CNC Machining, Iprc Karongi by Nzayirambaho - 2024

Department: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Module name: CNC MACHINING

Module Code: MAMCM701
RTQF Level: 7
Credits: 8 Hours: 80
Sector: Manufacturing and Mining

Sub-sector: Manufacturing Technology (MT)
Academic Year: 2023-2024
Module leader: NZAYIRAMBAHO Jean Marie Vianney
Email: nzayijemav@gmail.com
Tel : +250784658653 Issue Date: March. 2023
CNC MACHINING in level 7, Semester I- 2023/2024
Introduction
The module aims to develop a fundamental
knowledge on CNC programming &machining and
to enable Mechanical Technicians to perform
correct and reasonable works.
oNotice:
The module has theoretical part and practical
part.
After this module, you will be able to:
o explain technological process of turning
practical exercises and milling practical
exercise with utmost precision and tolerance.
CNC MACHINING in level 7, Semester I- 2023/2024 2

Definitions of CNC machines
 CNC stands for Computer Numerical Control.
A CNC machine is an electro-mechanical device used to manipulate and
control machine-shop tools and devices using computer programming.
When computers are used to control a Numerical Control (NC) machine tool
than the machine is called CNC machine.
Taking digitized data, a computer and CAM program is used to control,
automate, and monitor the movements of a machine.
The machine can be a milling machine, lathe, router, welder, grinder, laser or
waterjet cutter, sheet metal stamping machine, robot, or many other types of
machines.
The cutting operations performed by the CNC is called CNC machining.
The Various machining services in which CNC machine is used are known as
CNC machining services.
In CNC machine shops, programs are designed or prepared first, and then it
is fed to the CNC machine.
According to the program, the CNC controls the motion and speed of the
machine tools.

Definitions of CNC machines
 CAM software is used to generate these codes through CAD drawings.
o A series of codes are implemented to control all aspects of machining
processes.
o Little to zero human intervention is required to operate CNC machining
from feed rate to tool distance.
 Running machines with computers is more effective than producing
products with traditional machines.
 CNC machines are almost the same as traditional ones, but they come
with additional features: multi-axis capabilities and computer control.
o For instance, a CNC lathe can function in a more diverse manner by
performing cuts in circular directions.
 It’s not possible to create complex
geometries with manual lathes.
 CNC machining is a versatile and
cost-effective manufacturing
process

Detail Drawing
Producing Planning
Form in which stock material is

Component Size Type of Machining Required
supplied
Machining type (Machine Setting)
Process Operation schedule and time estimation
Work holding and Speeds and feeds Tooling type

location
CNC Machining program
Program Proving
Component production
5
CNC MACHINING in level 7, Semester I-
2023/2024
Difference between CNC and NC Machine:
NC MACHINE CNC MACHINE
CNC stands Computer Numerically Control
NC stands the Numeric control machine.
Machine.
This is not software driven. This is software driven machine.
It can imports CAD file and convert into part
It can not imports CAD files.
programming.
Operation parameter cannot be change. Operation parameter can be change.
It stores in Punch cards Memory. Directly stores in computer memory.
This machine can run for 24 hours
Machine cannot run continuously.
continuously.
Less flexibility or Computational ability. CNC machine having High.
This machine takes less time as compared
Takes more time for executing the program.
to NC machine.
High skill operator requires to operate NC The semi-skilled operators can perform the
machines. operation on a CNC machine.
Less maintenance. High maintenance.
The maintenance cost is less. The maintenance cost is more.
Machining cost is less. Machining cost ismore.
Use of CNC machines
CNC machining comes with several benefits. The most
widely accepted benefits across several industries include the
following:
1. Higher flexibility and repeatability
2. Reduced indirect costs
3. Increased productivity
4. Consistent quantity
5. Reliable operation
6. Reduced non-productive time
7. Higher accuracy
8. Reduced lead time
9. Automatic material handling

Precautions for machine operation
1. Always follow the instructions given in the operation manuals.
2. Never run the machine without protective covers and doors, such as the front door and chuck cover.
3. Close the front door first before starting the machine.
4. With a new program, never attempt to start actual cutting operations. First run the program without
setting a work piece in the machine to check machine operations and interference; after making sure
that the program is completely free of bugs, cut a work piece in the single block mode operation. Only
after making sure that the work piece can be cut without problems in the single block mode operation
should the automatic mode operation be started.
5. Before attempting the following, always make sure that untended operation can be accomplished
safely: Spindle rotation, Turret indexing and Axes movements.
6. While the spindle is revolving, never touch chips or the work piece.
7. Never try to stop a revolving object with hands or tools.
8. Confirm the jaw installation conditions, hydraulic pressure, and allowable maximum speed for the
power chuck.
9. Check the installed conditions and arrangement of the tools.
10. Confirm the tool and zero offset settings.
11. Set the spindle speed and feed rate override dials to 10%.
12. Before feeding the turret, confirm the soft-limit settings and the emergency limit switch settings for
both X and Z-axes.
13. Confirm the position where the turret index or rotation is allowed.
14. Confirm the tail stock position.
15. Make sure that cutting is conducted within the allowable transmission power and torque ranges.
16. Clamp the work piece in the chuck or fixture securely.
17. Check the cutting ﬂuid nozzle positions. Set them at positions to supply cutting ﬂuid correctly to the
cutting point.

CNC Measuring Machines
1. Shape measuring machine. It is applied to measure physical value: shape

and contour, suitable for automatic roughness measurement on engine
components and shafts. You can get effective measurement no matter the
size of machined parts.
2. Contour measuring machine. It is applied to measure physical value:
contour and roughness, complete automatic roughness and contour
measurement at the production line. Applicable for crank shafts, cylinder
heads, and cylinder blocks.
3. Video measuring machine. Applying the video technique, measuring small
precision parts cost-effectively and automatically.
4. Shaft measuring machine. It can be used to measure the physical value
contour, geometry, concentricity, diameter, angle, and length.
5. Visual measuring machine. Fast inspection, digital probe designed for
depth measurements.

Setup
1) Always make sure that the setup is complete
2) After changing the setup, operate the machine step by step to
make sure the cutting can be
conducted without problems.
3) Before replacing the chuck and/or chuck jaws, make sure that the
new set is for the job intended.
4) When two or more workers work as a group, establish the
necessary safety signs, for example, when lifting or setting heavy
objects confirm with other workers whether or not it’s ‘okay’ to
start the next process.
5) When handling heavy objects, use a crane or equivalent tool.
6) When attempting unfamiliar setups, check the setup again before
going on to the next step.

Work piece loading and unloading
1) Load and unload work pieces securely.

2) Retract the turret before loading and unloading a work piece to a
position where the cutting tools on the turret will not injure the
operator’s hands.
3) Before attempting to load or unload a work piece, make sure the
spindle has come to a complete stop.
4) Before running a new program, first rotate only the spindle to
make sure the work piece is securely clamped in the chuck.
5) To machine irregularly shaped work pieces, make sure the work
piece is clamped in the chuck securely without imbalance.
6) When handling heavy work pieces, use a crane, hoist, or other
tool.
7) Before setting a work piece in the machine, make sure the work
piece has portions that can be used for proper chucking.
At the end of the day
1) Clean the machine.

2) Locate the turret at the predetermined retraction position.
3) Before leaving the machine, turn off all power switches.
4) Turn off power to the machine in the following sequence:
CONTROL OFF button on the operation panel. The main power
disconnects.
Digitally signed
by
NZAYIRAMBAHO
JEAN MARIE
VIANNEY
Date: 2024.02.07
14:11:33 +02'00'

When a problem occurs
Stop all spindle(s) and axis movement by pushing the closest
EMERGENCY STOP switch.
Contact the maintenance person to determine what action to
take.
Use only the fuses and other replacement parts of the specified
rating.
Be extra careful when handling the following high-voltage units:
1. Main Breaker
2. Servo Drive unit (BL-11D)
3. VAC drive unit
4. Power cables

Other general precautions
1) Wear suitable safety clothes.

2) Keep work areas clean as well as the machine.
3) Do not touch controls with wet hands.

Workplace safety tips for CNC machinists
1) Wear suitable safety clothes.

2) Keep work areas clean as well as the machine.
3) Do not touch controls with wet hands.

1. Wear clothing suitable for machine operation and follow the safe working
procedures in place at your establishment.
2. • Do not place any objects so that they interfere with the guards or the
operation of the machine.
3. • Never try to clean the machine if any part of it is rotating or in motion.
4. • Always secure the work on the table or in a fixture or vice.
5. • Ensure that the correct cable for the power source is used.
6. • If power fails turn off the yellow/red isolator (found on the front of the
electrical control box) immediately.
7. • Hazardous voltages can still exist immediately after switching the
electrical control box isolator to the OFF position. Always wait at least 5
minutes before entering the electrical control box.
8. • Ensure the power is switched off before starting any maintenance work
on the machine. Always post a warning informing others that the machine
is undergoing essential maintenance.
9. • Lubricate the required machine areas at the intervals specified in this
manual, to prevent the axes from seizing (see the
10. Maintenance section for further details).
11. • Observe caution when adding or removing machine tooling.
12. • When an emergency stop is required, press the circular red emergency
stop button, located on the front machine operator’s panel.
5 common CNC machining materials
* Since any material — metal or plastic — that’s hard enough for machining
can be used for CNC manufacturing, product teams are spoiled for choice.
This short list provides a quick gloss of some of the most common
materials used in CNC manufacturing today.
* 1. Aluminum alloys are easy to machine in large volumes, have a good
strength-to-weight ratio, and high thermal and electrical conductivity.
They are also naturally resistant to corrosion. Aluminum 6061 is an all-
purpose aluminum alloy often used for CNC machining. It is typically
found in automotive parts, bike parts, sporting goods, and other
recreational items. This material is highly machinable; however, it can be
pricier than other metals and doesn’t hold up well in the presence of
saltwater or certain chemicals. Aluminum 7075 is a step up from 6061.
Ideal for aerospace frames and high-performance recreational equipment,
it’s the strongest commercially available aluminum alloy.

* 2.Stainless steel alloys are strong and resistant to distortion, wear, and
corrosion. 303 stainless steel includes sulfur for improved machinability,
but this material has a number of limitations that engineers must keep in
mind.
* 303cannot be cold-formed, heat-treated, or welded, and special care
must be taken with speed/feeds and the sharpness of cutting tools during
CNC manufacturing. That said, 303 makes excellent nuts, bolts, non-
marine grade fittings, shafts, and gears.
* 304 stainless steel is a non-magnetic, all-purpose steel for CNC machining
known for its toughness. It’s readily machinable and corrosion-resistant
like 303, but it can be welded. 304 is well-suited for a wide range of
consumer and industrial applications, kitchen accessories, tanks and
pipes, architecture, and more. 316 stainless steel is even more corrosion-
resistant than 304 or 303 thanks to the addition of molybdenum. It’s
strong, weldable, and one of the few marine grade stainless steels.
* Since it’s impossible to tell stainless steels apart by sight alone, engineers
should make sure to test the raw material to confirm the characteristics
of the steel they’re using.
* 3. Carbon steel 1045 is a mild grade of carbon steel. Manufacturers often
machine with this material because it is less expensive than most
stainless steels but stronger and tougher. 1045 is easy to machine,
weldable, and can be hardened or heat-treated to achieve various
hardnesses.
* Thismaterial is ideal for nuts, bolts, gears, shafts, connecting rods, and
other strong, small mechanical parts. 1045 can also be used for
architectural applications, but it must be surface-treated to prevent rust
and corrosion.

* 4. Titanium Known
for its high strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance,
titanium is often employed to manufacture parts for the most demanding
aerospace, military, and industrial applications. This material is also
biocompatible and suitable for use in medical device manufacturing.
* However, titanium is more expensive than any other metal in its
commercial form, doesn’t polish well, and is a poor conductor of
electricity. Engineers should also be aware that titanium is challenging to
machine, and requires special cutters.

*5. Nylon is an all-purpose, low-friction thermoplastic that is
often used as an alternative to metal in CNC-manufactured
parts. This material is stiff, strong, impact-resistant,
chemical-resistant, but surprisingly elastic. Nylon responds
well to additives and fillers, so engineers can feel free to
manipulate this material to achieve their desired properties.
*Popular applications for nylon include electrical molding, fuel
system components, gears, food packaging, fabric, and more.
However, nylon absorbs moisture easily, which may
negatively impact the dimensional stability of a part.

Accurate tool length measurements
* Understanding accuracy, precision and tolerance of CNC machining
* Accuracy is the difference between a measured value and an actual
value. Precision is the degree of certainty in a measurement. These
terms are often used interchangeably in the nontechnical world.
“Resolution” is a term that is used to describe the units of a measuring
instrument; it is the smallest unit to which a measuring tool can be read.
The “Rule of Ten” is a principle of metrology that states that any
measuring instrument should be at least 10 times as accurate as the
required measurement.
*
* Measurement fundamentals
* Basic Length Unit (BLU)
* Control resolution (BLU) is the distance separating two adjacent points in
the axis movement (the smallest change in the position).
* Each BLU unit corresponds to the position resolution of the axis of
motion.
* For example,
* 1 BLU = 0.0001" means that the axis will move 0.0001" for every one
electrical pulse received by the motor. The BLU is also referred to as Bit
(binary digit).
* Pulse = BLU = Bit
Types of automatic length measurement tools
*Due to the high requirements of CNC products, each part
should accurate dimension and precision, which needs a
complete CNC measuring system. Which tools are often used
in CNC machining? What instruments are used to measure
contour? Here dajinprecision.com will list some typical CNC
measuring machines, equipment, and tools applied in the
CNC machine shop

CNC Measuring System - Typical CNC Measuring Tools
*To make sure each CNC machining part is manufactured with
the right specification, the size and tolerance should be
measured with specific sophisticated CNC metrology tools.
*1. Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM)
*The CMM establishes a mechanical coordinate system with
the platform of measuring machine as the reference plane,
to collect the coordinate values of the measured points on
the surface of the measured workpiece, then project it into
the spatial coordinate system to construct a spatial model of
the workpiece. It's designed to measure various aspects
automatically, applicable from small hardware parts to the
whole machine.

* Surface place is a solid, flat plate designed for horizontal reference,
applicable in precision inspection, marking layout and tooling setup. It
needs to make shape adjustment and correct calibration for useful
results. Granite often used as the surface plate material as its stable
properties.
* Laser Scanning Arms
* Laser scanning arms can measure a wide range of dimensions at the same
time. It can automatically measure thousands of data points.
* Go/No-Go Gauge
* Go/No-Go gauge is an inspection tool used to check a workpiece whether
within specific tolerance ranges through the go/no-go test. The workpiece
has to pass one test (go) and fail the other (no-go).
* Micrometer
* Micrometer, also
known as micrometer screw gauge, can be applied as a
CNC measuring tool to take an accurate measurement of machined
components, usually working with the dial, vernier, digital calipers, and
more metrological equipment.
* Calipers
* Calipers are a kind of metrological device used to measure the
distance between two opposite sides of a part, there is a wide
range of calipers of different sizes and shapes.
* 7. Air Gage
* The principle of the Air Gage is to eject air from a calibrated
nozzle, and then record the rate at which the air returns to
multiple sensor nozzles. The size of the object is measured by
reading the air flow between the measured object and the
measuring tool.

CNC Measuring System
* Precision CNC Measuring Equipment and Devices
* Precision is conducting strict quality control all the time to ensure
high quality and meet customer requirements. A series of
equipment in the area of measurement and testing assist the
manufacturing and inspection process. We have gained the ISO9001
：2015 certification.
1. Coating thickness measuring device
2. Digital measurement projector
3. Profile projector
4. Miscellaneous concentricity test devices
5. Camera system for visual inspections
6. Contour measuring device
7. Large selection of gauge blocks, test mandrels, thread and gear
gauges, etc.

