1.

VESSEL STABILITY CANADIAN COAST GUARD AUXILIARY - PACIFIC

2. Principles of Stability
4. Definitions
5. Definitions Stability - the tendency of a vessel to rotate one way or the other
(to right itself or overturn) Initial Stability - the stability of a vessel in the range
from 0° to 7°/10°
6. Definitions Overall Stability - a general measure of a vessel's ability to resist
capsizing in a given condition of loading Dynamic Stability - the work done in
heeling a vessel to a given angle of heel
7. Six Motions Of A Ship Roll – side to side or port to starboard. (Rotate about
longitudinal axis) Pitch – up down or bow to stern. (Rotate about transverse
axis) Yaw – twisting (rotate about vertical axis) Sway – “sliding” laterally or side
to side Heave – up down as in lifted by waves. Surge – “sliding” longitudinally
or front back
8. Definitions ROLL - The action of a vessel involving a recurrent motion
(Longitudinal Axis). Semi-permanent angle of inclination, caused by external
forces. HEEL - LIST - Permanent angle of inclination caused by a shift in the
center of gravity, -GM, or both.
9. Laws Of Buoyancy • • A floating object has the property of buoyancy • A
floating body displaces a volume of water equal in weight to the weight of the
body.
10. G 00 DISPLACEMENT Capital W =
11. G B 04 DISPLACEMENT Capital W =
12. G B 09 DISPLACEMENT Capital W =
13. G DISPLACEMENT B 16 Capital W =
14. G DISPLACEMENT B 20 Capital W =
15. Laws Of Buoyancy • A floating object has the property of buoyancy. • A
floating body displaces a volume of water equal in weight to the weight of the
body. • A body immersed (or floating) in water will be buoyed up by a force
equal to the weight of the water displaced.
16. Displacement • The weight of the volume of water that the ship's hull is
displacing • Units of weight long ton = 2240 lbs short ton = 2000 lbs metric
tonne = 2204.72 lbs
17. Force A push or a pull. Tends to produce motion or a change in motion. Units:
TONS, POUNDS, ETC.
18. 5 T 15 T 5 T 5 T Force Parallel forces may be combined into one force equal to
the sum of all forces acting in the same direction and so located to produce
the same effect.
19. WEIGHT:Gravitational force. Direction toward center of earth UNITS:
LONG TONS, POUNDS, etc MOMENT:The tendency of a force to produce
rotation about an axis UNITS: FT-LT, FT-POUNDS, etc d F a MOMENT = F x d F is
the force of your hand while d is the length of your “wrench” & Moment is the
torque applied.
20. 2 m 3 m 1 m VOLUME - Number of cubic units in an object UNITS: Cubic Feet,
Cubic Inches, Cubic Metres V = L x B x D V = 3 m x 2 m x 1 m V = 6 m3
21. 2 m 3 m V = 6 m3 1 m SPECIFIC VOLUME - Volume per unit weight UNITS:
CUBIC METRES PER TONNE Salt water = 0.9756 m3/tFresh water = 1 m3/t
wflooding = Volume Sp. Vol wflooding = 6 m3 0.9756m3/tonne wflooding =
6.15 tonnes
22. Stability Reference Points
23. Stability Reference Points M etacenter G ravity B uoyancy K eel CL
24. Stability Reference Points M other G oose B eats K ids CL
25. B The Center Of Buoyancy RESERVE BUOYANCY WATERLINE B B1
26. Reserve Buoyancy, Freeboard, Draft and Depth Of Hull Remember this
color!! RESERVE BUOYANCY WATERLINE B
27. WL WL WL WL WL B B B B Center Of Buoyancy B
28. B B B B B B B B B RULE OF THUMB = “B” FOLLOWS THE WATERLINE.
29. G1 G G1 G The Center Of Gravity KG1 KGo KGo KG1
30. Center Of Gravity • Point at which all weights could be concentrated. • Center
of gravity of a system of weights is found by taking moments about an
assumed center of gravity, moments are summed and divided by the total
weight of the system.
31. Movements In The Center Of Gravity • G MOVES TOWARDS A WEIGHT
ADDITION
33. Movements In The Center Of Gravity • G MOVES TOWARDS A WEIGHT
ADDITION • G MOVES AWAY FROM A WEIGHT REMOVAL
34. G1 G G G G G G G KG1 KGo
35. Movements In The Center Of Gravity • G MOVES TOWARDS A WEIGHT
ADDITION • G MOVES AWAY FROM A WEIGHT REMOVAL • G MOVES IN THE
DIRECTION OF A WEIGHT SHIFT
36. G1
37. B B20 B45 METACENTER The Metacenter M B B2 B1 M20 M45 M M70 B70 CL
38. B B B B B B B Metacenter
39. B SHIFTS Metacenter M
40. 0o-7/10o M B CL
41. M20 M B B20 CL
42. M20 M45 M B B20 B45 CL
43. M20 M45 M M70 B B20 B70 CL B45
44. M20 M45 M70 B CL M M90 B20 B90 B45 B70
45. Movements Of The Metacenter THE METACENTER WILL CHANGE POSITIONS
IN THE VERTICAL PLANE WHEN THE SHIP'S DISPLACEMENT CHANGES OR •
WHEN B MOVES UP M MOVES DOWN. • WHEN B MOVES DOWN M MOVES UP.
