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Reviewer Building Technology

Architectural Reviewers (Technological Institute of the Philippines)

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ICA: Building Technology 1. Wood Chisel - used to trim wood and clear
away excess material from wood joint.
Construction Tools and Equipment. 2. Cold Chisel - used to trim metals.
I. HAND TOOLS – tools that use power delivered by man
only. G. SPECIAL HAND TOOLS
A. PRY BAR – used to force open boards used in 1. Nail Set - used to drive finishing nails below the
forming concrete. surface of wooden trim or molding.
2. Pipe Wrench - used to turn around objects like
B. MEASUREMENT AND LAYOUT TOOLS pipes.
1. Folding Rule 3. Brick Trowel - used to place and trim mortar
2. Tape Measure between bricks or concrete blocks
3. Digital Rule (Laser Meter) – used to measure 4. Bull Float - used to polish the surface of wet
long distances. concrete
4. Framing Square – a layout tool that is used to 5. Blind Riveter - used to fasten pieces of sheet
measure 90-degree angles at the corners of metal together.
framework and joint.
5. Level Bar – a long, straight tool that contains II. POWER TOOLS - tools that employ power supplied by
one or more vials of liquid and used to forces other than that coming from humans.
determine if the horizontal or vertical is exact. A. POWER DRILL - used to drill holes in wood, metal,
6. Chalk Line or Marker Ink – used for marking and concrete.
lines.
B. POWER SCREWDRIVER, or screwgun - used to
C. HAMMERS install and remove screws.
1. Claw Hammer - an ordinary Hammer used to
drive or remove nails C. POWER SAWS
2. Sledgehammer - a heavy hammer used to drive 1. Radial arm saw - used for crosscutting wood
stakes into the ground and to break up concrete and consists of a motor-driven saw blade that is
and stones. hung on an arm over a table.
2. Table Saw - used for cutting large sheets of
D. SCREWDRIVERS wood and wood composites and consists of a
1. Standard Screwdriver - flat tip and is designed blade mounted on an electric motor beneath a
to fit a standard slotted screw. table-like surface.
2. Philips Screwdriver - has an X-shaped tip and 3. Portable circular saw - used for cutting
is used to turn Philip-head screws only. materials that are difficult to cut with stationary
3. Spiral Ratchet Screwdriver - relies on a tools.
pushing force rather than a twisting force. 4. Power miter saw - a circular saw mounted over
a small table used to cut various angles in wood.
E. SAWS 5. Saber saw - used to cut curves or holes in floors
1. Ripsaw - has chisel-like teeth designed for and roofs for pipes and has a small knife-shaped
ripping or cutting with the grain wood. blade that moves up and down.
2. Crosscut Saw - used to cut across the grain of D. POWER HAMMERS
wood 1. Pneumatic Hammer or Jackhammer - used to
3. Backsaw - a special type of handsaw that has a break up concrete or asphalt paving
very thin blade and makes very straight cuts 2. Rotary Hammer - like an electric drill that
such as those on trims and moldings. operates with both rotating and reciprocating
4. Hacksaw - used to cut metal. actions and is used to drill holes in concrete.
E. POWER NAILERS
1. Nailers or nail gun - fasten materials together by
F. CHISELS shooting nails into the building materials

