8

Research I
Quarter IV - Module 1, Lesson 1
Methods of Data Collection
Research I – Grade 8
Self-Learning Modules
First Edition, 2021

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Introductory Message
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For the learner:
Welcome to the Research 1 Self – Learning Module 1 on Methods of Data
Collection!

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lesson. This aims to help you discover and
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are encouraged to think about the lessons
particularly the parts that went well (they have
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iii
 At the end of this module, you will also find:
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developing this module.

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Welcome to Research 1 Self-Learning Module on Components of a Research
Proposal!
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In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
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v
LESSON 1 – Methods of Collecting Data

Explore

Introduction:

Getting there!
You have successfully formulated your research problem and hypotheses
and gathered your relevant literature and studies. It is now expected of you to have
gained a clear picture of where your study is leading.

To further prove something, it is necessary to gather relevant data. The more

related data collected, the better you can come up with a good conclusion.

This module will help you gain profound understanding on the different
methods of data collection that would help you in formulating your research
proposal.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define data and methods of data collection; and
2. apply methods of data collection.

Collecting data has been a part of our daily living like asking information
when we meet new friends, asking details about the product that we want to buy,
searching about our favorite artists, and many more.

It is one major component of any type of research. Undermining its

importance would result in the production of inaccurate data sufficient to render
your research study invalid.

Q4_STE_Research_I_ Module 1_Lesson1 Page 1 of 15

Activity 1. Treat Me Right!

Situation: You are invited for an interview. Supply your possible answer on the
question of the interviewer.

What are the

safety precautions
that you always
observe to avoid
the COVID-19?

graphic by Pinterest

Let’s relate…
Question: What is the purpose of having an interview with someone?
Answer: _______________________________________________

Q4_STE_Research_I_ Module 1_Lesson1 Page 2 of 15

 Learn

You have learned in the previous quarter about gathering related literature
and studies and the use of proper citation. In this lesson, you are to delve deeper
on the different methods of data collection that you will apply in making your
research proposal.

What is data?
Data is a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn. Such as
numbers, words, measurements, observations or even just descriptions of things.

Data Collection
It is the process by which the researcher collects the information from all the
relevant sources to answer the research problem, test the hypothesis and evaluate
the outcomes. The task of data collection begins after a research problem has been
defined and research design chalked out.

Primary Data vs. Secondary Data

Primary data are data collected directly from the data source without going
through any existing sources. This kind of data is often reliable, authentic, and
objective in as much as it was collected with the purpose of addressing a particular
research problem. For examples, surveys, and observation.
Secondary data are those collected in the past by someone else but made
available for others to use. They are usually once primary data but become
secondary when used by a third party. For examples, journals, articles, and web
sources.

Methods of Data Collection

1. Observation
It is a method under which data from the field is collected with the help of
observation by the observer or by personally going to the field. This method uses
the sense organs in gathering information like by watching and listening to them.

 Direct Observation- seeing, touching and hearing the sources of data

personally.
 Indirect Observation- seeing and hearing, not through your own eyes and
ears, but by means of technological and electronic gadgets like
audiotapes, video records, and other recording devices used to capture
earlier events, images, or sounds.

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Q4_STE_Research_I_ Module 1_Lesson1 Page 4 of 15
2. Survey
This is the most popular data-gathering technique. It makes you obtain facts
or information about the subject or object of your research through the data
gathering instruments of interview and questionnaire.

Questionnaire
A paper containing series of questions formulated for an individual
and independent answering by several respondents for obtaining statistical
information. It is good for collecting data from a big number of respondents
situated in different places. Making up a questionnaire are factual and
opinionated questions. Questions to elicit factual answers are formulated in
a multiple-choice type and those to ask about the respondents’ views,
attitudes, preferences, and other opinionated answers are provided with
sufficient space where the respondents could write their sentential answers
to opinionated questions. Responses yielded by a questionnaire are given in
numerical forms (numbers, fractions, percentages) and categories, and are
subjected to statistical analysis.