Applications of CNC Machining:
Industries That Use CNC Machining:
oCNC machining prototype productions are not tied to any single sector.
oPeople use it virtually everywhere.
oIt helps to create everything from aircraft parts to surgical tools.
oWe can, therefore, characterize the applications of CNC machining in
different industries.
The following industries gain from CNC machining purpose:
1. Aerospace Industry
 The machining of metal aircraft
components occurs at the highest level of
precision.
 The applications of CNC machining in the
aerospace industry are wide and reliable.
 Some of the machinable aerospace
components include engine mounts, fuel
flow components, landing gear
components, and fuel access panels.

Applications of CNC Machining: (cont’s)
2. Automotive Industry:
Extruded metal can be machined into cylinder blocks, gearboxes,
valves, axels, and various other components.
On the other hand, CNC machines plastics into components like
dashboard panels and gas gauges.
CNC machining in the automotive industry is also useful for
creating one-off custom parts.
The creation of various replacement parts is also possible with
CNC.
This is because the turnaround
times are fast, and there is no
minimum required part quantity.

3. Consumer Electronics
CNC machining also helps in the prototyping and production of consumer
electronics.
oThese electronics include laptops, smartphones, and many others.
oThe chassis of an Apple MacBook, for example, comes from the CNC
machining of extruded aluminum and then anodized.
In the electronics industry, CNC machining helps to create PCBs, housings,
jigs, fixtures, and other components.
4. Defense Industry
The military sector frequently turns to CNC machining for the prototyping of
rugged and reliable parts.
oThe intention of the machining is to allow the parts to withstand wear and tear with
minimal upkeep.
oMany of these parts overlap with other industries such as aerospace and
electronics.
The ability of CNC machines to provide on-demand replacement parts and
upgraded components are particularly useful in this industry.
oTherefore, it works well for parts that demand constant innovation and
security.
5. Healthcare Sector
CNC machining offers its use on various medically safe materials.
Since the process is suited to one-off custom parts, it has many
applications in the medical industry.
The tight tolerances afforded by CNC machining are essential to the
high performance of machined medical components.
 CNC machinable medical parts

include:
1. surgical instruments,
2. electronic enclosures,
3. orthotics, and
4. implants.

6. Oil & Gas Industry
Another industry that requires tight tolerances for the safety-critical
application of CNC lathe is the oil and gas industry.
oThis sector leverage the uses of CNC milling machine for precise, reliable
parts such as pistons, cylinders, rods, pins, and valves.
oThese parts are often used in pipelines or refineries.
oThey may be required in smaller quantities to fit specific quantities.
oThe oil and gas industry often requires corrosion-resistant machinable
metals like Aluminum 5052.

Manufacturing Possibilities of CNC Machining
Another way by which we can categorize CNC machining application
of numerical control is by the manufacturing possibilities and uses.
CNC machining is very useful in the following areas:
1. Rapid Prototyping
2. Production
3. Tooling
4. Hybrid Manufacturing and
5. Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)

Manufacturing Possibilities of CNC Machining (Cont’s)
1. Rapid Prototyping
CNC machines have fast turnarounds because they are highly
autonomous.
Once a digital design is complete, machinists can send them to the
CNC machine and fabricate them in a short space of time.
This makes CNC machining highly useful for prototype machining.
The application of CNC lathe is robust, regardless of the method
used for the machining of the final component.
 Machined prototypes come at very high
standards.
 They usually more closely resemble the
end-use parts.

2. Production
CNC machining is precise enough to create high-quality components
for the end-use application of numerical control.
The material versatility of this process allows for the fabrication of a
wide variety of parts.
Overall, CNC machining is a cost-effective manufacturing process for
many projects.
Regardless of size or scope, several industries use the
manufacturing process to create usable final parts.
3. Tooling
In addition to being an excellent direct manufacturing process, CNC
machining is an indirect manufacturing process to aid processes like injection
molding.
It helps to machine various steels and robust aluminum.
The machined parts such as metal molds can be filled with other materials to
create products in large quantities.
4. Hybrid Manufacturing
CNC machining does not have to be used independently of another
manufacturing process.
Combining it with other processes like 3D printing or metal casting can lead
to superior parts and products.
It is possible, for example, to CNC machine features such as holes and
threads in a printed or cast part.
5. Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)
 CNC automation enables electrical discharge
machining (EDM) in two ways.
 It allows vertical EDM requiring electrodes with a
similar shape and size as the cavity to be carved
out.
 The other type of EDM is the Wire EDM.
 This type helps to create the punch and die
combinations for different die sets used in metal
and plastic fabrication.

What Are the Main Features of CNC Milling Machines?
On every CNC machine, there is an electronic measuring system on each
controlled axis.
This helps to identify the positioning of slides on the slideway.
They also play an important role in orienting the spindle table, helping to
measure the real spindle speed.
There are also CNC controls for simple applications for turning the
machining centers.
Other features include automated lubrication systems, boring heads,
transitivity, spindle options, and automated tool length setters.

Major components of CNC machines

* Block diagram of CNC Machine

* Block diagram of CNC Machine

Major components of CNC machines(Cont’s)
The main parts of the CNC machine are:
1. Input Devices:
o These are the devices which are used to input the part program in the CNC machine.
o There are three commonly used input devices and these are:
 punch tape reader,
magnetic tape reader and
computer via RS-232-C communication.
oFloppy Disk Drive
Floppy disk is a small magnetic storage device for CNC data input.

1. Input Devices:
o USB Flash Drive
A USB flash drive is a removable and rewritable portable hard drive with compact size
and bigger storage size than a floppy disk.
Data stored inside the flash drive are impervious to dust and scratches that enable
flash drives to transfer data from place to place.

1. Input Devices:
o Serial communication
The data transfer between a computer and a CNC machine tool is often accomplished
through a serial communication port.
The most common interface between computers and CNC machine tools is referred to the
EIA Standard RS-232.
Most of the personal computers and CNC machine tools have built in RS232 port and a
standard RS-232 cable is used to connect a CNC machine to a computer which enables
the data transfer in reliable way.
Part programs can be downloaded into the memory of a machine tool or uploaded to the
computer for temporary storage by running a communication program on the computer
and setting up the machine control to interact with the communication software.

1. Input Devices:
o Ethernet communication
This media provides a more efficient and reliable means in part programme transmission
and storage.
Most companies now built a Local Area Network (LAN) as their infrastructure.
More and more CNC machine tools provide an option of the Ethernet Card for direct
communication within the LAN.

2. Machine Control Unit (MCU):
o It is the heart of the CNC machine.
o There are two sub-units in the machine control unit: the Data Processing Unit (DPU) and
the Control Loop Unit (CLU).
o It performs all the controlling action of the CNC machine, the various functions performed
by the MCU are:
Read the coding instructions.
Then, it helps to send the proper instruction to every part of the machine.
It can recognize interpolations (circular, straight, and helical) to form axis transfer
commands.
To support the axis movement controls and to the amplifier circuits for managing the
axis tools.
It holds the reviewed signals of location and velocity for each drive axis.
To execute auxiliary control purposes like coolant or shaft on/off and changing of tools.

2. Machine Control Unit (MCU):
o Data Processing Unit
On receiving a part programme, the DPU firstly interprets and encodes the part
programme into internal machine codes.
The interpolator of the DPU then calculate the intermediate positions of the motion in
terms of BLU (basic length unit) which is the smallest unit length that can be handled by
the controller.
The calculated data are passed to CLU for further action.
oControl Loop Unit
The data from the DPU are converted into electrical signals in the CLU to control the
driving system to perform the required motions.
Other functions such as machine spindle ON/OFF, coolant ON/OFF, tool clamp ON/OFF
are also controlled by this unit according to the internal machine codes.

Development Of MCU
1. Point to Point
oFor performing operations like tapping or drilling, point to point control was
provided to the early NC machines.
oThe machines had limited NC control only over the 2 axis table motion.
oPoint-to-point positioning is the process of positioning from one coordinate (XY)
position or location to another, performing the machining operation, and
continuing this pattern until all the operations have been completed at all
programmed locations.

Development Of MCU (Cont’s)
2. Continuous Path
oAs multi axis control became more developed, straight line
continuous path cutting ability soon made simple point to
point machines obsolete.
oThe ‘continuous path’ form of motion control as shown is
referred to as ‘Linear Interpolation’ which depending on the
machine, can involve all three axis being driven
simultaneously.

Contouring, or continuous path machining
oIt involves work such as that produced on a lathe or milling machine, where
the cutting tool is in contact with the workpiece as it travels from one
programmed point to the next.
oContinuous path positioning is the ability to control motions on two or more
machine axes simultaneously to keep a constant cutter-workpiece
relationship.
oThe programmed information in the CNC program must accurately position
the cutting tool from one point to the next and follow a predefined accurate
path at a programmed feed rate in order to produce the form or contour
required Types of contour machining (A) Simple contour; (B) complexe contour

2. Continuous Path
oAlthough linear interpolation is essentially a straight line motion control, circles
and arcs can be cut, but programming these is a series of short straight line cuts.
oThe accuracy of the arc is dependent on the high and low limits of size within the
arc.

3. Contour path
oWith the development of computer numerical control (CNC)
machines evolved the ability to cut true true geometric arcs and
circles.
oThis motion control referred to as circular interpolation allows
cutting motion to blend from straight line to curves in one
continuous motion.

Types Of MCU
Generally, we have three basic types of motion in a CNC machine.
1. Rapid Motion
o For utilizing the possible fastest rate of command motion, we can use rapid motion types.
During the machining cycle, it helps to reduce the non-productive time.
o For moving at the fastest rate in all commanded axes, a CNC machine must discover the
rapid rate of the machine as soon as possible.

Types Of MCU (Cont’s)
2. Straight Line Motion
o Straight Line Motion is the kind of motion that helps the coder to command absolutely
accurate line progress within the machine.
o It would allow programmers of the machine to command perfectly straight line movements
within the machine.
o The method by which feed rate is programmed also varies from one machine type to
another.
o Straight line can be used any time a straight cutting movement is required, like turning a
straight diameter, face or taper, milling straight surfaces, and when drilling.
o “G01” is the common term used to specify straight line motion and programmers will
include the desired end point in each axis within this command.
Limitations of NC:
o Relatively high initial cost of equipment.
o Need for part programming.
o Special maintenance requirements.
o More costly breakdowns.

Types Of MCU (Cont’s)
3. Circular Motion
o Circular Motion causes the machine to travel in a circular path direction. It is used to create
radii while machining.
o Thismotion type is used to generate radii during machining and causes the machine to
move in the direction of a circular path.
o Two G-codes, the “G02” and the “G03” are commonly used while programming circular
motions into a machine.
o A programmer can know the type of command to be used by observing movement with the
same perspective as the motion of machine, clockwise or anti-clockwise.
o CNC controls do vary with regards to limitations of motion types and contractors must be
prepared for such variations

Major components of CNC machines (Cont’s)
3. Machine Tool:
o A CNC machine tool always has a slide table and a spindle to control of the position and
speed.
o The machine table is controlled in X and Y axis direction and the spindle is controlled in the
Z axis direction.
4. Driving System:
o The driving system of a CNC machine consists of amplifier circuits, drive motors and ball
lead screw.
o The MCU feeds the signals (i.e. of position and speed) of each axis to the amplifier circuits.
o The control signals are than augmented (increased) to actuate the drive motors.
o The requirement is that the driving system has to response accurately according to the
programmed instructions
o And the actuated drive motors rotate the ball lead screw to position the machine table.
o Three types of electrical motors are commonly used.

Machine Tool:
Machine-Tool Characteristics
1. Flexible and Versatile
CNC milling machines and machining centers are suitable for the processing of multiple types of workpieces with different
structures and shapes, and can complete drilling, boring, reaming, milling planes, milling bevels, milling grooves, milling
surfaces (cams), tapping, etc.
2. High Machining Accuracy
CNC milling machines and machining centers have high machining accuracy, and under normal circumstances, the accuracy of
the workpiece can be guaranteed. In addition, CNC machining also avoids operating errors by operators, and the size of the
same batch of processed parts has good dimensional identity, which greatly improves product quality.
3. High Production Efficiency
CNC milling machine and machining center have the functions of milling machine, boring machine and drilling machine, so
that the process is highly concentrated, which greatly improves the production efficiency and reduces the workpiece clamping
error. It Can Process Complex Shapes
In addition to milling the surface of various parts that can be milled by ordinary milling machines, it can
also mill plane curve contours and spatial surface contours that ordinary milling machines cannot mill. This
is because CNC machine tools have multiple feed coordinates. The characteristics of axis linkage.
5. Reduce the Labour Intensity of the Operator
The CNC milling machine automatically completes the processing of parts according to the pre-programmed
processing procedures. In addition to operating the keyboard, loading and unloading tools, workpieces and
intermediate measurements and observing the operation of the machine tool, the operator does not need to
perform heavy and repetitive manual operations, which greatly reduces Labour intensity.

4. Driving System:
o DC Servo Motor
This is the most common type of feed motors used in CNC machines.
The principle of operation is based on the rotation of an armature winding in a permanently
energized magnetic field.
• The armature winding is connected to a commutator, which is a cylinder of insulated copper
segments mounted on the shaft.
• DC current is passed to the commutator through carbon brushes, which are connected to the
machine terminals.
• The change of the motor speed is by varying the armature voltage and the control of motor torque is
achieved by controlling the motor's armature current.
• In order to achieve the necessary dynamic behaviour it is operated in a closed loop system equipped
with sensors to obtain the velocity and position feedback signals.

4. Driving System:
oAC Servo Motor
In an AC servomotor, the rotor is a permanent magnet while the stator is
equipped with 3-phase windings.
The speed of the rotor is equal to the rotational frequency of the magnetic field
of the stator, which is regulated by the frequency converter.
AC motors are gradually replacing DC servomotors.
The main reason is that there is no commutator or brushes in AC servomotor so
that maintenance is virtually not required.
Furthermore, AC servos have a smaller power-to-weight ratio and faster
response.

4. Driving System:
oStepping Motor
A stepping motor is a device that converts the electrical pulses into discrete mechanical
rotational motions of the motor shaft.
This is the simplest device that can be applied to CNC machines since it can convert
digital data into actual mechanical displacement.
It is not necessary to have any analog-to-digital converter nor feedback device for the
control system. They are ideally suited to open loop systems.
However, stepping motors are not commonly used in machine tools due to the following
drawbacks: slow speed, low torque, low resolution and easy to slip in case of overload.

4. Driving System:
o Linear Motor
A linear electric motor is an AC rotary motor laid out flat.
The same principle used to produce torque in rotary motors is used to produce force in
linear motors.
Through the electromagnetic interaction between a coil assembly and a permanent
magnet assembly, the electrical energy is converted to linear mechanical energy to
generate a linear motion.
As the motion of the motor is linear instead of rotational, therefore it is called linear motor.
Linear motors have the advantages of high speeds, high precision and fast response.

5. Feedback System:
o This system consists of transducers that act as sensors.
o It is also called a measuring system.
o It contains position and speed transducers that continuously monitor the position and
speed of the cutting tool located at any instant.
o The MCU receives the signals from these transducers and it uses the difference between
the reference signals and feedback signals to generate the control signals for correcting
the position and speed errors.
o Two types of feed back devices are normally used, positional feed back device and
velocity feed back device.
a) Positional Feed Back Devices
There are two types of positional feed back devices: linear transducer for direct
positional measurement and rotary encoder for angular or indirect linear
measurement.

5. Feedback System:
Linear Transducers - A linear transducer is a device mounted on the machine
table to measure the actual displacement of the slide in such a way that
backlash of screws; motors, etc would not cause any error in the feed back
data.
This device is considered to be of the highest accuracy and also more
expensive in comparison with other measuring devices mounted on screws or
motors.

