Moment of Statical stability, -Ships are designed to be initially stable, meaning they

the moment to return the ship to the initial position when return to an upright position after a disturbance.
inclined by an external force. Commonly referred to as the b. Metacentric Height (GM):
righting moment , at any given angle of heel is found using -GM is a key parameter indicating the initial stability of a
the formula. vessel.
- Positive GM provides stability, while negative GM leads to
MOMENT OF STATICAL STABILITY OR RIGHTING MOMENT instability.
1. The centre of gravity of a body ‘G’ is the point through *****
which the force of gravity is considered to act vertically Factors influencing the angle of loll
downwards with a force equal to the weight of the body. a. Weight Distribution:
KG is the VCG Uneven distribution of weight can induce loll.
2. The centre of buoyancy ‘B’ is the point through which b. Free Surface Effect:
the force of buoyancy is considered to act vertically Liquids in partially filled tanks contribute to the shift in the
upwards with a force equal to the weight of water ship's center of gravity.
displaced. It is the center of gravity of the underwater c. Hull Shape:
volume. KG is the VCB - Specific hull designs may influence the angle of loll.

WHAT IS RIGHTING MOMENT? ANGLE OF LOLL

is the force that tries to restore the boat to its upright The angle of loll can be calculated by a simple formula
position, derived from the wall-sided formula:
When the ship floating at rest in still water is inclined by an For small angle of inclination:
external force to a small angle, the centre of gravity G will GZ = Sin θ x GM
remain in the same position but the centre of buoyancy In this formula:
moves towards the submerged side, to the new position. Gz is the righting arm
This create a moment WxGZ known as the righting Sin Ꝋ is the sine of the angle of inclination
moment. GM is the metacentric height
Note: this formula is applicable when the angle of
GZ = GM X SIN Ꝋ (use for small angle of heel) inclination is relatively small
Therefore: *****
Righting Moment = GZ x Displacement For large angle of inclination:
Take note that the formula stated above for GZ can only be GZ = Sin θ (GM + ½BM x tanθ)
used for small angles of heel which is often considered to In this formula:
be any inclination of the ship up to approximately 10 Gz is the righting arm
degrees. Sin Ꝋ is the sine of the angle of inclination
FORMULA: GM is the metacentric height
GZ = GM X SIN θ BM is the metacentric radius at the current angle of heel
GM = KM - KG Note: this formula is a modification that takes into account
RIGHTING MOMENT = GZ X DISPLACEMENT the effects of the beam (BM) at larger angles of
inclination….
Step 1: Calculate GZ…GZ = GM X SIN θ… sin is the degree *****
If No GM… GM = KM – KG When metacentric height is negative:
tanӨ= √(-2GM/BM)
Step 2: Calculate Righting Moment This formula calculates the tangent of the angle of Loll
Righting Moment = GZ X Displacement using the negative GM and the metacentric radius at the
***** angle of Loll (BM)
Angle of loll For BM using (GM +KG) – KB:
-The angle of loll is the angle at which a stable ship, when Bm = (GM + KG) - KB
heeled over, becomes stable again. ****
-This occurs when a ship is designed with a specific MOVEMENT OF THE CENTER OF GRAVITY
amount of initial stability, and if it heels beyond a certain The following rules describe the movement of the center
point, the stability is restored due to the shape of the hull of gravity of the vessel.
or other design features. Rule 1: The center of gravity moves towards an added
Causes: weight
- Weight distribution, hull shape, and design features Rule 2: The center of gravity moves parallel to the
contribute to the angle of loll. movement of a weight which already on board
- Occurs when the ship heels beyond its initial stability Rule 3: The center of gravity moves away from discharge
limits. weight
****
Basics of Stability:
a. Initial Stability:
***** W is the weight in tons
Movement of center of gravity when loading W is the displacement of the vessel in tons
Rule 1: The center of gravity moves towards an added
weight
As rule 1 states. G moves towards a loaded or added NAV 2 MIDTERM****
weight. Admiralty Chart CataloguesNP 131
****** Admiralty Chart Catalogues:
Movement of center of gravity when Loading -are publications issued by hydrographic offices, such as
In order to calculate the shift of G from its original the UKHO, to aid mariners in selecting appropriate nautical
position to its new position the following formula is used: charts and publications.
Purpose:
GG1 = w x d divided by - Assist mariners in planning and executing safe navigation.
W+w -Provide comprehensive information about available
Where: charts and publications.
GG1 is the vertical shift of G in meters Components of Admiralty Chart Catalogues:
d is the distance where the weight is located from the KG A. Chart Index:
of the vessel (in meters) Chart Index is a comprehensive guide for mariners to
w is the weight in tons identify and select the appropriate nautical charts for their
W is the displacement of the vessel in tons navigation needs.