Parts of a Survey Questionnaire

Part 1: General Instructions

The purpose of the general instructions is to help the person

completing the questionnaire have a general understanding of the purpose of
the research study, provide a general orientation of the topic of the
questionnaire, and describe informed consent. Part of the general
instructions also includes the title of the questionnaire. Just as the
directions should not lead participants to a desired response, the title also
should not bias participants. Again, it is better to keep the questionnaire
title as general as possible. A sample of general instructions is:

https://swm4sd.wordpress.com/appendixes/questionnaire/

Q4_STE_Research_I_ Module 1_Lesson1 Page 5 of 15

 Part 2: Personal Information
Most questionnaires typically start with questions about the
participant. Personal information can also be called demographic
characteristics or biodata. Consider only those items that are essential to
getting a good understanding of your sample and that answer your research
questions.

https://swm4sd.wordpress.com/appendixes/questionnaire/

Part 3: Body
This includes the actual questions. Researchers then present the
items and response sets that participants will interact with during survey
administrations.

4 CLASSES OF SURVEY QUESTIONS

1. Open-Ended- this allows participants to articulate their thoughts in their own
words (from one word to many sentences).

https://swm4sd.wordpress.com/appendixes/questionnaire/

2. Closed-Ended (Static)- closed-ended questions—as the name suggest—

enumerate the options for participants to select from.
These are generally classified into three types: multiple
choice with a single response, multiple choice with
multiple responses, or rating scales.
a. Multiple Choice (Single Response)

https://swm4sd.wordpress.com/appendixes/questionnaire/

Q4_STE_Research_I_ Module 1_Lesson1 Page 6 of 15

 b. Multiple Choice (Multiple Responses)

https://swm4sd.wordpress.com/appendixes/questionnaire/

c. Rating Scales

https://swm4sd.wordpress.com/appendixes/questionnaire/

3. Closed-Ended (Dynamic)- his dynamic presentation uses the same rating scales
and multiple-choice questions but the question order and choices
change using adaptive logic (numerical algorithms programmed in
the software).
4.Task/Activity Based- instead of relying on a self-reported response, a
task/activity-based question asks participants to attempt to do
something, usually on a website, prototype, or hosted image.

Example of Questionnaire:

https://swm4sd.wordpress.com/appendixes/questionnaire/

*given examples are just parts of the entire questionnaire of the author

Q4_STE_Research_I_ Module 1_Lesson1 Page 7 of 15

 Interview

It is technique which involves asking open-ended questions to

converse with respondents and collect elicit data about a subject. There are
classifications of interview, namely: structured interview, unstructured
interview and focused interview. Structured interview has a set of pre-decided
or prepared questions; unstructured interview doesn’t follow a system of pre-
determined questions; and in focused interview, attention is focused on the
given experience of the respondent and its possible effects.

3. Experiment
A one kind of data collection that may be used to assess theoretical
knowledge. Experiments are the gold standard, allowing us to make causal
conclusions. It is a scientific method of collecting data whereby the subjects are
given a sort of treatment or condition then evaluate the results to find out the
manner by which the treatment affected the subjects and to discover the reasons
behind the effects of such treatment on the subject. This attempts to determine a
cause-and-effect relationship between two or more variables.

4. Content Analysis

It is an approach to the analysis of documents and texts (which may be

printed or visual) that seeks to quantify content in terms of predetermined
categories and in a systematic and replicable manner. It involves searching
through several oral or written forms or communication to find answers to the
research questions. This method is not only for examining printed materials but
also for analyzing information coming from non-book materials like photographs,
films, video tapes, paintings, drawings, and the like to determine their comparative
feature.

5. Oral histories
At first glance, an oral history might sound like an interview. Both data
collection methods involve asking questions. But an oral history is more precisely
defined as the recording, preservation, and interpretation of historical information
based on the opinions and personal experiences of people who were involved in the
events. Unlike interviews and surveys, oral histories are linked to a single
phenomenon. For example, a researcher may be interested in studying the effect of
a flood on a community. An oral history can shed light on exactly what transpired.
It’s a holistic approach to evaluation that uses a variety of techniques.