RULE OF THUMB = “M” MOVES OPPOSITE OF “B”
46. M M M M1 M M M1 M M1 M1 G G G G G G B B B1 B1 B1 B1 B B B B
47. Linear Measurements In Stability M METACENTRIC HEIGHT GM
METACENTRIC RADIUS BM G HEIGHT OF METACENTER KM B HEIGHT OF
GRAVITY KG CL K
48. The Stability Triangle
49. M G B K The Stability Triangle M G Z CL
50. M M M M M Z G G G G G B B B B B B1 B1 B1 B1 K K K K K CL CL CL CL CL
51. M G Z Sin q = opp / hyp Where: opposite = GZ hypoteneuse = GM Sin q = GZ /
GM GZ = GM x Sin q Growth of GZ with GM
52. M G1 G B K CL
53. M G1 Z1 G Z AS METACENTRIC HEIGHT (GM) DECREASES, RIGHTING ARM (GZ)
ALSO DECREASES
54. INITIALSTABILITY M G B 0 - 7° CL
55. M OVERALLSTABILITY G Z B B1 RM = GZ x Wf CL FINAL DISPLACEMENT
56. Conditions of Stability
57. The Three Conditions of Stability M Z G B1 G M POSITIVE G B B1 M NEUTRAL
B B1 NEGATIVE
58. M G B K Positive Stability CL
59. M Z G B B1 K Positive Stability CL
60. G M B K Neutral Stability CL WHAT COULD CAUSE NEUTRAL STABILITY ?
61. G M B B1 K Neutral Stability CL
62. G M B K Negative Stability CL
63. G M B B1 K Negative Stability WHAT HAPPENS WITH NEGATIVE STABILITY ?
73. NEUTRAL STABILITY IS AS BAD AS NEGATIVE STABILITY, BECAUSE IF YOU
GET TO NEUTRAL, SOMETHING “OUTSIDE YOUR CONTROL” WILL PUSH YOU
OVER THE EDGE!!
74. Free Surface Effect
75. Free Surface Effect • Free Surface Effect can become a problem in a partially
flooded vessel. • The partially flooded vessel and the water in her, will respond
to the craft's heave, , pitch, roll, surge, sway or yaw, e.g as the vessel rolls to
port the water inside will move, so that much of it is now on the port side of
the vessel, and this will move the craft's centre of gravity and center of
moment towards port. This has the effect of slowing the craft's return to
vertical.
76. Free Surface Effect • The free surface effect then becomes worse if the vessel
then rolls through the vertical to starboard. It takes time for the liquid in the
vessel to respond and move to the starboard side. • After the craft rolls
through the vertical towards right (starboard), most of the liquid moving in the
craft's tank then slams into the right (starboard) side of the tank.
77. Free Surface Effect • This has the effect of causing the vessel to heel further
over, as the water mass hits the sides of the vessel. In strong winds, and heavy
sea, this can become a positive feedback loop, causing each roll to become
more and more extreme, until the vessel capsizes.
78. Free Surface Effect • The higher up this water movement occurs, especially
above either the craft's center of buoyancy or center of gravity, the more
pronounced the instabilities. • If this vessel is being towed, it could capsize,
and take the towing vessel with it.
79. Free Surface Effect
80. Draft Marks and Plimsoll Lines
81. How to read draft marks…
82. Plimsoll Mark The Plimsoll Mark diagrammed above is for the starboard side
of a vessel; on the port side, the markings are reversed. The center of the disk
is placed at the middle of the loadline. The lines are one inch think.
83. The letters signify: LTF TF Tropical Fresh Water Mark Lumber, Tropical, Fresh
F Fresh Water Mark LF Lumber, Fresh T Tropical Load Line LT Lumber, Tropical
S Summer Load Line LS Lumber, Summer W Winter Load Line LW Lumber,
Winter WNA Winter Load Line, North Atlantic LWNA Lumber, Winter, North
Atlantic LR Lloyds Register of Shipping Plimsoll Mark
84. Thumb Rules • B follows the Waterline • M moves opposite of B • G moves •
Towards addition • Away from removal • Direction of shift • “G moves faster
than M” • “G is near the waterline”