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2. Powder-actuated stud driver - a kind of nailer 2. Truck Crane - mounted on a truck frame so that
that is powered by a gunpowder and is used to it can be driven in the site.
drive long pins into wood, steel, or concrete. 3. Tower Crane or Climbing Crane - used in the
3. Staplers - ike nailers but loaded with u-shaped construction of tall building because it has built-in
staples instead of nails for fastening. jack that raises the crane from floor to floor as the
building is constructed.
III. CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT - term that refers to
large, complex tools and machines that are designed to C. Excavators
do a particular job. 1. Backhoe - used for general digging which is
A. Conveyor - equipment which moves materials other usually mounted on either a crawler or truck
than fluid. frame.
2. Trencher - special kind of equipment that digs
B. Surveying Equipment trenches or long, narrow ditches for pipelines or
1. Transit - to measure horizontal and vertical cables.
angles to obtain land elevation. 3. Front-end loader - a large shoveling machine
2. Surveyor’s level - determines an unidentified that can scoop or deposit a large amount of
elevation from a known one. material.
3. Construction laser - flashes a narrow, accurate
beam of light to make a baseline for additional D. Other Construction Equipment
measurements and is used as a level or as an 1. Scrapper - a machine that loads, hauls and
alignment tool. dumps soil over medium to long distances
2. Grader - earthworking machine that grades or
C. Pumps levels the ground
1. Water pump - used to pump water out of holes in 3. Compactor or roller - compacts soil to prepare
the ground so that construction work can for road paving
commence. 4. Paver - a machine that places, spreads and
2. Concrete Pump - used to move concrete from finishes concrete or asphalt paving materials.
concrete mixer to the concrete form.
Ancillary Permits:
3. Concrete Mixer - a machine that mixes concrete
ingredients by means of a rotating drum. Raw 1. Architectural Permit
materials are introduced into the mixing drum 2. Civil/Structural Permit
through its open end and discharge by tilting the 3. Civil/Structural Permit
mixing drum to allow the concrete to pour out. 4. Mechanical Permit
5. Sanitary Permit
D. Welding Machine 6. Plumbing Permit
1. Arc Welding Machine - used to weld materials 7. Electronics Permit
by melting portions of the metal.
2. Laser-powered welder - used to weld materials
by employing a laser to heat the metal. SITE LAYOUT AND EXCAVATION
Things you’ll need:
1. Spirit level
IV. HEAVY EQUIPMENT - very large and very powerful 2. Tape Measure
equipment used for construction. 3. Sheet Piles
A. Bulldozer - a tractor with a pushing blade which 4. Spirit Level
moves earth and clears land of bushes and trees 5. Plastic Hose w/ Water
6. Batter Boards
B. Cranes 7. Nylon Strings
1. Crawler Crane - a crane mounted on metal 8. Stakes (Staka)
treads so that it can move over rough terrain.
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Before Staking Out, be sure to:
1. Before the construction begins, see to it that a
building permit is first secured from the local
authorities concerned.
2. Relocate the boundaries of the construction site. it is
suggested that the relocation of the property line
shall be done by geodetic engineer specially for
those lots without existing reference points or
adjoining structures.
3. Clear the site of any existing structure, trees, and
other elements that will obstruct the construction
work.
4. Construct and allocate a space for laborers’
quarters, construction office, bodega for the
materials and working tools and temporary waste
disposal.
5. Apply for a temporary connection of electric and
water supply. electric current is important for the
power needs of the tools and equipment and is
necessary on overtime schedules especially in the
time of concreting. water is also a prime need in
construction.
6. Construct a temporary fence around the
construction.
7. Verify the measurement in the plan if the distances
indicated are form:
a. center to center
b. outer to center
c. outer to outer
d. inside to inside
Methods in Staking-Out:
1. Measure the required setback from front corner
monuments. Drive two Stakes and stretch a string
between them to represent the front building line.
2. Measure the required side setback from one of the
side lot lines along the front building. Drive stake A
which will represent the first corner of the building.
From stake A, measure the width of the building and
mark with stake B to obtain the other front corner.
3. Estimate right angles from stakes A and B and
measure the length of the building. In those two
points, drive temporary stakes C and D which will
mark the rear corners of the building. C-D should be
equal to A-B.
4. Draw Lines along diagonals A-D and Ensure that
these are equal.
5. Transfer the building lines to the batter boards.
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EXCAVATION - Process of removing soil from the ground in
preparation for foundation laying
MINOR EXCAVATION
- independent footing and hollow block wall footing
- 1.00 TO 1.50 METER (Column Footing depth)
- 0.5M (Wall Footing Depth)
FORMWORKS AND SCAFFOLDING
*Form - temporary boarding, sheating or pans used to
produce the desired shape and size of concrete. Forms
are used in concrete construction. It should be
watertight, rigid and strong enough to sustain the weight
of concrete.
*Scaffolding - worker’s platform
*Yoke - a horizontal framework around the formwork for
a column.
*Metal Forms - seldom used in building construction
because of the varied designs and shapes of the
structures. Although metal forms are extensively used
on road construction. metal forms are generally made
out of g.i. sheet, or black iron sheet, supported by flat
and angle bars designed to be assembled and locked
be means of clamp, bolts and nuts.
*Beam forms - consist of one bottom form and a pair of
side forms.
*Greasing of forms - purpose of greasing the form is to
make the wood water proof, thus preventing absorption
of water in the concrete which causes swelling and
warping. It also prevents adherence of concrete to the
pores of the wood.
*Concrete - weighs about 2,200 to 2,400 kg./cu.m.
Small Structure - consisting of small footings,
columns and beam for one or two storey building
wherein 6mm. thk. plywoood is satifactorily used
supported by 50mm x 50mm wood frame and ribs.
Medium Structure - those having concrete
columns, beams, and concrete floor slab generally of
2 to 3 storey high. wherein 6mm or 12mm thk.
Plywood is used as form suppported by 50mm x
50mm or 50mm x 75mm wood frame and ribs.
Massive Structure - those having heavy loads uses
forms of various thickness that range from 6mm to
19mm thk. plywood supported by 50mm x 50mm to
50mm x 100mm wood frame and ribs.
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Two types of framing:
1. Longitudinal Rib type
2. Perpendicular rib type
Types of column forms:
1. Square
2. Rectangular
3. Circular
FOUNDATION AND FOOTING
Major Parts of a Building:
1. Superstructure - above ground portion of the
building.
2. Substructure - the habitable below-ground portion.
3. Foundation - are the components of the building
that transfer its load into the soil. 3 types of
substructures: slab on fill, crawlspace and basement
2 basic types of foundation:
a. Shallow foundations are those that
transfer the load to the earth at the base of
the column or wall of the substructure.
b. Deep foundations transfer the load at a
point far below the substructure. A
foundation is the portion of the structural
elements that carry or support the
superstructure of the building. footing is that
portion of the foundation of the structure
which directly transmit the column load to
the underlying soil or rock, footing is the
lower portion of the foundation structure.
Footings are classified into two types:
a. Wall footing or strip footing – is a strip of
reinforced concrete wider than the wall which
distributes the load to the soil. a steel percentage
equals to 0.2 to 0.3% of the cross-sectional area of
concrete is said to be adequate except on unusual
cases.
b. Column footing – is classified into the following
types:
a. Isolated or Independent Footing – is a
kind of footing represents the simplest and
most economical type, in the form of: square
block footing square slope footing square
stepped footing
b. Combined Footing – is used when two or
more columns are spaced closely to each
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other that their footing will almost or
completely merge. it’s either:
i. Rectangular
ii. Trapezoidal
FOUNDATION BED - refers to the soil or rock directly
beneath the footing.
BEARING WALL – a wall capable of supporting an imposed
load.
CAISSONS – is similar to a column footing in that it spreads
the load from a column over a large enough area of soil.
CANTILEVER WALL – a reinforced concrete wall which
resist overturning by the use of cantilever footing.
CONTINUOUS FOOTING – is sometimes classified as wall
footing which support several columns in a row. it’s either:
Inverted slab footing or Inverted tee footing
FOUNDATION WALL – that part of the building foundation
which forms the permanent retaining wall of the structure
below grade.
GRADE BEAM – that part of a foundation system w/c
supports the exterior wall of the superstructure and bears
directly on the column footing.
GRAVITY WALL – a massive concrete wall that resist
overturning by virtue of its own weight.
PILE – is a structural member of small cross-sectional area
with reasonable length driven down the ground by means of
hammers or vibratory generator. pile is distinguished from a
caisson by being driven into place rather than driled &
poured. piles are generally driven closely together in clusters
containing from two to twenty-five piles. Each cluster is later
joined at the top by a reinforced concrete pile cap.
PILE CAP – distributes the load of the column or wall equally
among the piles.
PILE FOUNDATION – when a foundation bed is too weak to
support a raft footing, there is an urgent need to provide a
suitable material where to transfer the excess load to a
greater depth wherein piles is the answer.
RETAINING WALL – a wall or laterally braced, that bears
against an earth or other fill surface and resists lateral and
other forces.
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RAFT OR MAT FOOTING – it’s occupying the entire area WATERPROOFING (PERMEABILITY-REDUCING)
beneath the structure and carry the wall and the column COMPOUNDS – these reduce the capillary attraction of the
loads. (Uniform Slab, Thickened Slab, Beam & Girder) voids in the concrete or mortar.
Types of Concrete hardeners and admixtures:
REINFORCED CONCRETE 1. CHEMICAL HARDENERS – liquids containing
silicofluorides or fluosilicates and a wetting agent
Concrete Mixes:
which reduces the surface tension of the liquid and
1. Class “AA” 1:1 ½ :3 - concrete under water, allows it to penetrate the pores of the concrete more
retaining walls easily.
2. Class A - 1:2:4 - footings, columns, beams, RC 2. FINE METALLIC AGGREGATE – are specially
slabs processed and graded iron particles which are dry-
3. Class B - 1:2 ½:5 - slab on fill, non-bearing walls mixed with Portland cement, spread evenly over the
4. Class C - 1:3:6 - concrete plant boxes, etc. surface of freshly floated concrete, and worked into
the surface by floating.
Control of Concrete Mixes: 3. WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURES – material used
ACCELERATORS – an admixture which is used to speed up to reduce the amount of water necessary to produce
the initial set of concrete. Such a material maybe added to a concrete of given consistency or to increase the
the mix to increase the rate of early-strength development for slump for a given water content.
several reasons. 4. DAMPROOFERS – materials used to reduce or stop
the penetration of moisture through the concrete.
AIR-ENTRAINING AGENTS – air-entrained concrete Reduces permeability.
contains microscopic bubbles of air formed with the aid of a
group of chemicals called surface active agents, materials Bonding Agents:
that have the property of reducing the surface tension of
• Paste Slurry – often applied to such an old surface
water intended for use when better resistance to frost action
immediately prior to pouring new concrete to
is concerned.
increase the amount of paste.
COLORED PIGMENTS - are mainly used to give color to
Two Types of Bonding Agents:
concrete floors. Two types, the Dry-cast, broadcast or dust-
on, for surface coloring and Integral colors used for body 1. Metallic Aggregate – iron particle are larger, but
coloring and are incorporated in the mortar topping. with same materials as the permeability reducer.
Bonding takes place through the oxidation and
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST – common quality-
subsequent expansion of the iron particles.
control test of concrete, based on 7- and 28-day curing
2. Synthetic Latex Emulsion – consists of highly
periods.
polymerized synthetic liquid resin dispersed in water.
CONCRETE ADDITIVES – materials often added to the a. Set-Inhibiting Agents – prevent the cement
concrete or applied to the surface of freshly placed concrete paste from bonding to the surface aggregate
to produce some special result. but will not interfere with the set throughout
the remainder of the pour.
CONCRETE HARDENERS – applied on concrete surface to b. Pozzolanic Admixtures – materials
increase hardiness and toughness. sometimes used in structures where its
RETARDERS – to delay or extend the setting time of the desirable to avoid high temperature or in
cement paste in concrete. structures exposed to seawater or water
containing sulfates. Pozzolans maybe
SLUMP TEST – when freshly mixed concrete is checked to added to concrete mixes-rather than
ensure that the specified slump is being attained substituting for part of the cement to
consistently. A standard slump cone is 12 inches high (0.30) improve workability, impermeability, and
and 8 inches (0.20) in diameter at the bottom and 4 inches resistance to chemical attack.
(0.10) on top which is open on both ends.