Q4_STE_Research_I_ Module 1_Lesson1 Page 8 of 15

 Engage

Let’s Be Healthy!
Sodium is a mineral that occurs naturally in many of
the foods we eat. Sodium chloride, or salt, is the most
common type of sodium found in nature. It's also the type of
sodium you'll find in food. Most of our dietary sodium comes
from the processing of the foods we eat.
Despite what many people think, most dietary sodium
(over 70%) comes from eating packaged and prepared foods—
not from salt added to food when cooking or eating.
Even though sodium may already be in many packaged
foods when you purchase them, you can lower your daily
sodium intake by using the Nutrition Facts label.
Use % Daily Value (%DV) to determine if a serving of
the food is high or low in sodium and to compare and choose https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-education-
foods to get less than 100% DV of sodium each day. resources-materials/sodium-your-diet

As a general guide: 5% DV or less of sodium per serving is

considered low, and 20% DV or more of sodium per serving is considered
high.

Activity
Directions: Write at least 7 favorite snacks or drinks of your family members. Look
for the %DV of Sodium at the Nutrition Facts found on the packaging.
Use the methods of collecting data to gather your needed information.
Write them down in your notebook and make a graph that would best
show the data you are able to gather. An example is given below. Write
your answer on the space provided or you may use a separate sheet.

Example:
Favorite foods or drinks:

% DV
Mother- fries (8%)
Me- Milo (6%)
Cess- ice cream (4%)
Jay- Nova (3%)
Nelle- Piattos (6%)
Ina-instant pancit canton Kalamansi (40%)
ZK- canned corned beef (34%)

Q4_STE_Research_I_ Module 1_Lesson1 Page 9 of 15

 Nutrition Facts

% DV of Sodium
40
30
20
10
0

Foods/ Drinks

Guide Questions:
1. Which food or drink has the highest %DV of Sodium? _________
2. Which food or drink has the lowest %DV of Sodium? _________
3. What method of collecting data did you use? ________________________

Answer:

Q4_STE_Research_I_ Module 1_Lesson1 Page 10 of 15

 Apply

Directions: Read each situation and think about it. Identify what data collection
method should be used.

1. The head of the barangay health center wants to know how many residents of
their barangay have comorbidities and who would respond to the vaccination
program.

Answer: _________________________________________________

2. Group 1 is planning to use ginger and vinegar to create an effective organic

insecticide.
Answer: _________________________________________________

3. Students are told to bring 2 different leaves and differentiate the two using a
graph.
Answer: _________________________________________________

4. The researcher is having a research study about the experiences of a COVID

survivor when he was struggling with the virus.
Answer: _________________________________________________

5. The teacher instructed his students to differentiate rocks according to texture.

Answer: _________________________________________________

6. The researchers conducted a study on Makahiya (Mimosa pudica) Root Extract as

an Alternative Ovicide against Dengue Mosquito (Aedes aegypti) Eggs.
Answer: _________________________________________________

7. As a student, you are curious on how easily different household substances

dissolve in water, such as salts, sugar, spices and oils.

Answer: _________________________________________________

8. A group of students is having a research on the effects of water shortage in a

barangay.

Answer: _________________________________________________
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Q4_STE_Research_I_ Module 1_Lesson1 Page 12 of 15
 Assess
Multiple Choice. Read the questions or statements carefully. Choose your answer
from the given options. Encircle the letter of your answer.

1. It refers to the process of collecting information from relevant sources.

a. data methods c. data analysis
b. data collection methods d. data presentation

2. These are collected facts which conclusions may be drawn.

a. data c. sources
b. methods d. data collection methods

3. Which of the following is considered as secondary data?

a. surveys c. theses
b. questionnaires d. interviews

4. Which of the following is used to gather primary data?

a. surveys c. observations
b. interviews d. all the above

5. Mrs. Santos wants to experience the effects of turmeric tea to her health. What
specific type of data collection method would she use?
a. indirect observation c. observation
b. direct observation d. interview

6. It is the most popular data-gathering technique.

a. interview c. observation
b. survey d. experiment

7. Grade 8- Opal students wanted to know if a charcoal could be used as a shoe

polish. What data collection method is best to use?
a. interview c. observation
b. survey d. experiment

8. A researcher has a study on how the amount of water affects plant’s growth.
What data collection method is best to use?
a. interview c. questionnaire
b. experiment d. observation

9. What is the difference between oral history and interview?

a. Interview asks questions while oral history doesn’t.
b. Oral history is linked to different phenomena while interview is linked to a
single phenomenon.
c. Oral history preserves, and interprets historical information based on the
opinions and personal experiences of people who were involved in the
events while interview involves asking open-ended questions to converse
with respondents and collect elicit data about a subject.
d. Interview has always a set of pre-decided questions while oral history
focuses on the given experience of the respondent and its possible effects.

