮﺍﺩ( ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻚ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺣﻴﺎ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﻡ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2-3-1‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ x‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪ x‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺣﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﻨﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻠﻮﺧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﻧﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻛﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻚ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﭼﺪﻥ )ﺁﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﻡ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ(‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺣﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻨﺴﺎﻧﺘﺮﻩ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻴﺎﺭ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 70‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ‪ H2+CO‬ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺁﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎً‪ ،‬ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ‪ 5‬ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ‪،MIDREX‬‬
‫‪ HYL‬ﻭ ‪ RHF‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ x‬ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻃﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻮﺧﻪ )ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﻧﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ‪ 10‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 30‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﻨﺘﺮ ﻭ ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺁﻫﻚ ﻭ ﻛﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻭ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺣﻴﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﻍ ﻏﻨﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺫﻭﺏ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭼﺪﻥ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ )ﺁﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﻡ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ( ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2011‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 940‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﻡ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫‪ %67‬ﺍﺯ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﻡ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪ x‬ﺍﺣﻴﺎء ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻴﺪﺭﻛﺲ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻴﺪﺭﻛﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Pelletizing‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Sintering‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫)‪Blast Funace (BF‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪Direct Reduction‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪Sponge Iron‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪MIDREX‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪26‬‬

‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 65‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺣﻴﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﺣﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻦ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ x‬ﺍﺣﻴﺎء ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ‪ HYL1‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺣﻴﺎﻱ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﺣﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻡ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻴﺰﻭﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﻛﺮﻭﻡ‪ -‬ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﭘﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﮔﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 800°C‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭژﻥ ﻭ ﺩﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻮﺍﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺍﺣﻴﺎء ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺷﺎﺭژ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﺣﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﻤﻌﺎً ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺣﻴﺎء ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺣﻴﺎء ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ‪ HYL1‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻴﺪﺭﻛﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻛﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﺣﻴﺎء‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻫﻦﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻫﻦﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﺣﻴﺎء ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻴﺪﺭﻛﺲ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﺯﺷﻜﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪ HYL3‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪HYL1‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ‪ HYL3‬ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻴﺪﺭﻛﺲ ﮔﻠﻮﻟﻪ ﺷﻜﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫‪ HYL3‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺍﺣﻴﺎء ﺩﺭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ‪ 1000‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﮔﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻴﺰﻭﺭ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﻴﺎء ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ ‪RHF‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﮔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻏﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﺠﻦ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ ‪ RHF‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪ RHF‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﺴﻚ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻳﻜﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺧﺸﻚﻛﻦ ﻭ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺕ ‪ 10‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 20‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺍﺣﻴﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻏﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﺠﻦﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻮﺧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﻳﻜﺖ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ‪ RHF‬ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺣﻴﺎ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ )‪ (DRI‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 1/5‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺯﻳﻨﺘﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ ﺩﺭ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪HYL‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Rotary Hearth Furnace‬‬
 ‫‪27‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2011‬ﺟﻤﻌﺎً ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 73‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 3-3-1‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫‪ x‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﻭﺑﺎﺯ )‪ (Open Hearth Furnace‬ﻳﺎ ﺯﻳﻤﻨﺲ ﻣﺎﺭﺗﻴﻦ‬
‫‪ x‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻧﻲ )‪ (Basic Oxygen Furnace‬ﻳﺎ ﻛﻨﻮﺭﺗﻮﺭ‬
‫‪ x‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ )‪(EAF: Electric Arc Furnace‬‬
‫‪ x‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ )‪(IF: Induction Furnace‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﻭﺑﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲﺗﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺯ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2011‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 1/8‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺩﻣﺶ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪47‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2011‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻮﺭﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ ﻭ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺣﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2011‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 31‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ ﻭ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 35‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻫﻨﺪﻭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2011‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 4-3-1‬ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻚﺑﺎﺭﻱ )ﻧﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ( ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ‪ ،1‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺫﻭﺏ ﺷﺪﻩ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻤﺸﻪ‪ ،2‬ﺷﻤﺸﺎﻝ‪ 3‬ﻭ ﺗﺨﺘﺎﻝ‪ 4‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎً ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Continuous Casting‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Bloom‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪Billet‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪Slab‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪28‬‬