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Traditional materials used for form construction are Lumber,
Plywood, and Steel.
Metal Reinforcements
1. Steel Bars or Rods
- reinforcement for concrete construction is mostly in
the form of steel bars and rods of round or square
cross section. The bars may be plain or deformed
(with lugs or projections for better bonding to the
concrete). They are called billet-steel bars or rail-
steel bars
2. Wire Fabric
- made of cold-drawn steel wire is widely used for
the reinforcement of concrete slabs and floors, as
well as for stuccoed work.
3. Welded Wire Fabric
- consists of a series wires welded together to form a
grid pattern. It comes in various sizes and spacings
and gauges, e.g. 4”x4” – 6/6, 6” x 6: - 8/8 etc.
Welded wire fabric is available in rolls 5 or 6 ft. wide,
150, 200, and 300 ft. long
4. Triangle-mesh Wire Fabric
- built up of either single or stranded longitudinal
wires with cross wires or bond wires running
diagonally across the fabric. The longitudinal wires
are spaced at 4inches on centers and the cross
wires 4” or 8” apart.
5. Expanded Mesh
- manufactured from solid steel sheets, where the
sheet is first cut or pierced in staggered slots or
Lightweight aggregates can be divided into four general
patterns; then the sheet is held by the two sides
classifications:
parallel to the slots and stretched by pressure until
the desired openings of forms are obtained.
Expanded mesh is therefore free from mechanical
and welded joints. e.g. "Steelcrete"
6. Laths
- Permanent centering or self-centering laths are
produced in many forms. These laths are furnished
either in flat or segmental sheets, pressed into a
series of solid ribs, between which the metal is
stamped, perforated or deformed into an open
mesh-work. These laths are furnished painted or
galvanized, and in open-hearth mild steel or in
special copper-bearing or alloy steels, e.g.
“RIBPLEX” , “HYRIB”.
Types of Processed Concrete:
1. Aerocrete
- a light–weight, expanded structural concrete
produced by adding a small amount of metallic
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aluminum powder to the mixture of Portland cement
and sand of cinders. On the addition of water, a gas
is generated which expands the wet mix and forms
small air cells throughout the material. It is used for
structural floor and roof slabs, partition blocks for
sound proofing, wall insulation, in rooms of
refrigerator plants, lightweight fill on top of structural
floor and roof slabs. In addition to its light weight, it
has excellent fire-resistive qualities.
2. Gunite
- mixture of sand and cement deposited under high
pneumatic pressure with a machine manufactured
under the trade name CEMENT GUN, to which the
required supply of water is added just before the dry
constituents emerge from nozzle. GUNITE is used
for encasing structural steel, when reinforced, for
floor and roof slabs and curtain walls. Ideal for
swimming pool construction.
3. Porete
- A Portland cement concrete to which a chemical
foam is added to generate gases in the process of
deposition, resulting in light weight precast or shop-
made unit in both hollow and solid forms. It is
manufactured in solid slabs for short spans roofs
and siding of industrial buildings.
4. Haydite
- processed concrete added with lightweight
aggregate.
1. Aggregates of volcanic origin
o Pumice - weighing from 25 to 60 lbs.per cu.
ft. is well qualified as a lightweight
aggregate when dry and well graded.
Undesirable feature, however, is its water
absorption. This can be mitigated by wetting
the aggregate before it is mixed with
cement.
o Perlite - composed of stable silicates, and is
inert and thus durable for use as a
lightweight aggregate or for insulation and is
use in precast slabs and blocks and in floor
fill, fireproofing and plaster.
2. Micaceous minerals
o Vermiculite - a micaceous mineral which
expands on application of heat to as much
as 30 times its original volume. It is used as
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an aggregate in concrete fireproofing steel,
for floor and roof fill, and for acoustic and
fireproof plaster.
3. Expanded shales and clays
o Lightweight aggregates from shales and
clays require heating the material in a kiln to
a temperature near its fusion point. The
material softens and coalesces to a sticky
mass; escaping gases are trapped, forming
cellular structures and expanding the
volume of the material about 50%.
Examples of clay, shale aggregates are
“AIROX”, “ROCKLITE”, Diatomite,
“HAYDITE”.
4. By-product Aggregates
o Expanded Slag. Expanded Slag or
“foamed” slags are made by treating molten
blast furnace slag with controlled quantities
of water or steam.
o Foamed slag has been used for precast
blocks, cast-in-place walls of houses and for
panel filling of steel-framed buildings.
5. Cinders - composed of the ash components of the
coal along with the various quantities of unburned or
partially burned combustible matter.
BUILDING UTILITIES: Acoustics & Lighting
DEFINITION OF ACOUSTICS:
• The science of sound phenomena in buildings
dealing with the production, transmission, and
absorption of sound in order to secure the distinct
conditions in every part of the building or room.
• The science of sound and vibration which refers to
the stress fluctuations as well as waves in a material
medium.
• An environmental technology on sound and noise
control in a man-made surrounding conducive to a
clear understanding of speech, better appreciation of
music, and minimal noise interference.
• The art and science of designing a room or building
which insures both comfort and communication, and
provides special features as the purpose and use of
the structure requires.
Types of Acoustics
1. Psycho Acoustics - deals with the reaction of
human beings to audible sound
2. Environmental Acoustics - deals with the effects of
the environment upon audible sound waves; may be
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broken down to Architectural Acoustics and
Landscape Acoustics
3. Electro Acoustics - deals with the generation and
detection of audible sound waves
4. Sonics - deals with the technical application of
mechanical waves in basic scientific research,
industry, and medicine.
Definition of Sound:
• Any vibratory motion of bodies, the transmission of
these vibrations in a medium, ad the sensation
produced on the human auditory mechanism.
• An alteration in pressure (particle displacement in
velocity) projected and propagated in an elastic
material.
• Form of energy propagated in waves which continue
to subsist until filtered through a material turning into
heat by friction.
Sources of Sound:
1. Speech - produced by the human voice
2. Music - produced by an instrument
3. Noise - produced by impact, by vibrating bodies,
even by speech or music
Types of Sound:
1. Wanted - sound heard as perfectly as possible at
the right level or loudness without pain or strain
2. Unwanted - sound which entails an annoyance
factor
Characteristics of Sound:
1. Sound Reflection – sound reflected off a surface,
usually one which is hard, rigid and/or flat.
2. Sound Absorption – sound waves absorbed into a
material upon contact; change of sound energy into
some other form
a. Sound Absorption Coefficient (α) –
fraction of energy of the incident sound
absorbed by the surface; rates the efficiency
of sound absorption of a material at a
specified frequency (0-1)
b. Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) –
arithmetic average of sound absorption
coefficients at the frequencies 250, 500,
1000 and 2000 Hz, expressed to the nearest
multiple of 0.05
c. Surface Absorption – sound absorption of
a surface obtained by multiplying the area of
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the surface by its sound absorption
coefficient
3. Sound Diffusion – occurs when sound waves are
dispersed equally in a room
4. Sound Diffraction – acoustical phenomenon which
causes sound waves to be bent or scattered around
such obstacles as corners, columns, walls, beams,
etc.
5. Sound Refraction – change of sound wave
direction as it moves from one medium to another of
different density
6. Sound Transmission – sound which penetrates
through a surface
7. Reverberation – the prolongation of sound as a
result of successive reflections in an enclosed space
after the source of sound is turned off
PROPERTIES OF SOUND
• Sound must always have a source, a path, and a
receiver.
• Speed – sound travels at 1130 ft. per second or 344
m. per second at normal room temperature (68°F);
sound travels faster in denser media.
• Intensity – rate at which sound energy is being
transmitted, measured at any point in the medium;
intensity diminishes inversely as the square of the
distance.
• decibel – the unit in which sound intensity is defined
for architectural purposes
• decibel-meter – instrument by which sound intensity
is measured
• Sound Pressure – the fluctuation in the
atmospheric pressure caused by the vibration of air
particles due to a sound wave.
• Loudness – subjective attribute of an auditory
sensation in terms of which sounds may be ordered
on a scale of soft to loud.
• Threshold of Audibility – minimum intensity that is
capable of evoking an auditory sensation in the ear.
• Threshold of Pain – minimum sound pressure level
which stimulates the ear to a point which is painful
• Frequency – the number of displacements or
oscillations that a particle undergoes in 1 second.
o hertz – unit of frequency; numerically equal
to cycles per second
• Pitch – the attribute of an auditory system which
enables us to pinpoint sounds on a scale extending
from high to low frequency.
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• Tone – sound sensation having pitch.
• Wavelength – the distance a sound wave travels
during each complete cycle of vibration measured in
meters or feet.
• Directional of Sound Sources – sound sources
radiate sound waves in all directions; radiation
pattern varies with the frequency; high frequency
sounds are more pronounced along the longitudinal
axis of the sound source.
NATURAL ELEMENTS THAT AFFECT SOUND
• Temperature – particles of sound tend to follow cold
air
• Clouds – if heavy, clouds can act as a reflecting
surface
• Wind – may change the direction of sound
• Bodies of Water – can also act as a reflecting
surface
ACOUSTICAL DEFECTS
1. Echo – sound waves which have been reflected to a
listener with sufficient magnitude and time delay so
as to be perceived separately from those
communicated directly from the source to the
listener.
2. Long-Delayed Reflection – similar to echo except
that the time delay between the perception of direct
and reflected sounds is somewhat less.
3. Flutter Echo – a rapid succession of noticeable
small echoes observed when a short burst of sound
is produced between parallel sound reflective
surfaces.
4. Sound Concentration – sound reflections from
concave surfaces concentrating in an area
sometimes referred to as hot spots. The intensity of
sound at hot spots are always at the expense of
dead spots.
5. Coupled Spaces – two rooms adjacent to each
other by means of open doorways, with at least one
space being highly reverberant.
6. Distortion – an undesirable change in the quality of
musical sound due to the uneven and excessive
sound absorption of the boundary surfaces at
different frequencies.
7. Room Resonance – also called Coloration. Occurs
when certain sounds within a narrow band of
frequencies tend to sound louder than other
frequencies.
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8. Sound Shadow – occurs when an area does not o use multiple leaf lightweight constructions
receive an adequate amount of direct and reflected o use thicker, high density material
sound. o use different material for multiple layers
9. Whispering Gallery – high frequency sounds o increase spacing of studs, stagger
creeping along large concave surfaces such as a placement, or eliminate studs altogether
hemispherical dome. o increase air space within walls
o introduce acoustical blankets into the air
space
o make use of perimeter caulking and other
sealants
STRUCTURAL ACOUSTICS o extend walls to floor slab above
o for adjacent dwellings, the partition wall
Fundamentals of Noise Control should consist of two separate layers
extending from the bottom of the foundation
• Noise : All sounds that are distracting, annoying, or
to the roof
harmful to everyday activities
• Floors, Ceilings, and Roofs
• Airborne Noise : sound transmitted through the air
o use floated floor constructions with isolation
only, usually through continuous air paths, doors,
blankets
windows, vents, air shafts, etc. These pathways are
o install floor carpets
called Acoustical Short Circuits.
o isolate floors and ceilings from adjacent
• Structure-borne Noise : radiated sound setting into
walls
vibration of solid parts of the building
o suspend ceiling with resilient attachments
• The fundamental objective of noise control is to
o use multiple layered floor to ceiling
provide an acceptable acoustical environment
connections
o use furred plaster ceilings
• Recommended Background Noise Criteria for
o apply fiberglass thermal insulation
Rooms
o use sound insulating roof construction
• Doors and Windows
o use door stops and window fittings
o improve door and window layouts
o provide sound locks
• Ducts, Pipes, Chases, and Conduits
o lag or wrap ducts with absorbent materials
o separate ducts from walls and floors by
suspension or packing
o line ducts with absorbent material and divide
paths into several branches
o introduce noise attenuators
o provide different ducts per space
o increase number of bends and turns
o use heavy gauge metal
STRUCTURAL METHODS TO OVERCOME NOISE
o use flexible coupling elements for ducts and
AND VIBRATION
conduits
• Foundation and Frame o use resilient mounts
o isolate the foundation from the frame • Machinery
o use resilient members (mounts, clips, and o isolate the machines from the foundation
hangers) o introduce air plenum chambers
• Walls o choose proper locations for machine rooms
o suspend walls using resilient hangers, clips,
or mounts
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OUTDOOR ACOUSTICS
Factors Affecting Outdoor Acoustics
• Temperature
o sound tends to bend towards the cooler
temperature
o on a clear, calm day when warmer air is near the
ground, sound tends to bend upwards
o on a clear, calm night when cooler air is near the
ground, sound bends downwards
• Wind
o downwind from the source, sound is normally
bent towards the ground, increasing its sound
level
o upwind from the source, sound is normally
directed upwards causing a shadow zone where
the sound level will be reduced
• Clouds and Rain
o if heavy with impending rain, clouds can act as a
reflective surface
o light, cloudy skies can act as an absorptive
surface
• Bodies of Water
o when calm, can also act as a reflective surface
Landscape Elements for Noise Control
• Vegetation
o Trees and vegetation are normally NOT effective
as noise control barriers. It is because
attenuation from trees is mainly due to branches
and leaves, which is why sound energy near the
ground will not be significantly reduced.
o Deciduous trees will provide almost no
attenuation during the months when their leaves
have fallen.
o A single row of trees has no value as an
acoustical barrier. Thin planting of trees can
provide visual, but not acoustical shielding.
o Many rows of trees have some value as an
acoustical barrier.
o Addition of shrubs on the ground will provide
better attenuation.
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• Earth Berms
o Earth berms are effective isolators if completely
covered by sound-absorbing material, such as
plant.
o If there are reflective surfaces along their tops
or deciduous trees, the effectiveness is reduced
because it can scatter sound energy.
• Thin Wall Barriers
o Elevated roadbed plus shielding of grass-
covered earth berm and thin-wall barrier can
provide useful attenuation. However, elevated
highways more than 500 ft. away can produce
almost the same noise levels as highways at
grade level because the line of sight will not be
blocked.
o Roadbeds below grade can interrupt the direct
sound path from source to receiver even
further, thereby providing greater attenuation by
diffraction. Roadbed depressions of 12 ft. or
more are usually needed to control highway
noise.
o Attenuation from thin-wall barrier is more
effective where there is greater angle of
diffraction.
Land Use Planning for Noise Control
• Zoning
o Industrial and commercial areas may act as
barriers of noise for the benefit of residential
occupancies.
o Light industry may be completely surrounded by
office and research park buildings so that the
residential areas are protected from industrial
and vehicular traffic noise.
• Site Planning
o Use of concentrated external parking
o Use of cuttings
o Use of landscape embankments
• Building Orientation
o Orient the buildings such that the building will
be shielded from traffic noise. Openings and
sensitive areas should be located away from
source of noise or near shielded areas.
o By angling or staggering the buildings, noise
build up from courtyards can be reduced.
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BASICS OF LIGHTING - respond to very low light levels and occur