5. Feedback System:
Rotary Encoders - A rotary encoder is a device mounted at the end of the motor shaft or
screw to measure the angular displacement.
This device cannot measure linear displacement directly so that error may occur due to
the backlash of screw and motor etc.
Generally, this error can be compensated for by the machine builder in the machine
calibration process.

5. Feedback System:
b) Velocity Feedback Device
oThe actual speed of the motor can be measured in terms of voltage generated
from a tachometer mounted at the end of the motor shaft. DC tachometer is
essentially a small generator that produces an output voltage proportional to the
speed.
oThe voltage generated is compared with the command voltage corresponding to
the desired speed. The difference of the voltages can is then used to actuate the
motor to eliminate the error.

6. Display Unit:
o A monitor is used to display the programs, commands and other useful data of CNC
machine.
o When the machine is running, the Display Unit displays the present status such as the
position of the machine slide, the spindle RPM, the feed rate, the part programmes, etc.
o In an advanced CNC machine, the Display Unit can show the graphics simulation of the
tool path so that part programmes can be verified before the actually machining.
o Much other important information about the CNC system can also displayed for
maintenance and installation work such as machine parameters, logic diagram of the
programmer controller, error massages and diagnostic data.

Basic principles of CNC machining
How CNC Machine Works?
First, the part program is inserted into the MCU of the CNC.
Second, In MCU all the data process takes place and according to the
program prepared, it prepares all the motion commands and sends it to the
driving system.
Third, The drive system works as the motion commands are sent by MCU.
The drive system controls the motion and velocity of the machine tool.
The feedback system records the position and velocity measurement of
the machine tool and sends a feedback signal to the MCU.
In MCU, the feedback signals are compared with the reference signals and
if there are errors, it corrects it and sends new signals to the machine tool
for the right operation to happen.
A display unit is used to see all the commands, programs and other
important data. It acts as the eye of the machine.

Basic principles of CNC machining
 How CNC Works?
oControlled by G and M codes.
oThese are number values and co-ordinates.
oEach number or code is assigned to a particular operation.
oTyped in manually to CAD by machine operators.
o G&M codes are automatically generated by the computer software.
 Basic Principles of CNC Machine

oMovement of X, Y, Z axis are controlled by a motor which supplies either Alternating
current or Direct current.
oMovement of the machine is done by giving commands.
oAll the operations are carried out by codes like speed, feed, depth of cut, etc.
oFor each operation separate code is available.
oThe warning system is available to save guard the various operations and components.

Take home lesson 1
1. What is numerical control (NC) and what components traditionally comprised NC
systems?
2. What are four objectives of numerical control?
3. What advantages does numerical control offer over manual methods?
4. What is a computer numerical control (CNC) machine?
5. What improvements do today’s modern CNC machines offer over traditional NC
machines?
6. What is meant by the terms direct numerical control and distributive numerical control?
7. Name four requirements that must be satisfied prior to using CNC in a shop.
8. Describe four devices for storing and inputting CNC programs.
9. What advantages do flash drives offer over other types of storage media?
10.What is binary code?
11.Name three advantages offered by machining centers.
12. Describe the financial rewards of CNC investment.

Safety rules for CNC machinery safety
Learn what to do, and what not to do, to keep yourself safe when you
operate CNC machinery.
Computer numerical control (CNC) machines are generally safe.
oBut worker misuse can easily jeopardize their safety.
oThat’s why it’s important for their operators to know exactly what they
should – and should not – do.
When your workplace is safe, you’re able to attract the best
employees. Worker satisfaction and productivity stay high.
Turnover and costs related to workplace accidents stay low.

Safety rules for CNC machinery safety (cont’s)
So here’s what to look for to keep your workers safe:
1. Only Operate CNC Machines You’ve Been Trained to Use
oSounds obvious and simple, but some companies do allow
untrained employees to operate CNC machinery with little or no
training. Many accidents do happen this way.
2. Always Have at Least One Person Observing the CNC
Machine
oMake sure you have every CNC machine under observation by at
least one person.

3. Always Do These Things Before Operating Your CNC
Machine.
Here’s a brief list of to-dos:
Make sure the CNC machine isn’t operating when you load a tool
magazine
Ensure the tools are sharp and free of cracks
Double-check to make sure all tools are set correctly
Double-check that you have set the right tool data for the program
Test tools before every new use
Examine seating surfaces for cleanliness before installing new
tools
Set the spindle direction correctly for right and left-handed
operators
Only use tools within manufacturer limits and tighten them to their
recommended torque
4. A Few Things Never to do Before Operation
Never use blunt, cracked, or chipped tools.
If you notice tools with damaged tips, don’t use those either.
5. If You Use a CNC Router
Before you operate a CNC router, make sure there aren’t any screws in
the path of the bit.
 At best, the bit will get broken and the screw will get embedded into your
project.
However, in some cases the screw can shoot off and hit you or another
worker.
If, during operation, you notice anything unusual with the bit, hit the pause
button, or the red emergency button for immediate shutdown.
Fix the problem before you begin operating again.

6. Always Make Sure You’re Mentally Focused
If you’re not feeling well and it’s hard for you to concentrate because of a
sickness, don’t use CNC machinery.
Better to miss a few hours of work that cause an injury to yourself or
someone else.
And, better to leave work than it is to break the machine and cause costly
repairs and downtime.

Safety rules for CNC machinery safety

OSHA Regulation: CNC Machine Safety Requirements
oThe Occupational Safety and Health Administration requires employers to keep the
workplace free of serious hazards, such as exposure to moving machine parts that could
crush or amputate fingers or hands.
o According to OSHA, “any machine part, function, or process that may cause injury must be safeguarded.”
What You Need to Know:
1. Operators should never place any body part into the machine or near the spindle while
attempting a power-up mode.
2. For true quality control, operators should review and dry run all new programming–without stock
or tooling.
3. Tooling or other machine alterations of any kind can cause incredible energy to be released if
hardened steel tooling collides with other equipment.
4. Clean machines mean safer CNC machining operations.
5. Less experienced machinists need to make sure they fully understand CNC machine cycles and do
not reach in when they think it is done. Always make sure a machine has fully completed its
cycle.



 Keep CNC Machine Doors Closed
o “Every CNC machine has a home position where it returns before starting another cycle, and operators
need to learn what that is… Always allow it to return home and power off before reaching into the
machine or into any of the actionable areas.” Frank Quarato President, Center for Safety &
Environmental Management.
Don’t Alter CNC Machine Tools
Clean and Maintain Your CNC Machines to Reduce Cuts and Burns
Use the Proper PPE for Eyes, Ears, Hands, Feet and Faces

Advantages and Disadvantages of CNC
Advantages
1. It can produce jobs with the highest accuracy and precision than any other manual machine.
2. It can be run for 24 hours a day.
3. The parts produced by it have the same accuracy. There is no variation in the parts
manufactured.
4. A highly skilled operator is not required to operate it. A semi-skilled operator can also operate
accurately and more precisely.
5. Operators can easily make changes and improvements and reduce the delay time.
6. It has the capability to produce complex designs with high accuracy in minimum possible time.
7. The modern design software, allows the designer to simulate the manufacturer of his/her idea.
And this removes the need for making a prototype or model and saves time and money.
8. Fewer workers are required to operate a CNC and save labor costs.
Disadvantages
1. The cost of the CNC machine is very high as compared with a manually operated machine.
2. The parts of the CNC machines are expensive.
3. The maintenance cost in the case of CNC is quite high.
4. It does not eliminate the need for costly tools.

Types of CNC machines
 CNC machines require the skills of a trained professional to be able to produce high
quality commercial products.
All of the following machines use G-code, which is the language that a CNC machine
understands. Each type of CNC machine caters to a specific purpose.
1. CNC Milling Machine.
o One of the most common types of CNC machines, a CNC mill utilizes computer controls to cut
various materials.
o Mills can translate specific programs of numbers and letters in order to move the spindle in
various ways.
o Many mills use what is known as G-code, which, as mentioned, is a standardized programming
language recognized by most CNC machines.
o A CNC mill can have a wide array of

functions, such as face milling,
shoulder milling, tapping, drilling and
turning.
o Most CNC mills come in three to six-
axis configurations.
o A CNC mill is very large compared to
other tools and can be quite costly.

Types of CNC machines (Cont’s)
2. CNC Lathe
o A lathe is a CNC machine that functions to cut work pieces as they are rotated. CNC lathes can make
precise cuts quickly by using various tools.
o These CNC machines are quite effective in the precision they offer compared to manual lathes. They
often have fewer axes than CNC milling machines, and are therefore smaller in size and more
compact.
o CNC lathes come with similar controls

to those of CNC mills and can read both
G-code and other proprietary
programming languages.
o Some of the most common CNC lathe
machine manufacturers include HAAS,
Mori Seiki and Okuma.
o The framework of CNC lathes is similar
to manual lathes.

3. CNC Router
o A CNC router is a machine that is very similar to the commonly used handheld router utilized for
cutting various materials.
o This type of CNC machine can aid in the cutting of steel, wood, aluminum, composites, plastic
and foam.
o A CNC router is similar to a CNC mill. It comes with the ability to use computer numerical control
to route tool paths that enable the machine to function.
o CNC routers reduce waste and increase productivity by producing various items in a much
shorter amount of time than other machines.
o Most routers can operate on a particular

material in all three dimensions, and are
great for smaller projects and the
creation of prototype models and
complex designs.
o You can also find three axis, four axis,

five axis and six axis routers.

4. CNC Plasma Cutter
oThe process of plasma cutting involves the cutting of a material using a plasma torch.
oThis method is most commonly used to cut heavy materials, such as steel and other forms
of metal.
o With a CNC plasma cutter, gas is blown at a
very high speed from a nozzle. While this is
being done, an electrical arc forms through
the gas coming out of the nozzle to the
surface that is being cut.
o This converts some of the gas into plasma,
and these plasma temperatures range from
10,000-50,000 degrees. The plasma is hot
enough to melt whatever material is being
cut, and it blows away any molten metal
from the site of the cut.
o In terms of shape and size, CNC plasma
cutters are very similar to CNC routers.
These machines only work with two-
dimensional shapes.

5. CNC Electric Discharge Machine
oElectric discharge machining, or EDM for short, involves creating a specific shape within a
certain material by using electrical discharges, or sparks.
o In this process, the material is removed

from a specific work piece by a series of
recurring electrical discharges between
two electrodes.
o These electrodes are separated by a
dielectric fluid, which often receives an
electric voltage.
o In this machine, the material is placed in
between two electrodes and the
machine then calculates to see the
amount of electrical discharge each
electrode needs to produce.

6. CNC Laser Cutter
o Last but certainly not least, there are CNC laser cutters.
o These types of machines are similar to
CNC plasma machines—the only difference
is that lasers are mostly used for cutting
and are great when it comes to cutting
metals, plastic or hardwood.
o Depending on the density and strength of
the material, the intensity of the laser can
be adjusted.

Types of CNC machining operations
1. Drilling
2. Milling
3. Turning
4. Broaching
5. Sawing
6. Grinding
7. Honing
8. Lapping

CNC DRILLING OPERATIONS
Drilling is the cutting process in which the workpiece does not move, making the cutter
move, aligning the cutter center with the hole center, and making the cutter rotate.
CNC Drilling is primarily done on CNC machines including CNC milling machines and lathes.
o CNC drilling service produces round holes, typically for machine screws and bolts.
oDrilling can process CNC drilling parts with metals, hard plastics, wood and most other
rigid materials.
There are several types of drilling machines available for CNC, including these drill presses:
Upright,
Bench and
Radial.
When in use, the step-by-step process for CNC
drilling includes:
The operator uploads and accesses
the computer-aided design (CAD) or
computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) file.
The operator installs the appropriate drill bit
and secures the designated material on the table.
The operator starts the drilling process through
the control panel or interface.
The spindle lowers, drilling the appropriate
hole sizes and diameters.
What is CNC Milling?
Machining refers to a mechanical cutting technology that uses physical
contact to remove material, using a wide range of tools.
CNC milling is a substractive fabrication method that uses computer
numerical controls systems for automating the process.

Milling Process
We could limit ourselves to describing the
fabrication process only but giving an overview of the
complete flow gives a more wholesome picture.
The milling process includes:
1. Designing the parts in CAD
2. Translating the CAD files into code for machining
3. Setting up the machinery
4. Producing the parts

CNC MILLING OPERATIONS
CNC Milling involves using a cutting tool that is mounted on a rotating spindle to
selectively remove material from a dedicated workpiece.
o The raw material is secured to a table, which moves or rotates on different planes that
allow the tool to operate at many angles.
The CNC milling process can be used to produce not only shaping, but also slots,
holes, notches and pockets.
o The cutting tool’s edges make several quick cuts to sculpt the raw material’s surface, which
are constantly removed as the process continues.
o Actions performed by machine to
produce the necessary cuts on the
workpiece:
 Slowly feed the workpiece into the

stationary, rotating tool
 Move the tool across the stationary
workpiece
 Move both the tool and workpiece
in relation to each other

Types of CNC Milling operations
Plain Milling
o Also known as slab or surface milling, this process involves the use of a cutting tool with a
rotary axis that is parallel to the surface of the raw material.
o It is commonly used to create a flat surface.(https://youtu.be/qZF3S-LfVks)
Face Milling
o This involves the rotary axis being perpendicular to the material’s surface.
o The tools used for this process tend to have more teeth than those used in plain milling,
with the teeth on the edge of the tools being used to cut the raw material.
o Meanwhile, those in contact with the flat material are used for finishing.
Angular Milling
o As the name suggests, this form of CNC Milling involves the tool’s rotary axis being at an
angle to the raw material’s surface.
o These machines are used to provide a midpoint between Plain and Face Milling.
Form Milling
o This type of milling is used to create parts that have no flat surfaces.
o The machines can be fitted with several different tools depending on the type of curve
required.
Examples of tooling for milling machine operations,

including cutters, drills, and broaching bits. 
Other Milling Machine Operations
Straddle milling:
o It refers to milling operations in which the machine tool machines two or more parallel workpiece
surfaces with a single cut.
o This process employs two cutters on the same machine arbor, arranged such that the cutters are at
either side of the workpiece and can mill both sides at the same time.
Gang milling:
o Gang milling refers to milling operations which employ two or more cutters—typically of varying size,
shape, or width—on the same machine arbor.
o Each cutter can perform the same cutting operation, or a different one, simultaneously, which produces
more intricate designs and complex parts in shorter production times.
Profile milling:
o refers to milling operations in which the machine tool creates a cut path along a vertical or angled
surface on the workpiece.
o This process employs profile milling equipment and cutting tools which can be either parallel or
perpendicular to the workpiece’s surface.
Gear cutting:
o a milling operation which employs involute gear cutters to produce gear teeth.
o These cutters, a type of formed milling cutters, are available in various shapes and pitch sizes
depending on the number of teeth necessary for the particular gear design.
o A specialized lathe cutter bit can also be employed by this process to produce gear teeth.
Since milling machines support the use of other machine tools besides milling tools, they can be
used for machining processes other than milling, such as drilling, boring, reaming, and tapping.

CNC Mill Support Software
Like most CNC machining processes, the CNC milling process uses CAD
software to produce the initial part design and CAM software to generate
the CNC program which provides the machining instructions to produce the
part.
The CNC program is then loaded to the CNC machine of choice to initiate
and execute the milling process.

Designing the CAD files & translation into code
The first step is creating the virtual representation of the final product in CAD software.
o There are many powerful CAD-CAM programs that let the user create the necessary G
code for machining.
The code is available for checking and amending, if necessary, to suit the
machine’s capabilities.
o Also, manufacturing engineers can simulate the whole cutting process using this kind of
software.
This allows checking for mistakes in the design to avoid creating models that are
not possible to produce.
G code can also be written manually, as was done in the past.
oThis, however, prolongs the whole process considerably.
oTherefore, we would suggest making full use of the possibilities modern
engineering software offers.