Effect of loading mass - Lists all available charts organized by chart number and
**** geographical area.
Movement of the center of gravity when discharging Chart numbers making it easier for mariners to locate
Rule 2: The center of gravity moves parallel to the specific charts efficiently.
movement of a weight which already on board. Geographical area allows mariners to quickly identify
-Similar to loading, the height of G will change as weights charts relevant to their intended navigation area.
are discharge. Chart Index
-As rule 2 states G will move away from a discharge weight - Provides essential details such as scale, chart title, and
Movement of the center of gravity when discharging edition.
In order to calculate the shift of G from its original position Scale -Indicates the ratio of distances on the chart to
to its new position the following formula is used: corresponding distances on the Earth's surface.
- Helps mariners choose charts with appropriate scales
GG1 = w x d divided by based on the nature of their voyage and navigational
W–w requirements.
Where: Chart Title - Describes the geographical area covered by
GG1 is the vertical shift of G in meters the chart.
d is the distance where the weight is located from the KG - Enables mariners to select charts that align with their
of the vessel planned route and destination.
W is the weight in tons Edition - Specifies the version or update of the chart.
W is the displacement of the vessel in tons -Mariners need to use the latest editions to ensure they
Note: When a weight is discharge note the change in sign have the most current and accurate navigational
to (-)Effect of discharging mass information.
***** Components of Admiralty Chart Catalogues
Movement of center of gravity when weight is already on B. Catalogue of Nautical Publications:
board -Catalogue of Nautical Publications is a comprehensive list
When weight id already on board and is shifted on deck, of additional navigational resources and publications that
the height of G will not change as the weight’s height will mariners may require for safe and effective navigation.
not change -This section includes details about a range of navigational
Instead, as rule 3 stated G moves parallel to the shifted publications, such as:
weight Sailing Directions
Movement of center of gravity when weight is already on Descriptive guides providing information on coastal
board navigation, ports, harbors, and anchorages.
In order to calculate the shift of G from its original position Tide Tables:
to its new position the following formula is used: -Information about tides, tidal streams, and tidal heights
for specific regions.
GG1 = w x d divided by List of Lights:
W -Details about navigational lights, buoys, and beacons,
Where: including their characteristics and positions.
GG1 is the vertical shift of G in meters Radio Navigational Aids:
d is the distance where the weight is located from the KG -Information on radio beacons, radio frequencies, and
of the vessel other electronic aids to navigation.
C. Chart Availability Tables: Ports and Harbors: Details about approaches, anchorages,
-Indicates the status of charts (e.g., in stock, out of stock, and facilities available in various ports.
or to be published). Tidal and Current Information: Descriptions of tidal
-Availability information is crucial for mariners to plan streams and currents affecting the region.
ahead and order charts in a timely manner and to ensure Weather and Climate: Information on prevailing weather
they have the necessary navigational charts conditions and climate in the area.
Importance of Admiralty Chart Catalogues Admiralty List of Lights and Fog Signals
A. Route Planning: - is a comprehensive publication that provides detailed
- Helps mariners identify the charts required for their information on lighthouses, lightships, beacons, and fog
planned routes. signals.
- Ensures comprehensive coverage of navigational areas. - It is an essential navigational aid for mariners, providing
B. Chart Corrections: crucial information on the characteristics and locations of
-Provides information on chart corrections and updates. these navigational aids.
-Enables mariners to keep charts up-to-date with the latest Purpose:ALRS aids mariners in identifying and navigating
navigational information. using lights and other visual signals. It is especially crucial
C. Safety at Sea: during low visibility conditions, such as fog or darkness,
- Ensures mariners have the necessary tools for safe when relying solely on visual landmarks may be
navigation. challenging.
- Allows for quick reference to the most relevant and Significance in Maritime Navigation
current charts. -The Admiralty List of Lights and Fog Signals is an essential
Admiralty Chart Catalogues resource for mariners, providing critical information on
Admiralty Chart Catalogues: navigation aids that can help prevent accidents and ensure
- It consists of 37 sections and 9 parts safe passage.
- It is revised & republished on 1st December, every year. - It is used by ships of all sizes and types, from small
-It gives the date of publication, date of current edition, pleasure craft to large commercial vessels, and is
coverage area of a publication, diagrammatic index of considered a standard reference for maritime navigation.
coverage and titles of various charts and publications. ******
It Divided into 9 parts: Nautical Publication:
Part 1: General Information -Luminous range
Part 2: Digital Services -Nominal range
Part 3: The World General Charts of the Oceans: (A-W) -Geographical range.
***** Luminous range
Nautical Publication -That maximum distance at which a light can be seen
-Admiralty Sailing Direction under atmospheric conditions of the existing visibility.
-Admiralty List of Lights and Fog Signals. Nominal range
Admiralty Sailing Directions (Pilots) -That maximum distance at which a light can be seen
Admiralty Sailing Directions, commonly known as Pilots, under atmospheric conditions of 10 mile visibility
-are comprehensive guides published by the United Geographic range
Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO). -That maximum distance at which a light can be seen
-These guides provide detailed information to mariners for dependent upon your height of eye and the elevation of
safe and efficient navigation in specific regions of the the light. Beyond this distance the curvature of the earth
[Link]: blocks the line of sight.