‫ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1950‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﻲ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 99‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﺗﻚﺑﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺫﻭﺏ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻤﺶ‪ 1‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ %80‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻤﺶ ﺗﻚﺑﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺷﻤﺶ ﺗﻚﺑﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺬﺍﺏ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﭘﺎﺗﻴﻞ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ ‪ LF‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯﺯﺩﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 5-3-1‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﮔﺮﻡ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼً ﺷﻤﺸﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﻴﺮﺁﻫﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﻤﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﭙﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺯ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺶ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﻮﺵ‪ ،‬ﺷﺶﮔﻮﺵ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﺸﺖﮔﻮﺵ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﺸﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻭﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﻝ )ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺁﺝﺩﺍﺭ( ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺯ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﺗﺨﺘﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻕ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﺯﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺭﻕﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺯﻙ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺁﻫﻦﺁﻻﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺗﻴﺮﺁﻫﻦﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻭﺩﺍﻧﻲﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺮﻱﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻭﺭﻕﻫﺎﻱ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺯﻙ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﺎﺯﻙ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ )‪ (csp‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻼً ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ )ﻭﺭﻕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ( ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﺭﻕﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﺗﺨﺘﺎﻝ ﻧﺎﺯﻙ ﻭ ﺗﺴﻤﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﺘﺎﻝ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺭﻳﻞ ﻭ ﺗﻴﺮﺁﻫﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺷﻤﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮﻱ ﺳﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺷﻤﺸﺎﻝ ﻣﺜﺎﻝﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Ingot‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Hot Rolling‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪Cold Rolling‬‬
‫‪29‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺷﻤﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺸﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 2-1‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

 ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪30‬‬

‫‪ 4-1‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻱ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫‪ x‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬
‫‪ x‬ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬
‫‪ x‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫‪ x‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژﻱ‬
‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 10‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 15‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺭ ﺯﻏﺎﻝ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺣﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻛﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻮﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻓﻨﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻭ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﺟﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺁﻥﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺍﺣﻴﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑﻴﺖ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﺘﻲﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺒﻴﻞﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍً ﺩﺳﺖﺧﻮﺵ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎً ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺻﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺍﺯ ﻛﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺫﻭﺏ ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻛﻼﻥ‪،‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﺠﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺻﺮﻓﺎً ﺫﻭﺏ ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺁﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺣﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺧﻸ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻧﺪ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ‪ 5‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪31‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫‪ 5-1‬ﺩﻭﺭﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ‬

‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺒﻴﻞﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻭﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﺘﻲﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﻧﻖ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻛﻮﺩ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺭﻗﻴﺐ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺟﺰﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞﺩﻫﻲ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻛﺸﺘﻲﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺒﻴﻞﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺻﻼً ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺟﺰﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻧﻤﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺎژ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻭ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻔﺖ ﺧﻴﺰ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﻭﭘﻚ ﺑﺮ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺰﺭگﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺟﺎﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺁﻫﻦﺁﻻﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺮﺥﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﻛﻮﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻛﻮﺩ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭﻳﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻭ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭ ﺭﻛﻮﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2009‬ﺳﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ MEPS١‬ﻭ ‪ (IIS٢‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 3-1‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻝ‪-‬‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ ‪ 1970-2011‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Management Engineering & Production Services‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Integrated Iron and Steel‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪32‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 3-1‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺗﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ‪.[3] 1970 -2011‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪1970‬‬ ‫‪1980‬‬ ‫‪1990‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪2002‬‬ ‫‪2004‬‬ ‫‪2006‬‬ ‫‪2007‬‬ ‫‪2008‬‬ ‫‪2009‬‬ ‫‪2010‬‬ ‫‪2011‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪595‬‬ ‫‪717‬‬ ‫‪770‬‬ ‫‪849‬‬ ‫‪904‬‬ ‫‪1061‬‬ ‫‪1249‬‬ ‫‪1347‬‬ ‫‪1341‬‬ ‫‪1236‬‬ ‫‪1429‬‬ ‫‪1518‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2011‬ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ ‪ 1518‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺗﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،2011‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ 13/2‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺗﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺭﺗﺒﻪ ﺷﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 3-1‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﭼﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 3-1‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪﻩ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭﻳﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺰﺑﻮﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺮﻱ ﺳﻌﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﻙﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻨﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺒﺮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﺮﻭژﻩﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺘﻨﺎﺑﻬﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺪﻝ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻭ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﻧﻖ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﻧﻖ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﺪﻝ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺘﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺤﺮﻛﻲ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬
 ‫‪33‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺒﻴﻞﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺑﺮﻗﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﺁﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژﻱ ﻣﺪﺭﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪﻱ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻭﺯﻧﻲ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﺁﻻﺕ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺼﺮﻑﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﺁﻻﺕ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻭﺯﻧﻲ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﻣﺪﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻭﺯﻧﻲ ﺁﻥ ﭘﻴﺸﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺟﺎﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺁﺗﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﭼﻮﺏ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻴﺐ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﻧﻮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺟﺎﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﺠﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺕ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 6-1‬ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 4-1‬ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻃﻲ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ‪ 2006-2011‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺳﻬﻢ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺳﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 4-1‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ‬

 ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪34‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 5-1‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ‪ 2001‬ﻭ ‪ 2011‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﭼﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﻝ ‪2001‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻝ ‪2011‬‬

‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 5-1‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ‪ 2001‬ﻭ ‪.[3] 2011‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 4-1‬ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2009‬ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2011‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺻﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ ‪ 2011‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 1373‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺗﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2011‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺭﺗﺒﻪ ﺷﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 4-1‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ]‪.[3‬‬

‫‪2011‬‬ ‫‪2010‬‬ ‫‪2009‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬

‫‪1373‬‬ ‫‪1301‬‬ ‫‪1140‬‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﻥ‬