CNC Milling Machine Components
Despite the wide range of milling machines available, most machines largely share the same
basic components.
oThese shared machine parts include the:
1. Machine interface
2. Column
3. Knee
4. Saddle
5. Worktable
6. Spindle
7. Arbor
8. Ram
9. Machine tool



Characteristics of Milling Machines by Axes of Motion
Number Characteristics
of Axes
•Capable of managing most machining needs
•Capable of producing the same products as machines with more axes
•Suitable for automatic or interactive operation, cutting sharp edges, drilling holes, milling slots, etc.
3 •Simplest machine setup (A)
•Only requires one workstation (A)
•Higher knowledge requirements for operators (D)
•Lower levels of efficiency and quality (D)
•Capable of operating on materials ranging from aluminum and composite board to foam, PCB, and
wood
•Suitable for advertising design, art creating, medical equipment creating, technology research, hobby
4 prototype building, and industrial applications
•Greater functionality than 3-axis machines (A)
•Higher levels of precision and accuracy than 3-axis machines (A)
•More complex machine setup 3-axis machines (D)
•More expensive than 3-axis machines (D)
•Multiple axes configurations available (e.g., 4+1, 3+2, or 5)

•Suitable for aerospace, architectural, medical, military, oil and gas, and artistic and functional
5 applications
•Greatest functionality and capabilities (A)
•Depending on config., faster operation than 3-axis and 4-axis machines (A)
•Highest levels of quality and precision (A)
•Depending on config., slower operation than 3-axis and 4-axis machines (D)
•More expensive than 3-axisin and
CNC MACHINING level4-axis machines
7, Semester (D)
I- 2023/2024 98
CNC material selection guidelines

Components of CNC Lathe

CNC Turning – Process, Operations & Machinery
CNC turning is a manufacturing process that involves holding bars
of material in a chuck and rotating them while feeding a tool to the
piece to remove material until the desired shape is achieved.
As the desired shape is achieved through the removal of material,
it is also known as subtraction machining.
CNC turning is one of the central methods of manufacturing. It can
produce cylindrical parts with various contours.
All of the work can be completed from one side if the CNC turning
center has only one turret, but some turning centers have a main
spindle and sub-spindle for even faster operation.
With this configuration, the main spindle partially machines the
workpiece, which is then moved to the sub-spindle to complete the
job on the other side of the part.
The speed of CNC turning operations makes it an ideal process for
large production runs with short lead times.
CNC turning lathes, on the other hand, are used to conduct
operations such as:
1. Boring
2. Drilling
3. Facing
4. Grooving
5. Threading
6. Reaming
7. Tapping
8. Knurling
9. Parting
https://fractory.com/cnc-turning/
CNC Turning Process
What does the turning process actually comprise of?

oWhile the cutting itself is pretty straightforward.
The steps of the process are:
1. Creating a digital representation of the part in CAD
2. Creating the machining code from the CAD files
3. CNC lathe setup
4. Manufacturing of the turned parts
Visit https://youtu.be/6JAZKjnnKvE for more
information

Lathe setup
Steps for setting up a CNC turning centre:
1. Making sure the power is off. CNC machining can be
dangerous, so extra care is necessary and checking the
power switch is the basis for that.
2. Securing the part into the chuck. The chuck holds the part
during the whole process. Improper loading can both pose
dangers as well as result in a finished part with the wrong
dimensions.
3. Loading the tool turret. Turning comprises of many steps,
so be sure to choose the right tooling for a certain finish. The
turret can hold many tools at once for a seamless operation
from start to finish.
4. Calibration. Both the tool and part have to be set up in the
right way. If anything is off, the result will not meet the
demands.
5. Upload the program. The last step before pushing the start
button is uploading the code to the CNC machine.
Turning Parameters
The parameters of CNC turning depend on various aspects.
oThese include the material of the part and tool, tool size, finishing requirements,
etc.
The 6 main parameters for CNC turning are:
oSpindle speed. The unit is rotations per minute (rpm) and it shows the rotational
speed of the spindle (N), thus also the workpiece. The spindle speed is in direct
correlation with the cutting speed which also takes the diameter into account.
Therefore, the spindle speed should vary to maintain a constant cutting speed if the
diameter changes considerably.
oWorkpiece diameter. As said, this plays an important role to arrive at the right
cutting speed. The symbol is D and the unit is mm.
oCutting speed. The equation for calculating the cutting speed is V=πDN/1000. It
shows the relative speed of the workpiece to the cutting tool.
oFeed rate. The unit is mm/rev and the symbol is s. Cutting feed shows the distance
the cutting tool moves per one turn of the workpiece. The distance is measured
axially.
oAxial cut depth. Pretty self-explanatory as it shows the depth of a cut in the axial
direction. It is the primary parameter for facing operations. A higher feed rate puts
more pressure on the cutting tool, shortening its lifetime.
oRadial cut depth. The opposite of axial cut, it shows the depth of cutting
perpendicular to the axis. Again, lower feed rates help to lengthen the lifetime of
tools and secure a better finish.
Types of CNC lathe
There are several different types of lathes out there and each is suited for
various kinds of projects.
The primary difference between a CNC and a conventional lathe is that
a conventional lathe is usually restricted to two axes for tooling, while a CNC
lathe can have up to six machining axes and even milling tool options as
well.
Horizontal CNC lathes are one of the most commonly used machines and
have all the capabilities of a conventional lathe except they’re controlled by
a computer and primarily used for turning and boring.
Vertical CNC lathes hold the workpiece from the bottom (instead of the
side grip in horizontal) and spin it like a top. This is good for workshops with
space constraints and when working on particularly stout, heavy
workpieces.
Horizontal turning centers are enclosed CNC lathes that integrate milling
and drilling capabilities. A turning center can also include a traveling tool
turret, more tooling axes, coolant flooding, a tailstock that is separated from
the carriage, and sometimes a conveyor belt.
Vertical turning centers are a combination of a horizontal turning center
and a CNC mill.
Take home lesson 2
When is a Lathe Considered a CNC Turning Center?
How can you automate the CNC Turning Center?



Coordinate system
The Cartesian coordinate system is the fundamental system
used to describe the motion of the tool and workpiece within a
three-dimensional space.
CNC motion is based on the Cartesian coordinate system.
oCNC machines use numbers to locate a particular point along the
X-, Y-, and Z-axes.
oThey perform a series of instructions, one after another, to
machine the workpiece and create incredibly accurate
dimensions.
o NC machines use either incremental or absolute
coordinates to move from one location to the next.
With incremental coordinates, the current position
acts as the origin for the next position.
o With absolute coordinates, the origin stays in a
fixed location, and each new location is calculated
from that fixed position.

Coordinate system (cont’s)
 Most CNC machines can move along multiple axes at once to
perform contour operations.
The axes on any CNC machine are determined by set standards.
The Z-axis is always parallel to the machine spindle.
On a machining center, the spindle holds the cutting tool.
oOn a turning center, the spindle holds the rotating workpiece.
oNowadays, CNC machines can create complex shapes such as circles,
curves, and cones.

Types of information in Cartesian System

Information Example Code
Mechanical Turning on the spindle or the M codes (machine functions)
The mechanical vacuum pump. eg M93, M06
actions required.
Direction Movement left or right, back Cartesian (rectangular) co-

The direction of each or forward, up and down. ordinates expressed as axes
movement. (X,Y,Z)
Dimensions Appears after every axis Expressed as millimetres and

The distance each designation contain a decimal point eg
movement travels. X345.67
Movements A straight line, clockwise and G codes (preparatory functions)

The way movements anti-clockwise curves and eg G01, G02, G03, G00
take place. rapid feed.

Some CNC machines will have a two
dimensional coordinate system.
oThis system is also called the rectangular coordinate
system.
oIt is commonly defined by two axes at right angles to each
other, forming a plane known as the XY plane.
oThe horizontal axis is known as X and the vertical axis is known
as Y.
oA two dimensional system allows for directions left, right, back
and forward.
oUsing this system on a CNC machine is much the same as
reading a street directory.
oIf you are able to read a street directory you will be able to
read X and Y coordinates.

At the point of origin on the X Y plane, four quadrants are
created and indicated as Roman numerals I, II, III, IV.
o Conventionally, the four quadrants start from the top right and are
labelled in an anti-clockwise direction.
oThe values for quadrant I are (X+, Y+). The values for quadrant II are
(X-, Y+). The values for quadrant III are (X-, Y-).
o The values for quadrant IV are

(X+, Y-). For example, in the
diagram below, the point (P) is
in quadrant I.
o Values 5 and 3 are both
positive values.
o If P was in quadrant II, it would
have one positive and one
negative value: P(-5,3).

Most CNC machines use a three dimensional coordinate system. In this system
another axis, called Z, is added.
o Thiscreates additional planes (XZ and YZ) providing a third dimension of measurement.
Up and down movements can be included using this system.
o All
three axes (X, Y and Z) are at right angles to each other and the point of intersection
where the axes meet is called the origin (known as 0) or datum point.
o Each of the axes is assigned a value o To specify a particular point on the two
depending on how far you want the dimensional coordinate system you enter the
X value first followed by the Y value (x,y).
machine to move in a particular o With the three dimensional system, the third
direction. value Z, is entered after the X and Y values
o Setting the X, Y and Z values is the first (x,y,z).
o For example, if the machine needs to move
step in writing a CNC program. down 8, left 5 and forward 6, the first
o Depending on the direction of each coordinate you would enter is X5 followed by
movement and the value of each Y6 and finally Z8.
movement, each movement is
expressed as axes (X+, X-, Y+, Y-, Z+ or
Z-).

Take home lesson 3

Accurate measurements (Cont’s)
Units

Open Loop Systems
Open loop systems have no access to the real time data about the
performance of the system and therefore no immediate corrective action
can be taken in case of system disturbance.

Close Loop Systems
In a close loop system, feed back devices closely monitor the output and
any disturbance will be corrected in the first instance.
Therefore high system accuracy is achievable.

Machine tool
 Machine tools are hands down an essential
component of a CNC machine.
 CNC machines are computer-controlled,
high-precision tools designed to make
accurate movements in a repeated pattern.
 If the CNC machine is the brain, machine
tools are the limbs- converting instructions
into actual action.
 In order to achieve machined parts of
different shapes, a CNC machine utilizes
several different types of CNC machine
tools.
 Although CNC machining is very similar to
3D printing, the key difference lies in their
high precision, advanced speed, and cost.
Generally, the CNC machine is a better
choice for more precise, efficient, and top
quality projects.

CNC CUTTING TOOLS
All in all, there are several types of CNC machine tools, each of
them with their unique properties and functionalities.
There are various types of CNC cutting tools and these tools
are designed for high-precision machining.
Most often, manufacturers make use of CNC cutting tools for
near-perfection projects requiring a high degree of accuracy and
precision.
Which of the CNC cutting tools used is dependent on the
project, operation pattern, and, most importantly, the CNC
machine itself.
Although all cutting tools serve one purpose, to cut through a
material, there is a huge difference in their purpose.

CNC CUTTING TOOLS (Cont’s)
Normally, for a cutting tool to be effective, it has to:
be 30% to 50% harder than the material it will work on.
be easily fabricated.
have high thermal conductivity.
have low coefficient of friction.
be very resistance to wear.
be chemically inert and stable.

TYPES OF CNC CUTTING TOOLS
Based on that material, we classify cutting tools into:
1. Carbon Steel Tool
oThese cutting tools are inexpensive and are mainly for low-speed operations.
oThey have a carbon composition of 0.6 – 1.5% with a little amount of
manganese and silicon.
oThey’re mainly in twist drills, forming tools, milling cutters, and turning.
2. High-Speed Steel (HSS)
oIt‘s composed of high carbon steel with a reasonable amount of element
alloys like chromium, tungsten, and molybdenum.
oWith this combination, it improves hardness, wear resistance, and
toughness.
oIt also offers higher removal rate for metals and other materials.
oTo improve its property, you’ve got to apply certain surface treatment.
3. Ceramics
o These chemically inert tools are corrosion-resistant
and 10x faster than high-speed steel.
o Usually, aluminum oxide and silicon nitride make up
ceramics materials.
o Projects that require top-notch finish operations
normally use ceramics.
TYPES OF CNC CUTTING TOOLS (Cont’s)
4. Cemented Carbide
oDesigned for high-speed operations, these carbide tools are extraordinarily hard and can
withstand temperatures of up to 1000oC.
oNormally, tantalum, titanium, and tungsten make them up.
oOperations that require a high-quality surface finish also use them.
oOther classifications include diamond tools, cubic boron nitride (CBN), sialon, and
cermets.

CNC Cutting tools come in various shapes and sizes and you can use them for various
milling and lathe cutting operations.
1. End Mills

1. End Mills
oRotational cutting tools that you can use for the removal of materials.
oAlthough very similar to the drill bit, the end mill is for more versatile machining
operations.
oUnlike the drill bit that cut axially to the material, end mills are lateral cutting tools that
cut in any direction.
oDue to their design, some end mills cannot cut materials axially.
The various types of end mills are:
(a) Ball nose mills: Ideal for 3D contour work, ball nose mills have rounded ends that produce
top-notch curved surfaces.
(b) V-bit: Depressions that these tools make are V-shaped. V-bit can be 90o or 60o and each
depends on the angle of depression that a material needs. Although they often use them to
engrave signs on materials, they’re ideal for projects that need excellent sharp edges
(c) Down-cut and up-cut end mills: These spiral tools can either produce a smooth-surface
finish by carrying the residue chips down or a rough-surface finish by carrying the residue up
and away from the specified area.
The basic anatomy of an end mill consists of a flute (helical grooves), cutting edge (teeth),
diameter, shank, cut length, and the overall tool length.

2. Twist Drills:
o These rotary CNC cutting tools have two flutes and two cutting edges.
o Through their unique designs, coolants can quickly reach the point of cut action.
o Manufacturers usually use these cutting tools to lower production costs and perform operations with
top-notch finishing.
oThe twist drill is comprised of three major parts: The shank, the body, and the point.

3. Fly Cutter:
o These single point cutters are on a mill and general purpose fly cutters provide excellent surface
finishes.
o This CNC cutting tool goes across the surface of a material through a clockwise rotation, making the
material surface smooth and flat.
o The fly cutter is for CNCers who want to produce an outstanding fine finish.

CNC Cutting Fluids and Coolants
Typically not a CNC cutting tool, cutting fluids flush material chips away from the cutting
zone.
 Coolants used in CNC machines are utilized for:
1. Improving surface finish of product
2. Achieving tighter tolerances
3. Maximizing life of the cutting tool
4. Evacuation of metal chips from work areas
5. Preventing rust to machined part surfaces
6. Protecting machinery
7. Reducing cycle times
8. Regulating high temperatures during cutting processes.
Typically, there are four types of CNC metalworking fluids:
Straight Oils,
Water-Based Fluids,
Soluble, Semi-Synthetic and
Synthetic Fluids.
In the manufacturing process, the delivery methods of cutting fluids can range from
flooding, spraying, dripping, misting and brushing.

CNC Tool holders
A toolholder is a device that safely provides a critical interface between the cutting
tool and the spindle of the CNC machine.
They come in many different styles of machine mounting, from the older R8 type to
the newer HSK or VDI mounting.
The cutting tool is mounted into the holder and is tightened so it does not move or
vibrate during machining; providing the stability you need to ensure precision cuts
every time.
The quality, design, and manufacturer’s specifications about the tool holders are
critical to an overall success of the machining operations.