10. Which of the given best describes the importance of data collection methods?
a. Data collection methods allow the researcher to answer respondents’
queries.
b. Data collection methods give us accurate and reliable findings.
c. Data collection methods may answer research questions.
Q4_STE_Research_I_ Module 1_Lesson1 Page 13 of 15
 d. Data collection methods collect data.

Reflect

Answer the following questions:

1. Which part of the lesson did you most understand?

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

2. Which part of the lesson was difficult for you to comprehend?

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

3. Which part of the lesson did you least understand?

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Q4_STE_Research_I_ Module 1_Lesson1 Page 14 of 15

 Answer Key

Explore
Engage
Activity: Treat Me Right
Answers may vary. Answers may vary.

Expected answers: Possible answer:

Favorite foods or drinks:
- The safety precautions that I
% DV
always observe to avoid the COVID- Mother- fries (8%)
Me- Milo (6%)
19 are to always observe physical Cess- ice cream (4%)
Jay- Nova (3%)
distancing, wash hands before Nelle- Piattos (6%)
Ina-instant pancit canton (40%)
touching your face, always wear mask ZK- canned corned beef (34%)

and face shield especially when going

out. If not necessary, do not go out
and avoid crowded places.

- We interview someone to gather

data.

Apply Assess
1. survey 1.b
2. experiment 2.a
3. observation 3.c
4. interview 4. d
5. b
5. experiment
6. b
6. experiment 7. d
7. oral history 8. b
9. c
10. b

Q4_STE_Research_I_ Module 1_Lesson1 Page 15 of 15

References
BOOK
Bryman, Alan. Social Research Methods. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2012.

ONLINE SOURCES
Ainsworth, Quentin. Data Collection Methods. June 01, 2020. Accessed December
5, 2020. https://www.jotform.com/data-collection-methods/

Birari, Abhijeet. Data Collection in Research. Slideshare, August 5, 2016. Accessed

December 6, 2020. https://www.slideshare.net/abhijeetbirari/data-
collection-in-research-64721940

Gibbs, Allison & Rosenthal, Jeffrey. Understanding Data. Video Published, 2013.
Accessed December 6, 2020. https://methods.sagepub.com/video/data-
collection-experiments

Karim, A. (2014). Training in Sexual and Reproductive Health Research. Geneva:

Geneva Workshop. Retrieved September 1, 2018, from
https://www.gfmer.ch/SRH-Course2013/Geneva-Workshop/pdf/Data-
collection-instruments-Abawi-2014.pdf

Konari, Muhammed. Methods of data collection (research methodology). Slideshare,

November 7, 2015. Accessed December 5, 2020.
https://www.slideshare.net/muhammedsabithk/methods-of-data-
collection-research-methodology

Webster Jr., Murray & Sell, Jane. Laboratory Experiments in the Social Sciences
(Second Edition), 2014. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-
sciences/experimental-methods

Vitharana, Asiri. Impacts of Solid Waste Management on Sustainable Development

in The Hambantota Urban Council, Sri Lanka. Accessed December 7, 2020.
https://swm4sd.wordpress.com/solid-waste-management/

WEBSITES

https://www.coursehero.com/file/p22ankh2/Techniques-in-Collecting-Quantitative-
Data

https://www.questionpro.com/blog/types-of-interviews/

https://researchcage.com/2018/09/13/data-collection-method-and-its-importance-
to-research/

https://www.webmd.com/diet/foods-high-in-sodium#1
https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-education-resources-materials/sodium-your-diet

Q4_STE_Research_I_ Module 1_Lesson1 Page 16 of 15

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Management Division (CLMD) - Learning Resources Management Section
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Email Address: *region8@deped.gov.ph

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