over the entire retina except in the area
Perception and the Eyes
of the fovea
• Matter is perceived through 3 steps: reception, - do not provide distinct, detailed vision,
extraction, and inference. nor do they provide color stimulus to the
• The human eye does not respond to the quantities of brain
light falling on surfaces; rather, the eye sees color - peripheral vision is supplied by the rods
and brightness contrasts. Color and EM Spectrum
• Lens, Iris, and Retina
o Lens • Ultraviolet
▪ elastic and transparent; focuses one's view o electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths
onto the fovea in a process called from about 370 nanometer (immediately beyond
accommodation the violet in the visible spectrum) to 10
▪ a structural defect in the lens can cause nanometer (on the border of the x-ray region)
objects or scenes to appear out of focus • Visible Light
▪ if the lens is a bit too round, then the focal o electromagnetic radiation that the unaided
length is too short and objects are focused in human eye can perceive
front of the retina, in a condition called myopia o having a wavelength in the range from about
or nearsightedness because only nearer 300 - 800 nm, and propagating at a speed of
objects can be seen clearly 186,281 miles per second
▪ if the lens is a bit too flat, then the focal length o violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, red
is too long and objects are focused behind the • Infrared
retina, in a condition called hypermetropia or o electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths
farsightedness from about 800 nm (contiguous to the red end
▪ another structural difficulty usually associated of the visible spectrum) to 1 mm (on the border
with aging is presbyopia, in which the lens of the microwave region)
become less elastic, reducing
Nature of Light
accommodation; bifocal corrective lenses are
usually required for this condition because the • Reflection Diffusion
lens cannot focus well on either near or • Absorption Refraction
distant objects • Transmittance Diffraction
o Iris
▪ a membrane covering that dilates (opens) to Color Temperature and Color Rendering Index
allow more light to enter the eye during • Color Temperature
darkened conditions, and constricts (closes) to o the temperature at which a blackbody emits
minimize light entry during brightened light of a specified spectral distribution
conditions, in a process of adjustment known o used to specify the color of a light source
as adaptation
• Color Rendering Index
o Retina
o a measure of the ability of an electric lamp
▪ contains receptors responsible for transmitting
to render color accurately when compared
an "image" to the brain for analysis
with a reference light source of similar color
▪ 2 basic categories of receptors:
temperature
➢ Cones
- heavily concentrated in the fovea, Units of Measurement
providing sharp, distinct detail vision
• Solid Angle / Steradian
- perceives color
o Solid Angle
▪ an angle formed by 3 or more planes
➢ Rods
intersecting at a common point
o Steradian