CNC Tool holders (Cont’s)
CNC tool holders consist of three main parts:
a cone,
a collar, and
a collet pocket.
Live or powered tooling is powered while static tooling is not.
The aim is to hold the tool in place as precisely and safely as possible, as the barely
noticeable increase in concentricity destroys the pattern or damages the cutting
tool.
Benefits include:
1. Steep taper holders with superior levels of shank taper accuracy.
2. Exceed ANSI standards by a minimum of 35%.
3. Improved cutting accuracy
4. Virtually no play and toolholder wobble
5. Increased quality in your manufactured parts
6. Reduced scrap

Types of CNC Tool holders
Tool shape, spindles, and CNC machine operation can all affect the right type of
CNC tool holder for your project.
1. Collet Chucks
The most common type of CNC tool holder because:
o They provide a lot of value.
oCollets and collets are relatively inexpensive compared to other types of collets.
oCollet chucks provide good runout and clamping force in all but the most
demanding operations.
oThey can also reduce the ability of high-performance drills to produce tight
tolerance holes, so DA collets should be avoided in these applications.

Types of CNC Tool holders (Cont’s)
2. End Mill Holders
oThey are CNC tool holders suitable for high-performance milling applications such as
roughing high-speed steel.
oThey cost less than all other types of holders, have better grip protection than collet
screws, are easy to balance, and are available in very short lengths for optimum spindle
rigidity.
oThese parts use the screw collection to protect the cutting tool.
oThey have small nose diameters and are available in various lengths.
oLess tool wear and replacement means less scrap

3. Rigid Tap Holders
oRigid synchronous system for machine controls with 32-bit microprocessors
oExtended lengths available for horizontal machining centers
oUses popular Bilz style quick-change collet systems

4. Shrink Fit Holders
oThis type of CNC tool holder uses heating and cooling to apply a clamping force
to the cutting tool.
o Shrink CNC tool holders offer a firm hold and can significantly extend the service
life.
oShrink tool technology uses heat shrink tubing to hold the shank of the cutting
tool in place during high-speed machining.
oThis rapidly changing tool holding process in high-speed machining is highly
efficient and saves the user production time.
• This process is simple because the mandrel machining tool is inserted into the CNC
tool holder with a shrink fit.
oThe inside diameter of the shrink CNC tool holder is slightly smaller than the
diameter of the cutting tool shank.

5. Face mill Holders
oPilot diameter is sized for precision fit with cutter
oFace perpendicular to center line within .0002"
oRemovable/replaceable drive keys are standard
oFine thread locking screw is included
oAT3 or better shank taper allows for accurate, rigid toolholder-to-spindle mount
oLess tool wear and replacement means less scrap
oFully ground flange and V-groove is easy on tool changers for less spindle and changer
maintenance

6. Tension & Compression Tap Holders
o Tension & Compression style has axial float for precise thread pitch
o Holders travel in tension .75"/compression .37" 8. Slitting Saw Holders
o Semi-flush nose cap gets in tight
areas
o Change saw width without spacers
o Face is held perpendicular to
center line within .0002"
o Pilot diameter is sized for
precision fit with cutter and is
7. Jacobs Taper Holders keyed for positive drive
o Precision ground Jacobs pilot o Designed for slitting saws up to
o Jacobs taper held to better than .0002" 5/16" thick — wider cutters use
accuracy for best mating with the drill Stub Arbor Holder
chuck
o Notes: Not for high speed use. Must be
cleaned and degreased before assembly
with drill chuck.

9. Calibration Probe with Haas Retention Knob
oCNC machine tool calibration is the process of measuring, diagnosing and operating within
the manufacturing tolerance.
10. Boring Head Holders

o AT3 or better shank taper — accurate, rigid toolholder-to-spindle mount
o Less tool wear and replacement — less scrap
o Fully ground flange and V-groove — easy on the tool changers for less spindle and
changer maintenance

Proper Tool Holder Maintenance
A tool holder, if maintained, can handle high-performance CNC machining day in and day
out. However, a tool holder undergoes extreme pressure with heavy use.
o Over time, this vital component will need to be serviced or replaced.
The most important maintenance step is a thorough inspection and cleaning.
oRoutinely disassemble and clean the tool holders to prevent contamination, corrosion and
other issues.
oThe exact timeline can vary, depending on the holder and the amount of use it receives.
Collets can be replaced every two to three months if they are used continuously throughout
the day.
oA worn collet will cause your tooling to wander, which affects the quality of the production
and the life of the cutting tool.

Take home lesson 4
1. What holds the tool holder?
2. How does a tool holder work?
3. Suppose you work in CNC Machining Centre or Milling, What is the Best Tool Holder will be
selected?
4. What is CNC machine tool?
5. How many types of CNC tools are there?
6. What is Tool in CNC?
7. How many types of CNC tools are there? Explain them
8. Is using tool holder necessary? Explain your answer
9. What is the major difference between a horizontal and vertical CNC mill?
10.Which coolant is used in CNC machine?

Overview of DNC Machine
A DNC is particularly described as “A system connecting a group of numerically
controlled machines to memory for part program or machine program storage with
provision for on-demand delivery of data to machines” by Electronic Industries
Association (EIA).
In DNC, many NC machines are directly controlled by computers, removing
enough hardware from a separate controller of each machine tools.
o The part-programs are downloaded to machines directly from a computer memory (thus
bypassing tape readers).
 The basic DNC system needs following the basic components
are:
 The mainframe computers,
 Memory,
 Communication networks,
 NC machine tools.
 DNC downloads computer programs

directly into CNC computer memory.
 This decreases the amount of
communication required between the
central computer and each machine
tool. CNC MACHINING in level 7, Semester I- 2023/2024 141
Functions of DNC System
Following are the functions of the DNC machine:
1. For use the central computer for storage and editing programs for all machine tools
connected to it.
2. To give the stored programs to the connected machines on demand.
3. For to post-process part programs written in higher-level languages like APT.
4. To combine CAD with CAM by having a common database.
5. To provide a link between a central computer and various plant computers connected
through modems and networks even though the plants may be placed several
kilometers away from each other.

Types of DNC system
Following are the main two types of DNC system
o In specialized MCU system, replace the

 In this type of system, the computer is normal controller unit with the special
connected directly to the regular NC machine control unit.
o The special control unit is created to help
controller unit.
communication between machine tools and
 The operation of the system is similar computers.
to conventional NC, except for the o It achieves a better balance between the
source of command instructions. accuracy of interpolation and the faster
removal rate of the metal than is usually
possible with the BTR system.
Advantages and disadvantages of DNC System
Following are the advantages of the DNC system:
1. The DNC rejects the use of tape readers, which are absolutely the weakest component
of the NC system.
2. Time-sharing by central control makes it possible to keep close control over the entire
machine shop.
3. The huge memory of DNC allows it to store a large number of part programs for
subsequent use. It also receives the memories of NC control unit.
4. Presence of a central bulk memory allows the same program to be run on different
machines at the same time without duplicating it at individual places.
Following are the disadvantages of the DNC system:
1. DNC uses a central control and in an event of computer failure, the complete activities
of the machine shop would come to a standstill.
2. DNC is expensive and its use is practical in areas where high automation is required.

Take home lesson 4
1. What is DNC operation of CNC machines?
2. With a neat sketch, What are the main components of CNC machine?
3. What are the functions of DNC?
4. What is difference between DNC and CNC?

Working drawing description
Modern CNC machining systems can interpret the geometry of a part directly from the 3D
CAD file.
Specialized drawings are not vital to ask a cite, but they are still exceptionally imperative
and broadly utilized within the industry, as they progress the communication of specialized
prerequisites between the designer/engineer and the engineer.
A well-designed, fully-dimensioned technical drawing is shown in the image below. By the
end of this article, you will know how to read it and how to correctly prepare one yourself.

Why are technical drawings still important?
Itis necessary to include a technical drawing to your order when your 3D CAD
model includes:
Threads (internal or external)
Features with tolerances that exceed the standard
Individual surfaces with specific finishing requirements (surface roughness etc)
These requirements cannot be conveyed in a 3D CAD file.
Even if your design does not include the above, it is generally a good practice to
accompany your 3D CAD file with a drawing when placing a CNC order.
Usually, the 3D CAD file is used for programming the CNC machine and the drawing is
used as a reference throughout the machining process.
Most CNC service providers can also manufacture parts directly from a technical drawing
and they often prefer them over 3D CAD files, because:
1. They are prepared to translate rapidly the geometry of a portion from the 2D drawing
2. It is less demanding to recognize the most measurements, capacities and the basic
highlights of a part.
3. It is simpler to survey the fetched of fabricating the part.

Why are technical drawings still important?
It is easier to identify the main dimensions, functions and the critical
features of a part
It is easier to assess the cost of manufacturing the part
There are many different standards and best practices for drafting a
technical drawing.
 It does not matter which techniques you use to draft your technical drawing, as
long as all the technical requirements are communicated clearly.
Rules
A technical drawing is necessary when your part contains threads,
tolerances or finishes on specific surfaces.
It is recommended to fully dimension the technical drawing to avoid
errors.
To save time, you can dimension only the features you want to be
measured by the CNC machining service provider.

Components of specialized drawing for CNC machining
When planning a specialized drawing for CNC machining, there are a few
particular highlights that will have to be included.
 These include:
1.Tolerances for particular zones
2. Hole callouts
3.Thread determinations
4.Leave Detailed Notes

Take home lesson 6
By using detailed drawing, Explain the component to include on

a CNC machining technical drawing

CNC programming language
CNC programs list instructions to be performed in the order they are written.
They read like a book, left to right and top-down.
Each sentence in a CNC program is written on a separate line, called a Block.
Blocks are arranged in a specific sequence that promotes safety, predictability and
readability, so it is important to adhere to a standard program structure.
The blocks are arranged in the following order:
1. Program Start
2. Load Tool
3. Spindle On
4. Coolant On
5. Rapid to position above part
6. Machining operation
7. Coolant Off
8. Spindle Off
9. Move to safe position
10. End program
 The steps listed above represent the simplest type of CNC program, where only one
tool is used and one operation performed. Programs that use multiple tools repeat
steps two through nine for each.

Different Methods Of CNC Programming
G-code programming
oG-code is the most basic form of CNC programming; it’s the programming
language used by the other methods.
oBut it can also be the hardest to learn; both other methods are ways to work
around actually programming directly in G-code.
CAM software
oComputer Assisted Manufacturing (CAM) software is a variant of Computer-
Assisted Design (CAD) software.
oBoth variants use a computer program to design, lay out, and program a set of
instructions for a CNC machine.
oIt’s the program itself that translates the design into the instructions for the
CNC machine.
Conversational Software
oConversational software uses an interface to translate ordinary commands into G-code.
oIt’s not as extensive or as versatile as G-code, but it works to make the interface much
easier.

CNC programming language (Cont’s)
Like any language, the G-code language has rules.
oFor example, some codes are modal, meaning they do not have to be repeated if
they do not change between blocks.
oSome codes have different meanings depending on how and where there are
used.

LETTER ADDRESS COMMANDS CODES
The command block controls the machine tool through the use of letter
address commands. Some are used more than once, and their meaning
changes based on which G-code appears in the same block.
Codes are either modal, which means they remain in effect until cancelled
or changed, or non-modal, which means they are effective only in the
current block. As you can see, many of the letter addresses are chosen in
a logical manner (T for tool, S for spindle, F for feed rate, etc.).

Variable Description Definitions
A,B,C – 4th/5th Axis Rotary Motion
Rotation about the X, Y or Z-axis
Absolute or incremental position of respectively. The angle is in degrees
A
Axis (rotational axis around X axis) and up to three decimal places
precision.
G01 A45.325B90.
Absolute or incremental position of B
B Same as A
axis (rotational axis around Y axis)
Absolute or incremental position of C
C Same as B
axis (rotational axis around Z axis)
Used to compensate for tool diameter
wear and deflection. D is
accompanied by an integer that is the
same as the tool number (T5 uses
D5,etc). No decimal point is used. Itis
Defines diameter or radial offset used always used in conjunction with G41
D
for cutter compensation or G42 and a XY move (never an arc).
When called, the control reads the
register and offsets the tool path left
(G41) or right (G42) by the value in
the register.
G commands often tell the control what kind of motion is
wanted (e.g., rapid positioning, linear feed, circular feed,
G Address for preparatory commands
fixed cycle) or what offset value to use.
G02 X2.Y2.I.50J0.
This code calls a tool length offset (TLO) register on the
control. The control combines the TLO and Fixture Offset Z
Defines tool length offset;
values to know where the tool is in relation to the part
H Incremental axis corresponding to C axis
datum.It is always accompanied by an integer (H1, H2,etc),
(e.g., on a turn-mill)
G43, and Z coordinate.
G43 H1 Z2.
For arc moves (G2/G3), this is the incremental X-distance from
Defines arc size inX axisfor G02 or G03
the arc start point to the arc center. Certain drill cycles also
arc commands.
I use I as an optional parameter.
Also used as a parameter within some
G02 X.5 Y2.500I0.J0.250
fixed cycles.
For arc moves (G2/G3), this is the incremental Y-distance from
Defines arc size inY axisfor G02 or G03
the arc start point to the arc center. Certain drill cycles also
arc commands.
J use J as an optional parameter.
Also used as a parameter within some
G02 X.5 Y2.500 I0.J0.250
fixed cycles.
For anarcmove (G2/G3) this is the incremental Z-distance from
Defines arc size inZ axisfor G02 or G03 the arc start point to the arc center. In the G17 plane, this is
arc commands. the incremental Z-distance for helical moves. Certain drill
K
Also used as a parameter within some cycles also use J as an optional parameter.
fixed cycles, equal to L address. G18 G03 X.3 Z2.500 I0.K0.250

Fixed cycle loop count: Defines number of repetitions
(“loops”) of a fixed cycle at each position.Assumed to be 1
unless programmed with another integer.Sometimes the K
Fixed cycle loop count;
addressis usedinstead of L. With incremental positioning
L Specification of what
(G91), a series of equally spaced holes can be programmed as
register to edit using G10
a loop rather than as individual
positions.G10 use:Specificationof what register to edit (work
offsets, tool radius offsets, tool length offsets, etc.).
Always accompanied by an integer that determines its
meaning.Only one M-codeis allowedin each block of code.
M Miscellaneous function
Expanded definitions of M-codes appear later in this chapter.
M08
Block numbers can make the CNC program easier to read.

They are seldom required for CAD/CAM generated programs
Line (block) number in with no subprograms. Because they take up control memory
program; most 3D programs do not use block numbers. Block numbers
N
System parameter number are integers up to five characters long with no decimal point.
to be changed using G10 They cannot appear before the tape start/end character (%)
and usually do not appear before a comment only block.
N100 T02 M06
Programs are stored on the control by their program number.
This is an integer that is preceded by the letter O and has no
O Program name
CNC MACHINING decimal
in level places.
7, Semester I- 2023/2024 157
Dwell (delay) in seconds.Accompanied by G4 unless
Serves as parameter address for used within certain drill cycles.
P
various G and M codes G4 P.1
The incremental feed distance per pass in a peck drill

cycle.
Q Peck increment in canned cycles
G83 X2.000 Y2.000 Z-.625 F20.R.2 Q.2 P9.
Arcs can be defined using the arc radius R or I,J,K

vectors. IJK’s are more reliable than R’s so itis
Defines size of arc radius or
recommended to use them instead. R is also used by
R defines retract height in canned
drill cycles as the return plane Z value.
cycles
G83 Z-.625 F20.R.2 Q.2 P9.
Spindle speed in revolutions per minute (RPM). It is an

integer value with no decimal, and always used in
Defines speed, either spindle
conjunction with M03 (Spindle on CW) or M04 (Spindle
S speed or surface speed depending
on CCW).
on mode
S2500M03
Selects tool. It is an integer value always accompanied

T Tool selection by M6 (tool change code).
CNC MACHINING T01 M06
in level 7, Semester I- 2023/2024 158
Incremental axis corresponding
to X axis (typically only lathe In these controls, X and U obviate G90 and G91, respectively. On these
U group A controls) lathes, G90 is instead a fixed cycle address for roughing.
Also defines dwell time on
some machines
Until the 2000s, the V address was very rarely used, because most
lathes that used U and W didn’t have a Y-axis, so they didn’t use V.
Incremental axis corresponding (Green et al 1996 did not even list V in their table of addresses.) That
V
to Y axis is still often the case, although the proliferation of live lathe tooling
and turn-mill machining has made V address usage less rare than it
used to be (Smid2008 shows an example).
Incremental axis corresponding

In these controls, Z and W obviate G90 and G91, respectively. On these
W to Z axis (typically only lathe
lathes, G90 is instead a fixed cycle address for roughing.
group A controls)
Coordinate data for the X-axis. Up to four places after the decimal are
allowed and trailing zeros are not used. Coordinates are modal, so
Absolute or incremental
X there is no need to repeat them in subsequent blocks if they do not
position ofX axis.
change.
G01 X2.250F20.