‫‪888/5‬‬ ‫‪842/2‬‬ ‫‪768/6‬‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫‪623/9‬‬ ‫‪587/6‬‬ ‫‪551/4‬‬ ‫ﭼﻴﻦ‬
‫‪152/8‬‬ ‫‪144/9‬‬ ‫‪119/8‬‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ )‪ 27‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭ(‬
‫‪121/2‬‬ ‫‪111/2‬‬ ‫‪83/5‬‬ ‫‪NAFTA1‬‬
‫‪22/7‬‬ ‫‪24/8‬‬ ‫‪26/9‬‬ ‫ﺁﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎ‬
‫‪7/3‬‬ ‫‪8/6‬‬ ‫‪9/4‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮ‬
‫‪5/3‬‬ ‫‪5/0‬‬ ‫‪4/5‬‬ ‫ﺁﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎﻱ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫‪48/1‬‬ ‫‪46/9‬‬ ‫‪41/6‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻭﺭﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫‪19/2‬‬ ‫‪19/5‬‬ ‫‪17/2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪North American Free Trade Agreement (Mexico, Canada and USA‬‬
 ‫‪35‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫‪ 7-1‬ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 5-1‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ‪ 2005‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 2009‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫‪ 6-1‬ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ‪ 1975‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 2010‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻩ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2011‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 223‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﺍً ‪ %6‬ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2010‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺯﻩ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪ %30 ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2009‬ﻭ ‪ %8‬ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻛﻮﺭﺩ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ 2008‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫‪ 2009‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 2011‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻪﻱ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2011‬ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ‪%6‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ‪ %6‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺗﺨﺖ ‪ %6‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ‪ %28‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 5-1‬ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ‪ 2005‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 2009‬ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺗﻦ ]‪.[3‬‬
‫‪2009 2008 2007 2006 2005‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ‬
‫‪54/3‬‬ ‫‪66/7‬‬ ‫‪67/9‬‬ ‫‪68/4‬‬ ‫‪65/3‬‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‬
‫‪2/8‬‬ ‫‪3/3‬‬ ‫‪3/1‬‬ ‫‪2/6‬‬ ‫‪2/4‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺭﺍﻩﺁﻫﻦ‬
‫‪16/5‬‬ ‫‪24/1‬‬ ‫‪26/3‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪18/5‬‬ ‫ﺁﻫﻦ ﻧﺒﺸﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﻓﻴﻞ‬
‫‪21/8‬‬ ‫‪26/1‬‬ ‫‪21/1‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪17/9‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻠﮕﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺘﻦ‬
‫‪7/6‬‬ ‫‪16/8‬‬ ‫‪15/1‬‬ ‫‪11/8‬‬ ‫‪10/2‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻠﮕﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﻝ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫‪16/6‬‬ ‫‪21/9‬‬ ‫‪22/8‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪19/8‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻢ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﻝ‬
‫‪5/3‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪6/8‬‬ ‫‪6/1‬‬ ‫‪5/4‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻢ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫‪3/1‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6/5‬‬ ‫‪5/7‬‬ ‫‪4/9‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺘﻮﻝﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻠﮕﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫‪2/2‬‬ ‫‪3/6‬‬ ‫‪4/6‬‬ ‫‪4/1‬‬ ‫‪3/3‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻪ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3/9‬‬ ‫‪5/1‬‬ ‫‪4/9‬‬ ‫‪4/5‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻪ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪60/8‬‬ ‫‪62‬‬ ‫‪62/9‬‬ ‫‪53/3‬‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻕ ﻭ ﻛﻼﻑ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪38/1‬‬ ‫‪37/8‬‬ ‫‪31/7‬‬ ‫‪26/2‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻫﺎ‬
‫‪24/9‬‬ ‫‪29/5‬‬ ‫‪29/9‬‬ ‫‪32/9‬‬ ‫‪30/2‬‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻕ ﻭ ﻛﻼﻑ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4/2‬‬ ‫‪4/1‬‬ ‫‪3/8‬‬ ‫‪3/7‬‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻕ ﻭ ﺗﺴﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫‪5/2‬‬ ‫‪6/1‬‬ ‫‪6/3‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺣﻠﺒﻲ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫‪23/1‬‬ ‫‪29/8‬‬ ‫‪32/1‬‬ ‫‪30/4‬‬ ‫‪25/6‬‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻕ ﮔﺎﻟﻮﺍﻧﻴﺰﻩ‬
‫‪8/1‬‬ ‫‪10/9‬‬ ‫‪9/7‬‬ ‫‪8/6‬‬ ‫‪7/3‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻭﺭﻕﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫‪29/4‬‬ ‫‪35/4‬‬ ‫‪33/9‬‬ ‫‪36/7‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ‬
‫‪0/7‬‬ ‫‪0/5‬‬ ‫‪0/2‬‬ ‫‪0/5‬‬ ‫‪0/4‬‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺥﻫﺎ )ﻓﻮﺭﺝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ( ﺳﻴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫‪0/6‬‬ ‫‪0/9‬‬ ‫‪1/1‬‬ ‫‪0/9‬‬ ‫‪0/9‬‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫‪0/5‬‬ ‫‪1/2‬‬ ‫‪1/3‬‬ ‫‪1/1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺭﺝ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫‪0/1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ‬
‫‪299/8‬‬ ‫‪392/5‬‬ ‫‪392/1‬‬ ‫‪375/4‬‬ ‫‪332/2‬‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪36‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 6-1‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‬

‫‪450‬‬
‫‪400‬‬
‫‪350‬‬
‫‪300‬‬
‫ﺗﻦ )ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ(‬