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▪ a solid angle at the center of a sphere • Cloud Sky - a sky having between 30% - 70% cloud
subtending an area on the surface equal to cover with the solar disk obstructed
the square of the radius of the sphere • Overcast Sky - a sky having 100% cloud cover
• Luminous Energy
o unit : lumen-second Daylighting Techniques
o constant flow • Sidelighting - e.g., windows and clerestories
• Luminous Flux • Toplighting - e.g., skylights
o SI unit : lumen/s (lm) • Shades and Reflectors
o the rate of flow of visible light per unit time • Building Shapes and Orientation
• Luminous Intensity
o SI unit : candela (cd)
o the luminous flux emitted per solid angle by a ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
light source
• Illuminance Types of Artificial Lighting
o SI unit : lux (lx) equal to one lumen per 1. Task or Functional Lighting
square meter o lighting designed to provide strong illumination for
o unit : footcandle (fc) equal to one lumen per a visually demanding activity
square foot 2. General or Ambient Lighting
o the intensity of light falling at any given place on o lighting designed to provide a uniform level of
a lighted surface, equal to the luminous flux illumination throughout an area
incidence per unit area 3. Accent or Decorative Lighting
• Exitance and Luminance o lighting that calls attention to a particular object or
o unit : lambert (l); footlambert (fl) feature in the visual field or that forms a
o light energy leaving a surface decorative pattern on a surface
o the quantitative measure of brightness of a light 4. Path or Information Lighting
source or an illuminated surface, equal to the o lighting designed for wayfinding
luminous intensity per unit projected area of the
source or surface viewed from a given direction
• Brightness
o the sensation by which an observer is able to
distinguish between differences in luminance
• Contrast
o relative difference of adjacent luminances
• Inverse Square Law
o the farther away it is, the less energy arrives
DAYLIGHTI Types of Lamps

• The science, theory, or method of providing 1. Incandescent and Halogen Lamps

illumination through the use of light of day o generally light when electric current heats the
• To provide an interior space with daylight from both lamp's filament
direct and indirect sources o start and warm up almost instantly and can be
extinguished and restarted at will
Sky Luminance Distribution o preferred for their color and versatility
o drawbacks of this type of lamp is inefficiency and
• Sunlight - direct light of the sun
short life
• Skylight - the light from the sky, reflected and
2. Fluorescent Lamps
diffused by air molecules
o electric energy excites the gas inside the lamp,
• Clear Sky - a sky having less than 30% cloud cover
which generates ultraviolet light that excites the
with the solar disk unobstructed
phosphors painted onto the inside of the bulb
o requires a ballast in order to work properly
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o T-8 (4' long with 1" dia.) is the most commonly o includes many styles of suspended luminaires,
used general purpose lamp scones, and some portable lamps
o compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) come with 3. Diffuse Luminaires
either a screw base (to replace incandescent o emits light in all directions uniformly
lamps) or a plug-in base o includes most types of bare lamps, globes,
3. High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps chandeliers, and some table and floor lamps
o designed to emit a great deal of light from a 4. Direct-Indirect Luminaires
compact, long-life light source o emits light upward and downward but not to the
o most often used for street and parking lot lighting sides
o requires time to warm up; true light output and o includes many types of suspended luminaires as
color is often not reached for 2-5 minutes well as some table and floor lamps
o requires a cool-off period (restrike time) before it o can be semi-direct or semi-indirect according to
can be restarted once turned off the proportions of up and down light
o types of HID lamps 5. Asymmetric Luminaires
- Metal Halide Lamps o usually designed for special applications
- Sodium Lamps o may be direct-indirect luminaires with a stronger
- Mercury Vapor Lamps distribution in one direction
4. Neon and Cold Cathode Lamps 6. Adjustable Luminaires
o closely-related to fluorescent lamps in operating o generally direct luminaires that can be adjusted to
principles throw light in directions other than down
o primary applications are signs and specialty o includes track lights, floodlights, and accent lights
lighting
COMPUTATION GUIDE
o tubular lighting that can be formed into any shape
and be made to create any color of light • WATTS-PER-SQUARE-FOOT METHOD
o cold cathode lamps are generally larger in o Computation Guide:
diameter than neon lamps and comes with a ▪ Use the table as a guide
plug-in base while neon tubing usually terminates ▪ Total Light or Watts Needed in a Space =
in base wire connections Area x Prescribed Watts per sq.ft.
5. Fiber-Optics ▪ Number of Lighting Fixtures Needed = Total
o generally uses a thin, flexible, transparent fiber as Required Watts ÷ Watts per Lighting Fixture
a "light pipe" to transmit light between the 2 ends o Sample Computation:
of the fiber ▪ Compute for the number of lighting fixtures
needed for an 800 s sq.ft. classroom if the
desired lighting level for a classroom is about
50 footcandles, and the lighting fixture to be
6. Light-Emitting Diodes (LED) used is a luminaire containing 2 lamps of 32
o light output produced by an individual diode often watts each.
used together ▪ Total Light or Watts Needed in the Classroom
o small compared to incandescent and CFL = 800sq.ft. x 1.2 watts per sq.ft. = 960 watts
▪ Number of Lighting Fixtures Needed = 960
Types of Luminaires watts ÷ (2 x 32 watts per lighting fixture) = 15
lighting fixtures
1. Direct Luminaires • LUMEN METHOD
o emits light downwards o Computation Guide:
o includes most types of recessed lighting, ▪ Use the table above as a guide
including downlights and troffers ▪ Multiply the desired lighting level by two (2)
2. Indirect Luminaires ▪ Total Lumens Required in the Room = Area x
o emits light upwards, bouncing light from the Total Desired Lighting Level
ceiling into a space

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▪Number of Lighting Fixtures Needed = Total Lecture Halls

Required Lumens ÷ Lumens per Lighting Conference
Fixture Rooms
o Sample Computation: Ambient Retail
▪ Compute for the number of lighting fixtures Lighting
needed for an 800 s sq.ft. classroom if the Industrial
Workshops
desired lighting level for a classroom is about
Gyms
50 footcandles, and the lighting fixture to be
used is a luminaire containing 2 lamps, each
of which produces 2850 lumens. 50.0 - 100.0 fc
▪ Multiply the desired lighting level by two (2) = Grocery Stores
50 fc x 2 = 100 footcandles Big Box Retail
▪ Total Lumens Required in the Room = 800 Stores
NOT
sq.ft. x 100 fc = 80,000 lumens Laboratories 1.2 – 2.0 RECOMMENDED
▪ Number of Lighting Fixtures Needed = 80,000 Work Areas
lumens ÷ (2 x 2850 lumens per lighting Sports Courts
fixture) = 14.04 fixtures = 14 or 15 lighting (not
fixtures professional)

Watts per Watts per

Average Light
Square Foot of Square Foot of
Level Desired
Fluorescent, Incandescent
and Typical
CFL, or HID or Halogen
Application
Lamps Lamps

2.5 - 5.0 fc
Hotel Corridors 0.1 - 0.2 0.3 - 0.7
Stair Towers

5.0 - 10.0 fc
Office Corridors
Parking Garages 0.2 - 0.4 0.7 -1.0
Theaters (house
lights)

10.0 - 20.0 fc
Building Lobbies
Waiting Areas
Elevator Lobbies
0.4 - 0.8 1.0 – 2.0
Malls
Hotel Function
Spaces
School Corridors