Absolute or
Coordinate data for the Y-axis.
Y incremental position of
G01 Y2.250 F20.
Y axis
Absolute or
Z incremental position of Coordinate data for the Z-axis.
Z axis

Special Character Code Definitions
The following is a list of commonly used special characters, their meaning, use, and
restrictions.
% – Program Start or End
o All programs begin and end with % on a block by itself. This code is called tape rewind character (a
holdover from the days when programs were loaded using paper tapes).
( ) – Comments
o Comments to the operator must be all caps and enclosed within brackets. The maximum length of
a comment is 40 characters and all characters are capitalized.
(T02: 5/8 END MILL)
/ – Block Delete
o Codes after this character are ignored if the Block Delete switch on the control is on.
/ M00
; – End of Block
o This character is not visible when the CNC program is read in a text editor (carriage return), but
does appear at the end of every block of code when the program is displayed on the machine
control.
N8 Z0.750 ;

G & M CODES
G&M Codes make up the most of the contents of the CNC program.
The definition of each class of code and specific meanings of the most important codes
are covered next.
G-Codes
o Codes that begin with G are called preparatory words because they prepare the machine for a
certain type of motion.

G CODES
Code Description
Rapid motion.Used to position the machine

G00
for non-milling moves.
G01 Line motion at a specified feed rate.
G02 Clockwise arc.

G03 Counterclockwise arc.
G04 Dwell.
G28 Return to machine home position.
G40 Cutter Diameter Compensation (CDC) off.
G41 Cutter Diameter Compensation (CDC) left.
G42 Cutter Diameter Compensation (CDC) right.
G43 Tool length offset (TLO).

G54 Fixture Offset #1.
G55 Fixture
CNC MACHINING in level 7, Semester I- 2023/2024 Offset #2. 163
G CODES (Cont’s)
G80 Cancel drill cycle.
G81 Simple drill cycle.
G82 Simple drill cycle with dwell.
G83 Peck drill cycle.

G84 Tap cycle.
G90 Absolute coordinate programming mode.
G91 Incremental coordinate programming mode.
G98 Drill cycle return to Initial point (R).
G99 Drill cycle return to Reference plane (last Z Height)

Some G Codes for CNC Lathes
G00: Rapid Position Motion
G01: Linear Interpolation Motion or Linear Motion, Chamfer and
Corner Rounding – Modal
G02: CW Circulation Interpolation Motion – Modal
G03: CCW Circular Interpolation Motion – Modal
G04: Dwell (P) P=Seconds. Milliseconds
G05: Fine Spindle Control Motion (Live Tooling) – Optional
G09: Exact Stop
G10: Programmable Offset Setting

Some G Codes for CNC Milling
G00: Rapid Motion
G01: Linear Interpolation Motion
G02: CW Interpolation Motion
G03: CCW Interpolation Motion
G04: Dwell
G09: Exact Stop
G10: Programmable Offset Setting
G12: CW Circular Pock Milling (Yasnac)
G13: CCW Circular Pock Milling (Yasnac)
G17: XY Plane Selection

M-CODES
Codes that begin with M are called miscellaneous words.
They control machine auxiliary options like coolant and spindle direction.
Only one M-code can appear in each block of code.
Code Description
Program stop.Press Cycle Start button to
M00
continue.
M01 Optional stop.
M02 End of program.
M03 Spindle on Clockwise.
M04 Spindle on Counterclockwise.
M05 Spindle stop.

M06 Change tool.
M08 Coolant on.
M09 Coolant off.
End program and press Cycle Start to run it
M30
again.

Some M Codes for CNC Lathes
M00: Program Stop – Modal
M01: Optional Program Stop – Modal
M02: Program End – Modal
M03: Spindle on Forward (S) – Modal
M04: Spindle on Reverse (S) – Modal
M05: Spindle Stop – Modal
M08: Coolant On – Modal
M09: Coolant Off – Modal
M10: Chuck Clamp – Modal

Some M Codes for CNC Milling
M00: Program Stop
M01: Optional Program Stop
M02: Program End (Setting 39)
M03: Spindle On, Clockwise (S) (Setting 144)
M04: Spindle On, Counterclockwise (S) (Setting 144)
M05: Spindle Stop
M06: Tool Change (T) (Setting 42, 87, 155)
M08: Coolant On (Setting 32)
M09: Coolant Off
M10: 4th Axis Brake On
G00 – Rapid Move
This code commands the machine to move as fast as it can to a specified point.
o It is always used with a coordinate position and is modal.
o Unlike G01, G00 does not coordinate the axes to move in a straight line.
o Rather, each axis moves at its maximum speed until it is satisfied.
o This results in motion as shown in Figure 18, below.
Caution: The rapid speed of some machines can exceed 1.

o An incorrect offset or coordinate move can crash the machine faster than the operator can hit the
emergency stop.
o Use the rapid feed override on the machine when running a program for the first time.
G00 X0. Y0.

Differences between M&G codes
G code commands tend to differ in most CNC machines, while M
codes are similar in most CNC machines.
G codes direct the machine’s motion and function, while M codes
direct the operations outside movements.
The G code activates the CNC machine while the M code activates
the machine’s programmable logic controller.

Linear Motion is Straight Line Motion:
 G-Code is about motion, and the most common kind of motion found in part programs is straight line or
linear motion.
o Motion is another one of those things in G-Code that is modal.
o You tell the controller what kind of motion you’d like with a G-Code and it remembers to always make that kind of
motion until you tell it to change using another G-Code.
G00 for Fast Positioning ; Rapids Motion as fast as your machine will go.
o Used to move the cutter through air to the next position it will be cutting.
G01 for Slower Cutting Motion; Feed Motion slower, for cutting.
o Feedrate set by “F” G-Code.
o F-word = “F” as in “Feedrate”.
o S-word = “S” as in “Spindle Speed”, address is rpm.
Specifying Linear Motion With X, Y, and Z:

o Specifying G00 or G01 does not cause any motion to happen–they merely tell the controller what type of motion is
expected when you finally tell it where to move to.
o For actual motion you need to specify a destination using the X, Y, and Z words.
To move to the part zero, we might issue a command like this:
o G00 X0 Y0 Z0 Or use G01 if you want to go slower G01 X0 Y0 Z0 F40.
Interpolated motion or an interpolated move, When we specify multiple coordinates on a line, means
more than one axis of the machine is moving at the same time.
o In fact, the controller will move them all at exactly the right speed relative to one another so that the cutter follows
a straight line to the destination and moves at the feed rate.
Linear Motion is Straight Line Motion:
If we specify the same destination, but spread the coordinates over multiple lines, each line is a separate move:
o G00 X0 Y0 (Move to X0 Y0 in one move, keeping Z constant)
o Z0 (Move to Z0 in one move, keeping X and Y constant)
o G00 and G01 are modal, so we only have to specify them when we want to change modes.
Z Axis:
o The concept of interpolated moves raises an interesting issue for the Z axis.
o It’s often a good idea to move the depth-of-cut-axis on its own, rather than as coordinated motion
with other axes(X and Y).
o Whether you’re going to have a problem (collision) as the cutter gets close to the workpiece and
fixturing.
o First moving in X and Y and then moving in Z , it’s much easier to judge whether an accidental collision
is about to take place.
o You’re also much less likely to hit some random object sticking up, like a clamp, if you keep the cutter
high until you’re directly over where you want to start cutting.

G02 and G03 Circular Motion is a Mode Initiated:
G02 establishes a mode for clockwise circular arcs.
G03 establishes a mode for counter-clockwise circular arcs.
o The G02 or G03 mode is established, arcs are defined in G-Code by identifying their 2
endpoints and the center which must be equi-distant from each endpoint.
o The endpoints are easy.
o The current control point, or location when the block is begun establishes one endpoint.
o The other may be established by XYZ coordinates.
o The center is most commonly identified by using I, J, or K to establish relative offsets from the
starting point of the arc to the center.
An Arc’s center with IJK
o This arc starts at X0Y2. and
finishes at X2.Y0.
o It’s center is at X0Y0.
o We could specify it in G-code
like this:
 G02 (Set up the clockwise
arc mode)
 X2Y0 I0J-2.0

The Center Using Radius “R”.
The center just by specifying the radius of the circle. Circle has a radius of 2, so the
G-Code might be simply:
o G02 X2Y0 R2
o G17/G18/G19 – Plane Designation
o Arcs must exist on a plane designated by the command G17 (XY), G18 (XZ) or G19 (YZ).
o G17 is the machine default.
Plane Designation

G40/G41/G42 – Cutter Diameter Compensation (CDC)
CDC is a key to precision CNC machining, allowing the operator to compensate for tool wear and deflection by
commanding the machine to veer left (G41) or right (G42) from the programmed path.
o G40 cancels cutter compensation.
o The amount of offset is entered in a CNC control D-register.
o The wear register can be thought of like a table that the control refers to with every move.
Tool Diameter Offset Value

D1 0.0125
D2 0.0000
D3 0.0000
D4 0.0000
D5 0.0000
D6 0.0000
 The value in the D-register is calculated by the machine tool operator, who monitors
the finished size of part features, compares them with the print, and enters the
difference in the register as needed to keep the part within specifications.
o If there is no deviation, the register is set to zero.
o G01 G41 D1 X1.0 Y.25 F40.

G43 – Tool Length Compensation
G43 activates tool length compensation.
It is always accompanied by an H-code and Z-move, where H is the tool length offset (TLO) register to read,
and Z is the height to go to in reference to the part datum.
The (TLO) can be thought of like a table on the control.
Tool Length Resister Z
H1 10.236
H2 4.7510
H3 6.9652
H4 7.6841
H5 12.4483
H6 8.2250
 The TLO is combined with the active fixture offset on the control so the machine
knows where the tip of the tool is in relation to the part datum.
G43 H1 Z1.

Tool radius compensation
Tool compensation may be applied in two different ways depending on the programming direction.
G40: Cancellation of tool radius compensation
G41: Tool radius compensation to the left of the part.
G42: Tool radius compensation to the right of the part.

Programming example

Programming example

Surface milling
A Ø50 mm end mill is to be used to mill the XY surface 6 mm.

G54 – Work Offset
Work offsets are data registers in the CNC control that hold the distance from the
machine home X, Y, Z position to the part datum.
These offsets can be thought of like a table on the control:
G54 14.2567 6.6597 0.0000

G55 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
G56 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
G57 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
G58 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
G59 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
 G54 is usually used for the first machining setup.

 Additional offsets are used to machine other sides of the part.
 The X and Y values represent the distance from the machine home to part datum XY.
 The Z value is the distance from the tool reference point (for example, the top of a
1-2-3 block) and the part Z-datum.
G54 X0. Y0.

Take a home lesson 4
1. Please describe the CNC program list instruction.
2. All CNC program start and end with what?
3. Describe letter address Commands codes.
4. Please lists three special character codes.
5. Describe G and M codes.
6. Please describe G00 G90 G54 X0 Y0.
7. Please describe G00 G90 G43 H1 Z1.
8. What is the difference between G00 and G01?
9. Explain the difference between G02 and G03.
10. Please describe the F and S word.
11.Do all CNC machines use G code?
12. How many G codes are there?
How does CNC Programming Control CNC Machines?
With advanced computers and software, machinists can simply instruct the
software on what to do.
oThe software will then generate the G codes and M code that the
machine understands.
oWith CAD (computer-aided design) and CAM (computer-aided
manufacturing) software, code generation for machine functions has
become very easy.
To start the process, the programmer needs high-level computer-aided
software.
oEarly in the process, engineers create a computer-aided design (CAD)
drawing of the part to be manufactured, then translate the drawing into G-
code.
oThe program is loaded onto the MCU and a human operator performs a test
run without the raw material in place, to ensure proper positioning and
performance.
oThis step is important because incorrect speed or positioning can
damage both the machine and the part.
A CNC machine operator’s monitor

A code generating software at work

WHAT THE PROGRAMMER HAS TO DO TO MAKE PART
PROGRAMMING
1. Study the relevant component drawing thoroughly.

2. Identify the type of material to be machined.
3. Determine the specifications & function of M/C to be used.
4. Decide the dimension and mode: -metric or inch.
5. Decide the coordinate system: -Absolute or Incremental.
6. Identify the plane of cutting.
7. Determine the cutting parameters for the job/tool combination.
8. Decide the feed rate programming: -MM/MIN or M/Rev.
9. Check the tooling required.
10.Establish the sequence of machining operations.
11.Decide the mode of storing the part program once it is completed.

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CNC Programming has a defined structure which machine can
read the codes without errors.
CNC Programming can be categorized into 3 parts:
1. Main Program.
(The main program is first read or accessed on machine tool when the
entire part program sequence is run)
2. Part program.
(A part program is a list of coded instructions with series of letters and
numbers. The part program includes all the geometrical and
technological data to perform the required machine functions and
movements to manufacture the part)
3. Sub program.
(These subprograms are generally used to perform repeat tasks, before
returning control back to the main program.)

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DEFINITIONS WITHIN THE FORMAT
1. CHARACTER : A single alphanumeric character value or the "+" and "-" sign.
2. WORD : A series of characters defining a single function such as a, "X" displacement,
an "F" feedrate, or G and M codes. A letter is the first character of a word for each of the
different commands. There may be a distance and direction defined for a word in a
program. The distance and direction in a word is made up of a value, with a plus (+) or
minus (-) sign. A plus (+) value is recognized if no sign is given in a word.
3. BLOCK : Series of words defining a single instruction. An instruction may consist of a
single linear motion, a circular motion or canned cycle, plus additional information such
as a feedrate or miscellaneous command (M-codes).
4. POSITIVE SIGNS : If the value following an address letter command such as A, B, C,
I, J, K, R, U, V, W, X, Y, Z, is positive, the plus sign need not be programmed in. If it has
a minus value it must be programmed in with a minus (-) sign.
5. LEADING ZERO'S : If the digits proceeding a number are zero, they need not be
programmed in. The control will automatically enter in the leading zero's.
EXAMPLE: G0 for G00 and M1 for M01, Trailing zeros must be programmed: M30 not
M3, G70 not G7.
6. MODAL COMMANDS : Codes that are active for more than the line in which they are
issued are called MODAL commands. Rapid traverse, feedrate moves, and canned
cycles are all examples of modal commands. A NON-MODAL command which once
called, are effective only in the calling block, and are then immediately forgotten by the
control.
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Block of Information
CNC information is generally programmed in blocks of five words.
oEach word conforms to the EIA standards and they are written on a
horizontal line.
oIffive complete words are not included in each block, the machine
control unit (MCU) will not recognize the information, therefore the
control unit will not be activated.
1. N001 represents the sequence
number of the operation.
2. G01 represents linear interpolation
3. X12345 will move the table 1.2345
in. in a positive direction along the
X axis.
4. Y06789 will move the table 0.6789
in. along the Y axis.
5. M03 Spindle on CW.