‫‪250‬‬
‫‪200‬‬
‫‪150‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪2008‬‬ ‫‪2009‬‬ ‫‪2010‬‬ ‫‪2011‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 7-1‬ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ )‪.[4] (2008-2011‬‬

‫‪ 8-1‬ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2011‬ﺳﻴﺰﺩﻩ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﻭﻳﺴﺖ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺗﻦ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2010‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻩ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ‪ 10‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 8-1‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ‪ 10‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ‪ %80‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﻗﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻃﻲ ﺩﻫﻪ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 6-1‬ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﻴﺰﺩﻩ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻨﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪19‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪37‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﻛﻮﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻧﻲ‬
‫‪20%‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﻗﻮﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫‪80%‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 8-1‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ]‪.[4‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 6-1‬ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ]‪.[4‬‬

‫‪2010‬‬ ‫‪2009‬‬ ‫‪2008‬‬ ‫‪2007‬‬ ‫‪2006‬‬ ‫‪2005‬‬ ‫‪2004‬‬ ‫‪2003‬‬ ‫‪2002‬‬ ‫‪2001‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻝ‬
‫‪19043‬‬ ‫‪19097‬‬ ‫‪16517‬‬ ‫‪21191‬‬ ‫‪16276‬‬ ‫‪17386‬‬ ‫‪16139‬‬ ‫‪15773‬‬ ‫‪12068‬‬ ‫‪11412‬‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫‪17139‬‬ ‫‪17187‬‬ ‫‪14865‬‬ ‫‪19072‬‬ ‫‪14648‬‬ ‫‪15647‬‬ ‫‪14525‬‬ ‫‪14692‬‬ ‫‪11259‬‬ ‫‪10633‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 7-1‬ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺗﺎ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ )ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﻻ( ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺷﺪ ‪ 94‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻭ ‪ 16‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 7-1‬ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ )ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﻻ( ]‪.[5‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻫﺮ ﺗﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻫﺮ ﺷﻐﻞ )ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻻﺭ(‬ ‫)ﺩﻻﺭ(‬
‫‪8/5‬‬ ‫‪140‬‬ ‫ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ‬
‫‪530‬‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ‬
‫‪7/3‬‬ ‫‪585‬‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻕ ﮔﺮﻡ‬
‫‪685‬‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻕ ﺳﺮﺩ‬
‫‪1/5‬‬ ‫‪960‬‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫‪0/5‬‬ ‫‪3000‬‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ‬

‫ﺳﻬﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻛﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺧﺎﻭﺭﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺰﺭگﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻫﺪﻑﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻱ ﺧﺪﺍﺩﺍﺩﻱ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪38‬‬

‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺎﻩ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪1-8-1‬‬

‫ﺳﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﺳﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﺳﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 500‬ﺩﻻﺭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 15‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻔﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﺳﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 10000‬ﺩﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺳﺮﺍﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 500‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ‪ 2005‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 2011‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 8-1‬ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2011‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ 215‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ‪ 284/3‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺻﺮﻑﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻛﻮﺩ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2009‬ﺳﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﺻﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 8-1‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ]‪.[3‬‬
‫‪Area‬‬ ‫\‬ ‫‪Year‬‬ ‫‪2005‬‬ ‫‪2006‬‬ ‫‪2007‬‬ ‫‪2008‬‬ ‫‪2009‬‬ ‫‪2010‬‬ ‫‪2011‬‬