The primary purpose of Sailing Directions is to assist *****8
navigators in voyage planning and execution. They contain MIDTERM LESSONS IN PATHFIT2
information on coastal navigation, port facilities, (EXERCISES–BASED FITNESS ACTIVITIES)
navigational hazards, and other relevant details essential III. MUSCLE STRENGTHENING TRAINING EXERCISES
for safe passage. 1. Lifting Weights
Significance in Maritime Navigation Weightlifting or weight lifting generally refers to physical
Sailing Directions are indispensable for navigators during exercises and sports in which people lift weights, often in
the planning and execution of voyages. They complement the form of dumbbells or barbells.
nautical charts by providing additional context and real- Weightlifting tends to prioritize aesthetics and muscle
time information, helping mariners make informed size. Strength training, on the other hand, aims to enhance
decisions. overall strength and functional capacity.
Contents:
Geographical Information: Detailed descriptions of 2. Working with Resistance Bands
coastlines, islands, and geographical features in the region Resistance band sets are versatile and simple exercise
covered. tools that can be integrated with different strength
Navigational Hazards: Information on rocks, shoals, and training for maximum gains.
other dangers to navigation. 7 Benefits of Resistance Bands
They're super affordable and easy to transport. ...
They help stretch and warm up your muscles before a 5. Squats Help Strengthen Your Lungs and Heart.
tough workout. ... 6. Squats Can Help Prevent Injuries.
They test your muscles throughout an entire exercise. ... 7. Squats Can Maintain & Improve Your Joints.
They're great for functional fitness training. ... As squatting engages your hips, knees and ankles at the
They keep your form in check. ... same time, the load not only helps build muscle, but also
They are incredibly safe to use. improves joint health and joint strength.
3 .Climbing Stairs 8. Squatting Keeps Bones Strong.
--It leads to healthy bones and lowers the risk of 9. Improves Your Speed and Your Ability to Jump.
osteoporosis. It strengthens muscles. It helps burn body 10. Postural Improvements.
fat, thereby controlling body weight. 11. Squats Improve Digestion and Circulation.
The risks associated with climbing stairs include potential 12. Improve Your Daily Life & Physical Abilities
injuries resulting from falls or slipping
4. Mountain climbers’ series IV. FLEXIBILITY
Performed from a plank position, (Ballistic and Static Stretching)
While the move sounds simple, mountain climbers [Link] calf stretch
exercise almost the entire body and raise your heart rate. Your Achilles tendon connects the muscles in the back of
What does mountain climber exercise do?---Mountain your leg to your heel bone. The calf stretch exercise can
climbers is an explosive bodyweight exercise that engages help prevent an Achilles tendon rupture
multiple muscle groups at once helping to improve your [Link] or seated inner thigh stretch
balance, agility, coordination, strength, flexibility, and What are the benefits of stretching your inner thighs?
blood circulation. ease muscle tension in your legs and groin.
improve flexibility.
How many pushups per day?---The range can vary increase your leg muscles' range of motion.
between 50 and 100 pushups per day, split into multiple prevent muscle strains, tears, and other injuries.
sets. increase circulation to your groin.
. Keep in mind that prioritizing quality over quantity is help reduce post-workout aches and pains.
crucial. boost your athletic performance
What happens if I do 100 pushups daily?---Doing 100 Push
Ups a day with correct technique can boost upper body 3. Standing or seated hamstring stretch
strength, muscle mass, and endurance The standing hamstring stretch offers a range of benefits,
6. Sit-Up series such as:
Push-ups, sit-ups, and pull-ups are other types of isotonic Improved flexibility, which can help hip and knee range of
exercises that use your body weight as resistance in order motion.
to strengthen the muscles while performing a full range of
motion. Isotonic exercises are highly effective at building
and preserving strength.
Faqs
1) What Happens if You Do Situps every day?
You also build a strong core and keep your hips, spine, and
shoulders aligned by performing sit-ups properly.
2) How Many Sit-ups a Day Is Good?
There is no magic number of sit-ups that will ensure envy-
inducing abs at the end.
three sets of sit-ups with 25 to 50 repetitions each to build
and sculpt your abs. Furthermore, combining crunches
with cardio and strength training
3) What Are the Side Effects of Sit-ups?
Incorrect body form can lead to injury
When doing any exercise, the most important thing is to
focus on the form. Doing exercises 20 times correctly is
better than doing them 50 times incorrectly
Twelve Major Benefits of Doing Squats
1. Squats Help Build Muscle.
2. Squats Burn Calories Fast.
Add weights to your squats and you’ll burn the calories
even quicker.
3. Squats Help Improve Flexibility.
4. Squats Help with Mobility and Balance.
Strong legs are essential for staying mobile as you get
older, and that’s where squats come in