20.0 - 50.0 fc
NOT
Office Areas 0.8 – 1.2 RECOMMENDED
Classrooms
Hold Rooms
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ICA: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND UTILITIES. 16. What is a rigid, relatively slender structural member
designed primarily to support compressive loads applied
1. Identify the parts of Wood Shoring by matching the letters
at the member ends. Column
to its corresponding part.
17. It is a type of specification where all manufacturers
whose products meet performance and descriptive
specifications are open.
A - KNEE BRACE
B - KICKER Open Specification
C - SINGLE POST 18. It is added to concrete to slow down settling time.
D - LEDGER Retarder
E - BLOCKING
19. What process is done to mechanically or manually
remove earth materials? Excavation
20. It is a type of truss having upper and horizontal members,
between which are vertical and diagonal members. The
2. It is defined as a written document describing in detail the
vertical members of the web take tension and the
scope of work, materials, to be used, method of
diagonal members are under compression. Pratt
installation, and quality of workmanship for a panel of
21. It is a printed and graphic documents and specifications
work to be placed under contract. Specifications
prepared or assembled for describing the location,
3. This type of slab is directly poured on the ground. Slab
design, materials and physical characteristics of the
on Grade
elements of a project necessary for obtaining a building
4. What is the standard concrete mix for beams, girders,
permit and construction of the project. Contract
slabs, stairs and columns? AA
Documents
5. How many bags of cement is required for every cubic
22. What is a structural part of a building that carries the floor
meter of Class A concrete mixture?
joists and the flooring? Floor Beam
- 12 -9 - 7.5
23. It is a type of Portland Cement used for general
6. It is an inclined board in the stairs that supports the end
construction, having none of the distinguishing qualities
of the steps. Stringer
of the other types. Type I
7. What is a vertical truss system of concentric or eccentric
24. What is the unit by which intensity is measured for
type that is provided to resist lateral forces. Braced
architectural purpose? Decibel
Frame
25. It is the part of construction process where any existing
8. What is the cement to sand to gravel ratio of Class B
structure, trees and other elements that will obstruct the
Concrete? 1:2 1/5:5
construction work is being cleaned out. Site Clearing
9. What part of documents includes most items that have
26. It is a type of specification in which the item desired is
been traditionally associated with the mechanical trades
referred to by a number corresponding to a numbering a
including Plumbing, Heating, Ventilating, Air-
published specification. Reference
Conditioning and Fire Protection. Mechanical
27. What type of slope protection are made from galvanized
10. What is the type of lighting designed to provide
or PVC coated wire baskets filled with stones and staked
illumination for a visually demanding activity?
to form an abutment or retaining structure? Gabion
Task Light
28. Which of the following refers to cladding, roofing, exterior
11. What is the type of lighting designed to provide
wall, glazing, door assemblies, window assemblies,
illumination for a visually demanding activity? 1 day
skylight assemblies and other components enclosing the
12. What is a vertical board attached on the ends of the
building?
rafters? Fascia
Building Envelope
13. What is the quality of concrete that requires the mixture
29. What is a horizontal structural member subjected
to be in plastic form and could readily be placed in a
primarily to flexure and shear, with or without axial force
form? Workability
or torsion. Beam
14. Flat galvanized iron can be used for the following except:
30. What is the unit of measure used in computing volume of
Flooring
lumber? Board Foot
15. What is a horizontal structural member over an opening
31. What is the geological or ground condition considered in
which carries the weight of the wall above it? This is
determining the size and type of foundation of the
usually constructed with U-blocks. Lintel
building? Soil Bearing Pressure
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 lOMoARcPSD|32673871
32. Which of the following refers to a sound of a single
frequency, characterized by a single pitch?
Pure Tone
33. This part of the construction site is used to store
materials, tools and serves as quarters of construction
workers and/or office of staff members. Site Storage
34. What is a type of luminaire that emits light downwards?
Direct
35. What is a longitudinal beam that rests on the top chord
and preferably at the joints of the truss? Purlin
36. How much water ratio is needed in a concrete mix to
produce a strength of 2,500 psi?
- 0.642 - 0.443 - 0.576
37. What is an upright post or support of vertical structural
members that acts as the supporting element in a wall
partition? Stud
38. What portion of the building transfer the building load into
the soil? Foundation
39. What type of specification shows the results of the
product, rather than the product itself are specified?
Performance Specifications
40. What is the dimension of a concrete measuring box for
40kg cement? 300 mm3
41. It is a framed stud wall extending from the top of the
foundation to the underside of floor framing for lowest
occupied level. Cripple Wall
42. What is a type of footing continuously spread footing of
foundation wall that changes levels to accommodate a
sloping grade to maintain the required depth at all points
around the building? Stepped
43. What is a continuous reinforcing bar having a seismic
hook at one end and a hook not less than 90-degree with
at least six-diameter extension at the end. Crosstie
44. The complete records of test conduction (slump,
compression test, etc.) shall be preserved and made
available for inspection during the progress of
construction and after completion of the projects for a
period of not less than how many years? 2 years
45. It refers to the finishing trim work around a window
opening, consisting of head and jamb casings, window
sills and aprons. Casing Trim
46. What is the term for the minimum intensity capable of
evoking an auditory sensation in the ear?
Threshold of audibility
47. What is the acoustical phenomenon causing sound
waves to bend around obstacles?
Sound Diffraction
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48. What is the term for a sky having less than 30% cloud
cover? Clear Sky
49. What do you call as the direction, size, arrangement,
appearance, or quality of the fibers in wood? Grain
50. These are types of concrete products that are purred,
settled and cured on other place/s other than the site.
Pre-cast Concrete
51. Which of the following refers to the number of
displacements or oscillations that a particle undergoes in
1 second? Frequency
52. What is a type of concrete floor which has no beam? Flat
Slab
53. What is the common size of R.S.B. for concrete
hollow blocks?
- 10mm - 8mm - 9mm
54. What is a granular material, such as sand, gravel,
crushed stone and iron blast furnace slag that is used
with cementing medium that forms a hydraulic cement
concrete or mortar. Aggregate
55. What is the SI unit of luminous flux? Lumen
56. It a principal member of a truss which extends from one
end to the other, primarily to resist bending. Chord
57. It is a type of column using combination of vertical
reinforcements. Ex: angle bar + RSB.
- Composite - Raft
58. These are horizontal boards used to establish the height
of the finish foundation and to support the guidelines for
the excavation of footing trenches. Batter Boards
59. Which of the following means furnish and install?
- Provide - Contract - Build
60. What is the required concrete covering for Footing? 75
mm
61. After how many days does concrete achieve its
maximum strength? 28 days
62. What is the process of lowering water table or preventing
n excavation from filling with ground water. Dewatering
63. What do you call the space between levels? Storey
64. What part of the window is a flat piece of trim which is
located immediately beneath the stool of a window sill?
Apron
65. What is a component of architectural acoustics that refers
to the design of a space to enhance sound for optimum
acoustical conditions? Space Acoustics
66. It is type of slab supported by two parallel beams. One-
way Slab
67. What is a steel element or elements embedded in
concrete? Reinforcement
68. What do you call the center-to-center distance between
adjacent items, such as longitudinal reinforcement,
 lOMoARcPSD|32673871