‫‪.‬‬
 ‫‪39‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻳﻨﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 15‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﭼﻴﻦ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻓﺰﻭﻧﻲ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﻭ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﻣﺸﻜﻞﺗﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺻﺤﻨﻪ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ]‪.[5‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪) BRIC‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺯﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺳﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻊ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﭼﻴﻦ( ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻧﻮ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ‪) MITSK‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻟﺰﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﻧﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻛﺮﻩ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ( ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺁﺗﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺮﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺻﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻛﻮﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺭﺥ ﻧﺪﻫﺪ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1393‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ‪28/8‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺗﺨﺖ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 13/3‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2-8-1‬ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺯﻏﺎﻝﺳﻨﮓ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﮔﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭﻫﻤﻴﻦﻃﻮﺭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﮔﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻤﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 8-1‬ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 1/1‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎﺭﺩ ﺗﻦ ﺫﺧﺎﻳﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺭﺗﺒﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺰﺩ ﺑﺎ ‪ 53‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺧﺮﺍﺳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺫﺧﺎﻳﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2011‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 4/5‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎﺭﺩ ﺗﻦ ﺫﺧﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺁﻫﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺭﺗﺒﻪ ﻳﺎﺯﺩﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺫﺧﺎﻳﺮ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﻭﺭﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 35‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺭﺗﺒﻪ ﺩﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺫﻛﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻨﮓﺁﻫﻦ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 800‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎﺭﺩ ﺗﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻴﺎﺭ ﺁﻫﻦ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ 230 ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎﺭﺩ ﺗﻦ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺼﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺫﺧﺎﻳﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ‪160‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎﺭﺩ ﺗﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻴﺎﺭ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪ 77‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎﺭﺩ ﺗﻦ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺼﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺗﻜﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺗﻚ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺗﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬
 ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪40‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺏﻩ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﻱ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 9-1‬ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻛﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﺧﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻋﺮﺍﻕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺳﻴﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻭﺭﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺳﻲ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﻡ ﺳﻨﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻼﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺪﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ‬
 ‫‪41‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻢ ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻱ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺪﻙ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺭﻕ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺷﻤﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ‪ ،‬ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪1404‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪3/5‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 55‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 19‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1390‬ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻼً ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 13‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ‪ 11‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ 7/7‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺗﺨﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺧﺎﻭﺭﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻭﺭﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺰﺭگﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻫﺪﻑﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻭ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ 1-2‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪ x‬ﺷﺎﺭژﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ‪ ،1‬ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪ‪ ،2‬ﺯﻳﻨﺘﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺍﺿﻪ‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫‪ x‬ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺭﻩﺳﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺁﻫﻚ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮﺭ‬

‫‪ x‬ﻓﺮﻭ ﺁﻟﻴﺎژﻫﺎ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻓﺮﻭ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻭ ﻣﻨﮕﻨﺰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻭ ﻭﺍﻧﺎﺩﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺷﺎﺭژﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺩﺭﺻﺪﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺼﻲﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﺴﺎﻧﺘﺮﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﻨﺘﺮ ﻭ ﮔﻨﺪﻟﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2-2‬ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 5‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 300‬ﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻴﺖ )‪ (Fe2O3‬ﻛﻪ ‪ 70‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﮕﻨﺘﻴﺖ )‪ (Fe3O4‬ﻛﻪ ‪ 72‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻋﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Iron ore‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Pellet‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫)‪Direct Reduced Iron (DRI‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪Scrap‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ‬ ‫‪44‬‬

‫ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 60‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 65‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺁﻫﻦ )ﭘﻴﺮﻳﺖ( ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2011‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 2800‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2011‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 30‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻴﺎﺭ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﭼﻴﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 31‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻴﺎﺭ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 56‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻖ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﺵ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺭﻭﺑﺎﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﻌﺪﻥﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺭﻭﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﮕﻨﺘﻴﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ‪ 2‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 20‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺼﻲ )ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎﺕﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕﻫﺎ( ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺼﻲﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﭘﺮ ﻋﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﻮﺩﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻳﺰ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 6‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 25‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﭘﺮﻋﻴﺎﺭﺳﺎﺯﻱ )ﺛﻘﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻠﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ(‪ ،‬ﺁﺑﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﻴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻭ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺴﻨﮓ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ‪1-2‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﮔﻞﮔﻬﺮ ﺳﻴﺮﺟﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 1-2‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﮔﻞﮔﻬﺮ ]‪.[6‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧﺴﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻴﺎﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺭﻳﺰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﮔﺎﻧﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﺴﻨﮓ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ‬