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Dimensioning Guidelines
The system of rectangular coordinates is very important to the
successful operation of CNC machines.
oCertainguidelines should be observed when dimensioning parts for CNC
machining.
oThe following guidelines will insure that the dimensioning language
means exactly the same thing to the design engineer, the technician, the
programmer, and the machine operator.
1. Define part surfaces from three perpendicular reference planes.
2. Establish reference planes along part surfaces which are parallel to the
machine axes.
3. Dimension from a specific point on the part surface.
4. Dimension the part clearly so that its shape can be understood without
making mathematical calculations or guesses.
5. Define the part so that a computer numerical control cutter path can be
easily programmed.

A typical example of a CNC machining program
The program below machines a square contour and drills a hole.

Three Major Phases of a CNC Program
Phase 1 - Program Setup
% (Program start flag)
1001; (Four digit program number)
N1 G90 G20; (Absolute units, inches) (OR)
N5 G91 G21/G71; (Incremental units, Metric Units)
N10 M06 T2; (Stop for tool change, use tool # 2)
CNC program can be divided into 3 parts
N15 M03 S1200; (Turn the spindle on CW to 1200 rpm)
Start-up
Phase 2 –Material Removal
Body
N20 G00 X1 Y1; (Rapid to X1, Y1 from origin point)
End of program
N25 Z0.125;(Rapid down to Z0.125)
N30 G01 Z-0.125 F5; (Feed down to Z-0.125 at 5 ipm)
N35 G01 X2 Y2; (Feed diagonally to X2, Y2)
N40 G00 Z1; (Rapid up to Z1)
N45 X0 Y0; (Rapid to X0, Y0)
Phase 3 – System Shutdown

N50 M05; (Turn the spindle off)
N55 M30 (End of program)
%

Manual Part Programming Example
5”
2.5”
p4
p2 p3 p5
1”
5”
45°
(4, 4)
p1
p0 (2, 2)
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Three Major Phases of a CNC Program

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Writing steps of CNC Program
 There must be complete agreement between what a programmer thinks is
going to happen and what the machine tool actually does.
o CNC equipment is expensive, and it is powerful enough to destroy itself
if programmed improperly.
o Be sure to read and understand the machine tool maker’s
documentation for the machine you are going to program.
 There four main steps to write a CNC program

1. Eliminating assumptions
2. Establishing the coordinate system
3. Programming toolpaths
4. Ending safely

Step 1. Eliminating assumptions
What actually goes into a program header depends on the type of machine
tool, product line variation, and company programming standards.
Below is a typical program header for a 3-axis milling machine.

Eliminating assumptions (Cont’s)
G17: Selects the plane in which arcs will be made. G17 tells the controller to
make arcs in the XY plane.
G20: Sets the units to inches.
G40: Cancels cutter compensation. Cutter compensation changes the position
of the tool based on its diameter.
G55: Tells the controller where the origin (0,0,0) is.
G80: Cancels canned cycles. Canned cycles are a way to perform lots of
steps by a single command.
G90:Tells the machine to use absolute coordinates.
G94: Feed rates are in units of distance per minute. In this case, it is inches
per minute.
G43:Turns tool length compensation on. This will allow the programmer to
use tools that are different lengths.
Obviously, there is more to these commands than we discussed here.
o The important thing to know at this point is how important this header information is.
o Different companies will have different requirements for program headers for different
machines and setups, but the one given above is typical for a milling machine.
o At this point, we will be able to start to build a program.
Step 2. Establish The Coordinate System
When writing a program, the programmer needs to know how he or she will be able to align
the coordinates system(s) of their program with the coordinate system of the machine
In this case, we will use the upper left corner of the workpiece as our work coordinate system.
o Notice this puts our work in the fourth quadrant.
o All of our X values will be positive and all of our Y values will be negative.
o Our Z axis origin is located at the top surface of the block.
o This will give all our cutting depths negative Z values.
o It has chosen to use the forth quadrant because of the type of work holding are using.
o Our work is being held in a vise that has one fixed jaw and one movable jaw.
o If we locate the origin on something more or less permanent, we won’t have to go through
the as many steps when we tell the machine tool where to put the origin each time.
 It is worth noting that the programmer has the
choice of where to locate the origin, but little choice
over the direction of the axes.
o These are established by the physical arrangement
of the machine.
o Now that we are satisfied with the location of our
origin, we need to let the machine know where it is.
o This will be done setting the work coordinate system
offsets.
G54-G59 – Work Coordinate System Offsets
Each machine tool has built into a coordinate system that is defined by the geometry of
the machine.
o The machine “knows” where it is within its own coordinate system by a series of limit switches and
encoders that are located on each of the axes.
o When they are powered up, most machines go through a homing cycle in in which they move each
axis until it hits a limit switch.
o The coordinate system that is built into the machine is called the machine coordinate system.

G54-G59 – Work Coordinate System Offsets (Cont’s)
The easiest way to use work offsets is to store them in the offset register.
oThis is done by positioning the machine at the exact place where the desired coordinate
system origin is and having the machine record the distance between that point and its
own machine coordinate system.
oThe controller records the distance the machine is from its home position in the register
that is displayed on this screen. Notice each row has a corresponding “G Code.”
oThis code is how the programmer uses the work coordinate system origin stored in the
register.
oThe values for X, Y, and Z that are on the screen are the distances between the machine
origin and each work coordinate system origin.
oA typical offset register screen is shown below.
oVisit : https://youtu.be/EI2inCb0Wfs

T and H – Tool Numbers and Length Offsets
Just as important as knowing the coordinate system origin is knowing where the tool is
and how long it is.
o Notice that the Z axis location will be different if we use different lengths of tools.
Mills use a separate tool and tool offset address, for example: T03 H03
Lathes use the T address to specify both tool number and offset.
Note: Calling a tool address does not change the tool! That is done with an M06.
Lathe Tooling Offsets
oG90 & G91 – Absolute Vs. Incremental Coordinates
oG20 specifies Imperial (inch) and G21 specifies Metric (mm) units

Step 3 – Program Toolpaths
M03, M04, and M05 – Spindle switch
G00 – Rapid Move
G01 – Linear Cutting Move
G02 and G03 – Arc Cutting Move

Step 4 – End Safely
M30
oRaise Tool out of the way. Be safe for power up.

Turning Operation
CNC Program in Fanuc G Code

N10 G90 S500 M03
N20 G00 X25 Z5 N60 G01 Z-50
N30 G01 G95 Z0 F1 N70 G00 X62
N40 G01 Z-7.5 F0.2 N80 G00 X80 Z20
N50 G01 X60 Z-35 N90 M30

Turning Operation

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Taper Turning

Taper Turning

Circular Interpolation

PART PROGRAM FOR MACHINING CENTRES (MILLING)
The CNC milling machine, the motion is possible in three axes, X-axis, Y-axis
and Z-axis.
The movement of Z-axis is taken as positive when tool moves away from the job
or vice versa.
Straight Line

EXERCISES 1
1. Write the CNC program to make the part according Fig.16

EXERCISES 1

EXERCISES 1

EXERCISES 1

EXERCISES 2
2. Write the CNC program (absolutely) to make the part according to
Fig. 18.

EXERCISES 2

Special features of CNC programming
G04 G-Code: Pause / Dwell for Precise CNC Timing
oG04 is called the Dwell command because it makes the machine stop what it’s
doing or dwell for a specified length of time.
oIt’s helpful to be able to dwell during a cutting operation, and also to facilitate
various non-cutting operations of the machine.
For lathe operations, the chief application of a G04 Dwell is to break
chips, especially when drilling, counterboring, grooving, or parting-off.
oYou may also find them useful in general turning or boring operations to
eliminate the tooling marks left on the part by end thrust of the cutting tool.
On mills, the most common use is to force the machine to catch up.
oFor example, you might put a G04 Dwell at the end of a long straight run that
ends with a corner to make sure the machine accurately follows the path.
Non-cutting operations are even more common as dwells are used to
wait for some operation to complete before going on.
oIn a pinch, you might use a dwell to wait for your coolant to come up to pressure
right after it’s turned on, for example, though it is better for cycle times if your
coolant system can get to pressure without dwells.
oAnother example is some older machines may require a dwell to give the spindle
time to get up to the commanded speed.
Special features of CNC programming(Cont’s)
Canned cycle
 All the cycles must be canceled with function G80.

o Otherwise, the cycle will be repeated in any coordinate where it is
programmed.

The programming sequence of any canned cycle is the following:

G79. Modifier of canned cycle parameters
oThis function is used when programming two or more cycles of the same kind,
but with different machining characteristics (depth, pass, feedrate etc.).
oThis eliminates the need to program the whole cycle again when only a few
parameters are different

G79. Modifier of canned cycle parameters
This example contains three cycles of the same kind (circular
pocket G88), but they are different pockets:
oPocket A 15 mm deep.
oPocket B 22 mm deep.
oPocket C 31 mm deep.

Canned cycle repetition

G81. Drilling canned cycle

Programming of cycles
The cycles make programmer’s work easier because he/she does
not have to program all motions of a tool in a detail, but he/she enters
into the program the initial point of the cycle, the end of the cycle, the
thickness of removed splinter, and where necessary, other
parameters.
commands: G64, G61, G66, G68, G33, G81, G83
G64 – Roughing cycle - longitudinal
G61 – Roughing of a cone
G66 – Recessing cycle
G68 – Roughing cycle - facing
G33 – Thread cutting
G81 – Drilling cycle
G83 – Peck drilling cycle (full retraction from pecks)
EXAMPLE 3
Write the CNC program to make the part according to Fig. 21.
Use the cycles.

EXAMPLE 3

EXAMPLE 4
Write the CNC program to make the part according to Fig. 22.
Use the cycles.

EXAMPLE 4

Overview on types of CNC machining support
CAD software
CAM
CAE
Other CNC programming Software
 G-Code editors
 Debuggers
 Simulators
 Verifiers

Introduction to CNC Simulation
CNC simulation is a software tool that has been established in practice for
years.
oIt is used to visualize production sequences in machine tools in a realistic
way.
oBy mapping the complete working area of the machine (including all
fixtures, tools and workpieces) and the movements of the machine
(including visualization of the tool path and material loading and unloading)
in 3D, to the user can evaluate and optimize the process before the CNC
programs are transferred to the machine.
Different CNC simulation systems are available to provide various
control functionalities:
oReproduction of the CNC functionality by the software provider of the
programming or simulation system.
oUse of the original CNC functionality in the form of a virtual CNC running
on a PC.
oReal-time coupling of a real CNC with a simulation PC (HiL, Hardware-in-
the-Loop)
CAD-CAM Machined Part Deviation
o Here you can see the variations
represented in green and blues.
o Once again deviation tolerances can be
set to different colors for easy
visualization.
o Part Deviation Analysis will show you

where a cutting tool did not go before
you actually run the program on the
CNC machine.
o This can help in a number of ways:

o properly selecting and setting up toolpath
finishing operations, addressing the tools you
are using for the program, and more.
o A programmer can easily see where the

deviations are in the program, the operation
and which tool was in use by the program.
o This is all very valuable data as all operations

are inspected by the operator

Benefits of CNC Simulation
1. Review the toolpaths of the program before physically machining the part.
2. The simulation functions will allow to set machine travel limits and detect
over travels.
3. The simulation will allow to check for any errors on the part, including
machine, tool and tool holder collisions.
4. CNC Machine simulation that allows to utilize the machines Kinematics is
going to allow to visually see the machine tool in action.
5. You can see exactly how the finished part will look cut on your machine in a
virtual environment.
6. Full CNC Machine Simulation allows to set up an unlimited amount of
machines that are accurate to the machines in your shop.
7. The simulated machine can be turned on and off or made transparent in
the simulation process for close part inspection.
8. You can calculate machine cycle times on part programs.
9. You can use dynamic viewing functionality which helps in the inspection
process.
10.CNC Machine-Part Deviation is available, showing you where tools were
unable to machine within the associated operations.
Functions of CNC simulation
The simulation will allow you to check for any errors on the part,
including machine, tool and tool holder collisions.
CNC Machine simulation that allows you to utilize your machines
Kinematics is going to allow you to visually see your machine tool in
action.

CNC simulator
A CNC simulator is a software tool or system that replicates the functionality of a Computer Numerical
Control (CNC) machine in a virtual environment. It allows users to simulate and test CNC programs without
using an actual CNC machine, providing a safe and cost-effective way to learn, practice, and optimize CNC
machining operations. CNC simulators typically offer the following features:
Virtual Machine Representation: CNC simulators provide a virtual representation of the CNC machine,
including its components, control panel, and user interface. Users can interact with the virtual machine and
simulate various machine operations.
G-Code Execution: Simulators can execute and interpret G-code programs, simulating the tool movements,
spindle rotation, feed rates, and other parameters defined in the program.
Tool Path Visualization: Simulators visualize the tool paths generated by the G-code programs, allowing
users to see how the tool moves and interacts with the workpiece. This visualization helps in verifying the
correctness of the program and identifying any potential issues or errors.
Collision Detection: Simulators incorporate collision detection algorithms to identify potential collisions
between the tool, workpiece, and machine components. This feature helps users prevent collisions and
ensure the safety of the machining process.
Material Removal Simulation: Some simulators offer material removal simulation, which visualizes the
removal of material during the machining process. Users can see the progressive removal of material and
verify the accuracy of the machining operations.
Real-time Monitoring: Simulators may provide real-time monitoring of machine parameters such as spindle
speed, feed rates, tool positions, and other relevant data. This allows users to monitor and analyze the
machine's behavior during simulation.
Programming and Editing Capabilities: Some simulators offer programming and editing functionalities,
allowing users to create, modify, or fine-tune G-code programs directly within the simulator environment.

Hardware simulators
In addition to software-based CNC simulators, there are also hardware simulators available
that provide a more immersive and realistic experience of operating a CNC machine. These
hardware simulators typically consist of physical components that replicate the look, feel,
and functionality of a CNC machine. Here are some examples of hardware simulators:
Control Panel Simulators: Control panel simulators mimic the control panel of a CNC
machine, including buttons, switches, knobs, and displays. They allow users to interact
with the virtual machine through the simulated control panel, providing a hands-on
experience similar to operating a real CNC machine.
Handheld Pendant Simulators: Handheld pendant simulators replicate the handheld
pendant used to control CNC machines. They have buttons, jog wheels, and other controls
that users can manipulate to move the machine axes, adjust feed rates, and perform other
manual operations.
Motion Platforms: Motion platforms simulate the movements of a CNC machine's axes.
They consist of mechanical systems that can replicate the linear or rotary movements of
the machine. Users can operate the simulated machine and observe the corresponding
movements on the motion platform.
Tooling Simulators: Tooling simulators replicate the physical tools used in CNC machining,
such as cutting tools, drills, or probes. These simulators provide a tangible representation
of the tools and allow users to practice tool changes, tool measurements, and other tool-
related operations.
Hardware simulators are commonly used in CNC training centers, vocational schools, and
manufacturing facilities to provide a more immersive and hands-on learning experience
Data Consistency and Interfaces
Users choose a specific CNC programming or simulation software on
the basis of a wide variety of criteria (manufacturing technology,
machine types, integration capability, etc.), which leads to an
extremely diverse range of products.
oFor this reason, Bosch Rexroth also pursues a strategy of supporting open
or standardized interfaces.
oIn cooperation with the CAD/CAM software providers Module works and
Opus, a continuous process chain was integrated in an application of a
Bosch-Rexroth plant.
oThis involves the machining of hydraulic components on a 5-axis
machining center with MTX control.