transverse reinforcement, prestressing reinforcement, or 90. What is the final grade of the site that conforms to the
anchors? Spacing approved plan? Finish Grade
69. The change of sound energy into heat upon contact with 91. What is the most commonly used gauge of galvanized
a surface is referred to as _____. Refraction iron roof? 24
70. What is the process of relocating the point of boundaries 92. It is an enclosing wall of an iron or steel framework or the
and property line of the site where the building is to be non-bearing portion of an enclosing wall between piers.
constructed? Staking Out Retaining Wall
71. It is part of column that holds the vertical reinforcements. 93. What is a wide piece of lumber with thickness range of 4-
Ties 13cm. Plank
72. What type of mortar is recommended for use in retaining 94. What is the structural member of a building that carries
walls? Type M the wood flooring? Floor Joist
73. What is a chemical component formulated from organic 95. What is the internal angle formed by the two roof slopes
polymers or combination of organic polymers and of a roof? Valley
inorganic materials that cure if blended together? 96. Based on the Law of Reflectivity, the Angle of Incidence
Adhesive is _____ the Angle of Reflection. Equal
74. In designing auditoriums, what is the maximum number
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS:
of seats in a row if the row is bounded by aisle on one
side and a wall on the other side? 7 1. A roofing tile which has the shape of an “S” laid on its
75. What is the process of bonding together two or more side is a ___. Pantile
layers of materials? Laminating 2. That part of the building foundation which forms the
76. It is a structural member of small cross-sectional area permanent retaining wall of the structure below grade is
with reasonable length driven down the ground by means a ___. Foundation Wall
of hammer or vibratory generator. Pile 3. Joint employed to reduce restraint by accommodating
77. What is a joint used for adjoining existing building to new movement of masonry walls are known as ___. Control
building? Expansion Joint Joints
78. What is the sound produced by the human voice? 4. A system of framing a building in which the studs are
Speech continuous to roof supporting second floor joints is known
79. What refers to the relative difference of adjacent as ____. Balloon Framing
luminance? Contrast 5. Rough plaster finish obtained by flinging plaster on a wall
80. What is used to shape and support fresh concrete until with a hand operated machine is ____.
cured and able to support itself? Formwork Tryolean Finish
81. Which of the following cannot be used as concrete 6. A principal member of the truss which extends from one
forms? Galvanized Iron Sheet end to the other primarily to resist bending is a ____.
82. What is the minimum recommended slump for testing Chord
concrete paced on building columns? 5 cm 7. A protein: the chief nitrogenous ingredient in milk is ____.
83. What is a type of loudspeaker system generally used in Casein
an auditorium with low ceiling height? Distributed 8. A composition of two or more metals fused together
84. What is the minimum protective covering for slab usually to obtain a desired property. Alloy
reinforcement above ground? 20 mm 9. The horizontal distance from the face of a lock or latch to
85. It is a steel reinforcing bar with the end bent into a hook the center of the knob or lock cylinder. Backset
to provide anchorage. Hooked Bar 10. A commercially pure iron of fibrous nature, valued for its
86. Which is not a type of masonry unit? corrosion resistance and ductility is ___.
None from the Choices Wrought Iron
*it is NOT Concrete Hollow Block, Structural Clay Tile, 11. The Filipino term for horizontal stud is ___. Pabalagbag
and Structural Glass Block* 12. The Filipino term for riser. Takip silipan
87. What is the process of dissipating sound energy by 13. The Filipino term for collar plate is ___. Sinturon
converting it to heat? Sound Absorption 14. The Filipino term for temper (metal work) Poleva
88. What is the angle formed by a stairway? Spandrel 15. The Filipino term for plumb line is ___. Hulog
89. What process is done thru densification of a fill by 16. A beam that projects beyond one or both its support.
mechanical or chemical means? Compaction Cantilever
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17. A wall (bearing or non-bearing) designed to resist lateral
forces parallel to the wall. Shear wall
18. Using stair tread-riser proportion formula RT = 75, given
riser equals 6 ¼ “ how many risers will there be between
two floors having floor line to floor line distance of 7.8125
feet? 15
19. A modern method of installing wood parquet flooring on
wooden boards sub-flooring is by ___.
Gluing / Pasting
20. The standard height of window sills for office rooms in
upper floors is ___. 0.90 meters
21. The dimension of commercial acoustic boards for
aluminum T-runners used for dropped-ceiling in offices is
___. 24” x 48” x ½”
22. The total floor area 16 feet wide by 60 feet deep needs
one inch
23. (1”) x 4”(commercial size) T & G flooring. Assuming that
the available T & G is 1” x 4” x 16” and the effective width
is 3.5”, the total board feet needed is ___. 1,098 bf
24. In the design of a large shopping centers where space is
required, intervals of columns can be wider than the
ordinary by adopting a structural method of construction
called ____. Post-tensioning
25. Humidification and condensation in exterior walls can be
minimized by ___.
providing building paper sheathing and space filled
26. Heat gain through the structure of a habitable room occur
in tropical region at walls and roofs by conduction. This
can be minimized by the use of ___.
Wood
27. A material used to remedy vapor flow.
glossy surfaced asphalt saturated paper, 50 lbs or
more
28. Dry walls do not require appreciable amount of moisture
and they are customarily finished with ___.
Lath and Plaster
29. Wallboards or plywood maybe applied over studs. They
can also be applied over CHB masonry wall by using
____. Furring
30. Identify the miter joint from the following
31. To turn back water whenever joints occur in which
dissimilar materials come together, it is necessary to
provide ___. Flashing Material
32. The part of a foundation system which supports the
exterior walls of a superstructure and bears directly on
the column footing is a ___. Grade Beam
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33. A narrow strip of wood applied to cover a joint along the
edges of two parallel boards in the same plane is a ___.
Batten
34. The stressing of unbounded tendons after concrete has
cured is ___. Post-Tensioning
35. The boxing in of covering a joist, beam or girder to give
the appearance of a larger beam is known as __.
Beam Blocking
36. A system of framing a building on which floor joists of
each storey rest on the top plates of the storey below and
the bearing walls and partitions rest on the subfloor of
each storey is known as ___.
Western Framing
37. Pressure exerted against the underground portion of a
building created by the presence of water in the soil is
known as ___. Atmospheric Pressure
38. A window which projects outside the main line of a
building and the compartment in which it is located
extends to the floor is known as ___. Bay Window
39. A form of brick bond in which each course is alternately
composed of entirely of headers or of stretchers is known
as ___. Flemish Bond
40. A joint formed when a concrete surface hardens before
the next batch of concrete is placed against it is ___.
Cold Joint
41. An iron alloy usually including carbon and silicon which
has high compressive strength but low tensile strength is
___. Cast Iron
42. The Filipino term for plastered course is ___. Kusturada
43. The Filipino term for bottom chord is ___. Estunyo
44. The Filipino term for perlin is ___. Reostra
45. The Filipino term for eave is ___. Sopo
46. The Filipino term for top chord is ___. Tahilan
47. The capacity of a wall to hold moisture is important in the
design of dwelling units. Select the best material which
will reduce moisture in a wall when used.
1” thick V-cut wood boards
48. Plaster or plywood ceiling on nailers or joists below a
ventilated roof space may show “pattern staining” on the
ceiling. This can be prevented by ___.
Adequate Insulation
49. Heat gain through the walls in buildings exposed to
afternoon sun intensifies discomfort of inhabitants
because of conductivity. However, this can be minimized
by the use of ___.
combination of wood boards and plywood with
cavity between
50. Sound or noise between bedrooms may be reduced by
using less expensive materials with the application of
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construction techniques. double wall plywood on 66. A system of framing a building on which floor joist of each
horizontal and vertical studs with absorbents. storey rests on the top plates of the storey below and the
51. The staircase of a house has a total run of 3 meters and bearing walls and partitions rest on the subfloor of each
a total rise of 2.16 meters, the tread width is 11 inches storey is known as ___.
and riser is 7 7/8”, therefore, the stringer length is ___. Western Framing
3.69 meters 67. The Filipino term for rabbet. Vaciada
52. Dry walls are customarily finished with ___. 68. The Filipino term for projection is ___. Bolada
Lath and Plaster 69. Given a riser equals six inches and using the stair tread-
53. The riser of a stair is 6 ½ inches. What is the run using riser proportion formula 2R + T = 25, how many risers wil
formula R/T = tan (R-3) x 8 degrees. there be between two levels having a vertical distance of
12.2247 inches 9’-0”. 18 risers
54. One method of leveling batterboards without the transit is 70. A geological or ground condition considered in
the use of ___. determining the size and type of foundation of the
¼ Ø plastic hose filled with water building. Soil Bearing Pressure
55. A manual method of squaring the corners of a building 71. These are materials excellent as vapor barrier in the
lines in building layout, is the use of ___. roofing system of residential buildings.
3-4-5 multiples with the use of steel tape measure Aluminum Foil Sheets
56. When dry conditions are demanded of asphalt tile floor
ICA: Architectural Structures
finishes on concrete over earth, apply the waterproofing
(WP) steps. 1. An expansion joint’s adjacent parts of a structure to