Causes of errors in CNC machining

Causes of errors in CNC machining

NC program file storage
 Parameters control the methods by which programs can be transferred to
and from the CNC as well as the device/media being used.
 Common choices include a flash drive, memory card, ethernet or serial
port.
 Another parameter determines when the CNC will stop loading programs:
at an end of program word (like M30) or the end-of-file delimiter (%).

Transfer of a program to a CNC machine
 A simple program can be written directly in the editor of the control system
in a machine.
o This method is not effective in the production, so a program is prepared at the
PC workplace away from a machine and it is transferred to a machine on an
appropriate medium (USB key, floppy disk, and suchlike).
o When a CNC machine is equipped with a network interface (e.g., network
interface card/NIC RJ-45) and it is connected to the computer network, it is
possible to send programs from one computer to the relevant directory in the
machine via the network.

Transfer of a program to a CNC machine (Cont’s)




CNC machine parameters
 There are certain parameters that every CNC user should know related to safety, efficiency
and simplifying machine usage.
1. Initialized states
 Certain G-code modes are automatically instated when you power-on a machine tool.
 Absolute or incremental (G90/G91); inch or metric (G20/G21); rapid or linear motion (G00/G01); plane
selection XY, XZ or YZ (G17/G18/G19); and feed per minute or feed per revolution (G94/G95), among
others, are G-code modes that can be specified through parameters.
2. Canned cycles
 Most of these parameters control efficiency. For example, the machining center chip-breaking peck
drilling cycle (G73) has a parameter that controls retract amount between pecks.
 The larger this value, the more time it will take to machine a hole.
 In similar fashion, the deep-hole pecking cycle has a parameter that controls the clearance amount
between pecks.
 Also, the turning center multiple repetitive cycle for rough turning and boring (G71) has a parameter
that controls how far the tool will retract (still feeding) between roughing passes.
3. Data entry
 A parameter controls whether a value without a decimal point will be taken as a whole number or with
fixed format.
 If set to a whole number, a coordinate value of 10 in the inch mode will be taken as 10 inches. In fixed-
format mode, it will be taken as 0.0010 inch.
 This can affect program compatibility among machines and operator entries when making sizing
adjustments.
 Another parameter sets the maximum size of a wear offset adjustment.
 Having this parameter set to 0.02 inch, for example, can help minimize operator entry mistakes.

CNC machine parameters (Cont’s)
4. Communications and file loading
 Parameters control the methods by which programs can be transferred to and from the CNC
as well as the device/media being used.
 Common choices include a flash drive, memory card, ethernet or serial port.
 Another parameter determines when the CNC will stop loading programs: at an end of
program word (like M30) or the end-of-file delimiter (%).
5. Program protection
 Parameters are available to keep specified programs from being modified, deleted and/or
displayed.
 This lets you protect important programs, such as probing programs, sub-programs and
custom macros.
6. User defined G and M codes
 Parameters let you specify that a chosen G or M code (like G101 or M87) will execute pre-
determined CNC programs.
 This is important when developing custom macros for canned-cycle applications.
 Another custom-macro-related parameter lets you control the behavior of single block when
executing logic and arithmetic commands: skipping them or executing them one by one.
7. Inch-Metric conversion
 A parameter controls what happens when you switch measurement system modes.
 With one choice, the CNC simply moves the decimal point to the right or left (no true
conversion).
 A value of 10.0000 inches becomes 100.000 millimeters. With the other, all values, including
axis positions and offset settings, are converted. A value of 10.0000 inches becomes
254.000 millimeters.
Programming parameter changes
 The most common way to change parameter settings is to do so manually, using the
display screen and MDI panel keyboard.
o But you can program changes for program-related parameters.
 With the G73 peck drilling retract amount for example, it may be necessary to use a
setting of 0.005 inch for one cutting tool in a program and 0.010 inch for another.
o FANUC CNCs utilize the data setting command (G10) for this purpose.

Cutting Speeds and feeds formulas



Take home lesson 7
1:

Haas parameter list (mill/lathe)
 Haas parameter list (mill/lathe) for CNC machinists who work on Haas CNC lathe/mill.
o Parameters are seldom-modified values that change the operation of the machine.
o These include servo motor types, gear ratios, speeds, stored stroke limits, ball screw
compensations, motor control delays, and macro call selections.
 These are all rarely changed by the user and should be protected from being changed by
the parameter lock setting.
 The Settings page lists some parameters that the user may need to change during normal
operation.
o These are simply called “Settings”.
o Under normal conditions, the parameter displays should not be modified.
 Where parameter numbers have different meanings between lathes and mills, it will be
indicated with a (L) or an (M) directly after the parameter number or wording to which
the text pertains.
o The (L) and (M) will not appear in the parameter numbers on the machine display.

CNC Setup and Operation
 CNC machine setup and operation follows the process below:
1. Pre-Start
2. Start/Home
3. Load Tools
4. Mount Remove Part into the vise
5. Set Tool Length Offsets Z
6. Set Part Offset XY
7. Load CNC Program
8. Dry Run
9. Run Program
10.Adjust Offsets as Needed
11.Shut Down

CNC Setup and Operation (Cont’s)
1. Pre-Start
o Before starting the machine, check to ensure oil and coolant levels are full.
Check the machine maintenance manual if you are unsure about how to
service it.
o Ensure the work area is clear of any loose tools or equipment.
o If the machine requires an air supply, ensure the compressor is on and
pressure meets the machine requirements.
2. Start/Home
o Turn power on the machine and control.
o The main breaker is located at the back of the machine.
o The machine power button is located in the upper-left corner on the control
face.
3. Load Tools
o Load all tools into the tool carousel in the order listed in the CNC program
tool list.

CNC Setup and Operation (Cont’s)
4. Mount the Part in the Vise
o Place the Part to be machine in the vise and tighten.
5. Set Tool Length Offsets
o Set Tool Length Offsets For each tool used in the order listed in the CNC program, jog the
Tools to the top of the part and then set the TLO.
6. Set Part Offset XY
o Once the vise or other Part is properly installed and aligned on the machine, set the
fixture offset to locate the part XY datum.
7. Load CNC Program
o Load your CNC program into CNC machine control using USB flash memory, or floppy
disk.
8. Dry Run
o Run the program in the air about 2.00 in. above the part .
9. Run Program
o Run the program, using extra caution until the program is proven to be error-free.
10. Adjust Offsets as Required
o Check the part features and adjust the CDC or TLO registers as needed to ensure
the part is within design specifications.
11. Shut Down

o Remove part from the vise and tools from the spindle, clean the work area, and
properly shut down the machine.
o Be sure to clean the work area and leave the machine and tools in the location and
condition you found them.
CNC tool set-up procedures
 Vertical or horizontal machine
 Number of axes
 The capacity of the tool turret
 Planning on holding the part (work piece)
 Use of edge finder
 Navigation through machine’s control
 Basic CNC control commands.

Steps to set up CNC machine
 Clean surface
 Load tool
 Load part
 X, Y axis’s offsetting
 Z axis offsetting
 Cutter radius compensation
 Coolant or cutting oil
 Cycle start

Problems with CNC machine tools
 Using the wrong cutting tools or settings
 Errors in programming
 Poor maintenance of CNC machine tool
 Inadequate worker skill and training
 Clamping/ unclamping problem of chucks and fixtures
 Automatic tool changer problems
 Machine vibration or chatter
 Overheating of machine tool
 Wrong CNC machine tool partner

Workpiece loading for CNC machining
 When making CNC machined parts, it is important to first figure out the best way to load
and hold the workpiece.
o This step comes before plotting the tool path, and plays an important role in the process.
 Work holding and loading are crucial aspects of the CNC machining process.
o The workpiece is only going to be as good as how well it stands and stays steady on the work
surface of your machine.
 T-Slots
o Crucial to the work holding, T-slots provide a T-shaped cutout where the crossbar of the T is on
the underside of the table or within the table itself.
o This allows a nut to fit into the slot to provide a movable location for inserting a bolt or clamp.

Workpiece loading for CNC machining (Cont’s)
 Gluing
o Workpieces can easily be glued to the bakelite table, and most Chinese
prototyping companies do it in this way.
o Gluing is still a very easy and popular solution for work holding. It can be useful
for both flat and irregularly shaped materials.
o It can potentially offer a higher degree of strength than carpet tape while
eliminating the need for work holding tabs.
o Removing parts from the bed will require a paint scraper or manual peeling.
Glues are particularly useful for prototype machining and plastics.
 Pros:
o Multiple pieces can be glued to the table in one
go, which is less work for operators.
o It is an efficient method for creating plastic or
aluminum prototypes.
 Cons:
o There is a chance that the workpiece will peel off.
o It is also possible to damage the parts when
taking them off.
 Bolting
o Bolts are a great way to hold the workpiece down for machining by using the T-
shape table directly.
o Frankly, adding an aluminum block is even a better idea, because it is easy to
create thread holes wherever needed.
o Thread holes go hand in hand with clamps and allow for better leveling and
stability.
o Items used for bolting materials down include T-nuts, studs and flange nuts. Bolts and nuts
can be particularly useful if a work surface has threaded inserts instead of T-slots.
o In these cases, bolts can be threaded into the

inserts to hold clamps of various designs, keeping
them in place.
o Pros: Bolting is a very stable way to hold the
workpiece, which you can then cut very forcefully.
Complex geometries won’t be a problem to hold.
o Cons: Using bolts requires extra material to be
used as a frame. The material wasted can be
critical when machining large-volume parts, and
loading time are significant. When cutting parts
from the frame, hinge marks can present a
problem. CNC MACHINING in level 7, Semester I- 2023/2024 264
 vises
o Vises usually hold the piece from the ends, fastened in between two jaws, as the
tool processes the material.
o They are particularly useful for those pieces that have straight edges, but they
can be adapted for ones with rounded edges as well.
o Modern vises are designed with a quick-switch base, allowing the machinist to
load the workpiece from the CNC machine.
o When the parts are done, the next batch can be loaded up quickly. Vises are
also the preferred option in our CNC workshop.
o Pros: Vises allow for cutting at high speeds and
make it easy to locate the workpiece when
making repeat parts. They are an efficient way
to make large-volume CNC parts. You can also
put several vises on the CNC machine to make
different parts in one go.
o Cons: Parts must have a regular geometry with

parallel surfaces. Otherwise, custom jaws are
required.

 vises
o There are several types of clamp that can be used for work-holding during
CNC machining. They include combination clamps, pliers and C-clamps

 Vacuum tables
o Vacuum tables hold down the workpiece by generating a hold-down force —
caused by the difference between a vacuum under the part and atmospheric
pressure pushing down from above.
 Vacuum tables are often the best solution for the flat sheet work done on CNC
routers.
o These tables can be very accurate, flexible and efficient.
o Pros: Vacuum tables have a very fast loading time and are suitable for non-
clampable materials.
o Cons: Most vacuum tables are only suitable for simple, flat parts.

 Magnetic Tables
o Magnetic tables use a magnetic use a magnetic base to hold workpieces made from
suitable metals.
 They are a popular solution for the mold making industry, since most mold
cavities are made from steel.
 However, they are also used on steel workpieces for general CNC machining
operations.
o Most magnetic tables are electromagnetic, so the magnetic force can be stopped
when machining is complete.
o Pros: Magnetic tables allow for total cutting access and can be set up quickly. They
are also highly safe and secure.
o Cons: Magnetic tables can only be used on magnetic metals, limiting their use in an
aluminum-dominated area of manufacturing.

 Custom Jigs
o When milling large-volume parts, standard work-holding methods may not
be sufficient.
 If this is the case, it may be worth making custom jigs in order to CNC
machine the parts.
 Shaving off seconds can make a big difference during mass production.
o Jigs can guide the tool path and vastly improve product quality, but they
are only necessary when absolute stability is needed.
 The workpiece is typically slid or dropped into the jig and held in place
with one or two quick clamps.
o Pros: Custom jigs can be tailored for extra large or irregular workpieces,
reducing setup times and guaranteeing stability.
o Cons: Lengthens turnaround times and increases expenditure. The jigs

won’t fit other common parts.

How To Clean A CNC Machine
Pre-Cleaning Inspection
Outside Machine
Inside Machine
Cleaning the Outside
Step 1: Degrease and Clean Entire Machine
Step 2: Deep-Clean Entire Machine
Step 3: Polish
Step 4: Clean the CNC Control
o Cleaning The Keypad
o Cleaning The Dials
o Detail Keypad
o Detail Dails

Take home lesson 9
JMN Ltd is a fish processing company located in Karongi District. The company has a fish drying
machine which is used for drying harvested fish. While doing preventive maintenance activities, the
maintenance team has realised that the machine has an abnormal gradual decrease in drying capacity
due to the fan blades with stepped shaft of fish dryer had been worn out. The company decided to
address the problem by replacing the shaft with another new shaft. The shaft should be strong enough
to support the maximum torque of the fish drying machine.
As a CNC machinist, you are requested to machine that stepped shaft from steel of a 250 mm diameter
blank and 600 mm long. The machined shaft must consist of two solid circular segments. The larger
segment of shaft must have a diameter of 60 mm and length of 250 mm; the smaller segment of a 40 mm
diameter and length of 150 mm.
Assumptions required to be used to the process sequences are the following:
- Absolute programming
- Spindle speed is 750 rev/min
- Feed rate is 225 mm/min
- F0 is rapid feed rate
- X values are radii
Tasks:
1. Write a CNC machining technical drawing
2. Develop or get the CNC part-program of 3D geometric model of the part.

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(2003-01-15). Retrieved October 14, 2020, from Mmsonline.com:
https://www.mmsonline.com/articles/threading-on-a-lathe
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Controlled Machines (Vols. ANSI/EIA-494-B-1992). Washington, D.C.
Alper, Camci; Temur, Gul Tekin; Ahmet, Beskese. (2018). CNC router selection for SMEs in
woodwork manufacturing using hesitant fuzzy AHP method. Journal of Enterprise Information
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Banfield, J.T. (1978). An Analysis of the Application of Numerical Control of Machine Tools in the
North West of England and a Short History of Numerical Control in the United Kingdom.
University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology.
Brittain, J. (1992). Pioneer in American Electrical Engineering. In Alexanderson. Johns Hopkins
University Press. doi: ISBN 0-8018-4228-X
Haas Automation Board Packet. (2019-06-27). Diversify Nevada.
Holland, Max. (1989). When the Machine Stopped: A Cautionary Tale from Industrial America. (O.
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CNC MACHINING in the I-Development of Numerical
level 7, Semester
272 Control for Machine Tools.
2023/2024

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Department: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Module name: CNC MACHINING

Sector: Manufacturing and Mining

CNC MACHINING in level 7, Semester I- 2023/2024 2

CNC MACHINING in level 7, Semester I- 2023/2024 3

CNC MACHINING in level 7, Semester I- 2023/2024 4

Form in which stock material is

Machining type (Machine Setting)

Process Operation schedule and time estimation

Work holding and Speeds and feeds Tooling type

CNC Machining program

CNC MACHINING in level 7, Semester I- 2023/2024 7

CNC MACHINING in level 7, Semester I- 2023/2024 8

1. Shape measuring machine. It is applied to measure physical value: shape

CNC MACHINING in level 7, Semester I- 2023/2024 9

CNC MACHINING in level 7, Semester I- 2023/2024 10

1) Load and unload work pieces securely.

1) Clean the machine.

CNC MACHINING in level 7, Semester I- 2023/2024 12

CNC MACHINING in level 7, Semester I- 2023/2024 13

1) Wear suitable safety clothes.

CNC MACHINING in level 7, Semester I- 2023/2024 14

1) Wear suitable safety clothes.

CNC MACHINING in level 7, Semester I- 2023/2024 15

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 CNC machinable medical parts

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