felt paper below sub-slab then WP on top of the sub- permit expected movements between them is called.
slab Contraction Joint
57. Due to temperature effects in materials, concrete walls, 2. Weigh of 1 cu. m. of concrete. 2,400 kg
slabs of long buildings, new buildings adjoining existing 3. Buildings or structures therein housing and supporting
buildings should be provided with ___. toxic or explosive chemicals or substances fall to what
Expansion Joints type of category? Hazardous Facility
58. A typical block or panel type insulating material used in 4. A short steel bar extending from one concrete element to
flat roof of commercial or industrial building. another as for instance a concrete foundation to a
Corkboard concrete column. It may or may not transfer direct stress.
59. What is the height of the RC curtain wall surrounding a Dowel
water tank located at the penthouse whose capacity is 5. When a structure is unsafe or judged under the condition
5000 U.S. gallons. The diameter of the tank is 2.5 meters either to be no longer useful for its intended function.
(I.D.) and freeboard of 0.30 meters. The wall shall be as Limit State
high as the water tank. 4.16 meters 6. The minimum length of straight reinforcing bar or
60. Select the grouping one subject of which is a criterion reinforcing rod which is required to anchor it in concrete.
used by architects in planning and design of buildings. Development Length
Columns, Splices, Materials, Lot 7. Formed when a concrete surface hardens before the next
61. Narrow, high ceiling spaces where ceiling area is small batch of concrete is placed. Cold Joint
compared 8. Weight of 1 cu. m. of steel. 7,850 kg
62. to wall area, will normally require acoustical treatment of 9. The analysis of the stress, strain, and deflection
the ___. Ceiling only characteristics of structural behavior is referred to.
63. A ferrous metal that offers great resistance to abrassion Structural Analysis
and finds important use in the cutting edges of heavy 10. The property of a material that enables it to deform in
digging tools is a ___. Nickel Steel response to an applied force and to recover its original
64. A building stone of igneous origin and composed of proportion upon removal of the force. Elasticity
quartz, hornblende and mica is a ___. Serpentine 11. In volumetric measurement, the most commonly used
65. A form of brick bond in which the course consists of man-made material of construction of the present
alternate stretchers and headers in known as ___. generation. Concrete
Flemish Bond 12. Property of concrete capable to withstand the various
weathering conditions such as action of atmospheric
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gases, moisture changes, temperature variations. 33. A concrete block imbedded with tie wires to ensure the
Durability reinforcing steel bar are in place during concrete pouring.
13. The ingredients added before or during mixing to modify Concrete spacer
the properties of concrete. Admixture 34. The distance of a construction joint for a reinforced
14. The general term applied to those inert materials which, concrete column measured from the bottom of a beam.
when bonded together by cement, form concrete. - 600 mm - 800 m - 75 mm
Aggregate 35. A bended rod to support the lateral forces acting at two
15. A composite construction material of paste and main reinforcing steel bars of a column. Hook
aggregates. Concrete 36. The maximum spacing of ties in any four-edged type of
16. The intention of modifying concrete design strength column. 200 mm
through admixtures and not by cement mix ratio. 37. Piles designed for anchorage to prevent soil erosion
- Workability - Durability - Cost during wide excavation. Sheet piles
17. A slab which is supported by beams on the two opposite 38. Pile-bearing capacity is developed by shear stresses
sides to carry the load along one direction. One-way along the sides of the pile, suitable when harder layers
Slab are too deep. Friction piles
18. The concrete cover of a reinforcing steel bar for a 39. The characteristics of an offshore pile in terms of
suspended slab. 20 mm mechanism of load transfer. End bearing piles
19. The maximum distance of ties measured on centers of a 40. Replacement piles that are classified according to its
reinforcing steel bar nearest to the finished floor line or characteristics. Method of Installation
bottom of beam. 50 mm 41. Branch of civil engineering concerned with the
20. A short column refers to the height of the beam compared mechanical behavior of the earth materials, to mitigate
to its dimension. Less than 10 times the least risks in foundation settlements.
dimension Geotechnical engineering
21. The minimum number of main reinforcing bars in a 42. The characteristics of pile when the founding layers are
circular column. 6 too deep to attain. Friction piles
22. Slabs that are supported on four sides where the load will 43. A vertically installed structural element to prevent the
be carried in both directions. Two-way Slab displacement of a foundation produced by the weight of
23. The concrete cover of a column permanently exposed to a structure. Pile
earth. 75 mm 44. This is done if the soil is loose to avoid collapse of the
24. Refers to a reinforced concrete column when pouring had bore wall during the installation process. Cased pile
stopped and had been continued. Cold Joint 45. An initial bore is set to correctly identify the exact location
25. The minimum number of main reinforcing bars in of the bore with a rotating bucket. Pre-drilling
rectangular beam. 4 46. The characteristics of a cast in place pile in terms of
26. A bended reinforcing steel bar supporting the tensile and method of installation.
compressive forces in a slab. Reinforcing steel bar - Bored piles - Friction piles - Driven piles
27. The distance of concrete cover is measured from the 47. Displacement piles are classified according to its method
outer face of the column to the type of reinforcing bar. of installation. Driven piles
Stirrups 48. The stage in precast concrete production when the
28. Refers to a reinforced concrete column that has to be technician performs the punch list.
stopped and to be continues later. Construction Joint - Form Stripping - Form Preparation - Post Pouring
29. The minimum splice overlap of main reinforcing bars. 600 49. When plastering is more required in this construction
mm methodology. Cast-in-place concrete
30. A continuous reinforcing steel bar supporting a 50. A stage in precast concrete production before the actual
continuous slab. Temperature bar pouring of concrete mix. Form Preparation
31. The distance from the face of the column where the 51. Concrete that is molded on repetition at the job site.
bottom bar splicing is not allowed. L/5 Precast Concrete
32. One of these does not belong to the bend angle of a 52. Perlite in light weight concrete is considered what type of
column tie or hook. 45 degrees aggregate? Coarse Aggregate
53. One of the benefits of using light weight concrete.
- Sound barrier - Heat resistance - Heat Absorption
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54. Type of slab to achieve longer unsupported span of slab. 74. The maximum diameter of reinforcing bars that can be
Hollow Slab bundled as one available in the Philippine market.
55. The construction of the Leaning Tower of Pisa can be 36 mm
compared to the present construction methodology. 75. (NSCP 403.20) A complete record of test of materials
Precast Concrete and of concrete shall be available for inspection during
56. Precision measurement is more achievable with this type the progress of work. How many years after completion
of construction methodology. Precast Concrete of the project shall certificated be preserved by the
57. The density of regular concrete mix at plastic stage and inspecting engineer or architect.
hardened state. 2,400 kg/cu. m. 2 years
58. A manufacturing term in precast concrete when concrete 76. (NSCP 407.30) The minimum bend diameter for 10 mm
pouring is programmable using mechanical, electrical ø through 25 mm ø bars. 6 db
controls, and electronic devices. Automation 77. (NSCP 407.7.3) The minimum clear spacing between
59. How do we consider concrete driven pile? parallel bars in a layer must be db but not less than? 25
Precast Concrete mm
60. A stage in precast concrete production where the 78. Standard hooks are bends made at the end of a
connections are scrutinized in details. Engineering reinforcing bar according to standards. Which of the
61. The formula or equation in finding the area of concrete bends does not belong to the group? 150 degrees
under compression. bkd 79. How is 90 degree bend standard hook for concrete
62. The polar moment of inertia passing through the moment reinforcement constructed? 90 degree bend plus 12 db
arm in compression and tension of the RC beam in the extension, at free end of the bar
stress profile. Jd 80. A bend or curve given to develop an equivalent
63. The main reinforcing bar resisting tension at the support embedment length used where there is insufficient room
of a beam. Top bar to develop an adequate embedment length. Hook
64. An imaginary line passing through the centroid of the
cross-section of a beam, along which no bending
stresses occur. Neutral Axis
65. The ultimate strength of the material divided by the
allowable working load. Safety Factor
66. In balanced design, the general formula in the
investigation of RC beam. Kd = Fcdn / (Fs + Fcn)
67. The main reinforcing bar resisting tension at the span of
a beam. Bottom bar
68. That part of the beam which shows the transformed
section, stress profile, & strain profile. Span
69. In balanced design, the moment passing through the RC
beam for concrete under compressive stress.
Mc = Fc (b) (kd) (jd) ½
70. An imaginary cross section of a beam in which the steel
is replaced by a hypothetical concrete area that is n times
the area of the steel. The imaginary concrete area has
the same modulus of elasticity as the concrete in
compression above the neutral axis. Transformed
Section
71. (NSCP 407.8.1) The minimum clear concrete covering
for cast in place slab. 20 mm
72. Cracking of concrete in general is the result of:
Excessive deflection, Restraint of Volume Change,
and High Flexural Stress due to bending
73. (NSCP 412.3.1) Development length for deformed bars
in tension shall not be less than. 300 mm
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