11 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Physical Education
and Health
Quarter 4 – Module 4a: (Weeks 1 & 2)
Safety Practices and Sports Injury
Management

1 NegOr_Q4_PEH11_Module4a_v2

NegOr_Q4_PEH11_Module4a_v2
Physical Education and Health 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 4a: Safety Practices and Sports Injury Management
Second Edition, 2022

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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand
each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each
SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if
you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self- check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how
they can best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of
this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests.
And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.

i NegOr_Q4_PEH11_Module4a_v2
 According to Luig and Henke (2012), injury prevention in sports has a
great benefit for individuals. Engaging in sports and physical activities gives a
better health to individuals and enhances sports performance while enhancing
sustainability of active lifestyles in populations and likewise reducing the costs of
the health care system and of employers.
This module focuses on the safety practices in sports and exercise as well
as sports injury management. Are you ready? Let’s get started!

1 NegOr_Q4_PEH11_Module4a_v2
 What I Know

PRE-TEST
Direction: Choose the best answer from the given choices. Write your answers in your
activity notebook.

1. It is a twist, pull or tear of a muscle or tendon – a cord of tissue connecting muscle to

bone. It is an acute, non-contact injury that results from overstretching or over-
contraction.
A. Concussion B. Dislocation C. Fracture D. Strain

2. It is a stretch or tear of a ligament, the band of connective tissues that joins the end of
one bone with another.
A. Concussion B. Dislocation C. Fracture D. Sprain

3. When two bones that come together to form a joint become separated.
A. Concussion B. Dislocation C. Fracture D. Sprain

4. A break in the bone that can occur from after a quick, one-time injury to the bone or
from repeated stress to the bone over time.
A. Concussion B. Dislocation C. Fracture D. Sprain

5. It is a life-threatening injury because they disrupt the normal function of the brain.
A. Concussion B. Dislocation C. Fracture D. Sprain

6. Which of the following is NOT classified as chronic injuries?

A. Bursitis B. Osteoarthritis C. Sprain D. Stress Fracture

7. Which of the following is classified as acute injuries?

A. Bursitis B. Osteoarthritis C. Sprain D. Strain

8. It refers to damaged tissues or organs which occur when it encounters trauma or

physical force that is greater than what it can resist or absorb.
A. Acute Injuries C. Concussion
B. Chronic injuries D. Injuries

9. In the acronym PRICED, what does P stand for?

A. Perform B. Place C. Precise D. Protection

10. In the acronym HARM, what does H stand for?

A. Hands B. Heat C. Help D. Hot
 What’s In

Task 1: Name Them!

Directions: Identify the type of injury shown in the pictures below. Choose the correct
answer among the choices inside the box.

Sprain Strain Fracture Dislocation Concussion

1.

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/fullsize/17143.jpg

2.

https://services.epnet.com/getimage.aspx?imageiid=7321

3.

https://www.ehsdb.com/resources/First_aid_images/
4.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/
64/

5.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/

What’s New

Task 2: HEALTH SERVICES SURVEY

Directions: Identify the health services provided in your school and community in case of
injury or emergency. Fill in the information being asked in the survey table.

Questions School Community

1. What are the health services
provided?
2. Who are the health services
providers? What are their
roles/responsibilities?
3. Do you think the health services are
enough in case of injury/emergency?
Why?
 What is It

What are injuries? Why is my risk at getting injured higher now that I am more
active?
Individuals who engage in various types of physical activities like sports and exercise,
have a higher risk of getting injured as compared to those who practice a sedentary lifestyle.
The more engaging the sport or the more rigorous the exercise is, the higher is the risk for
injuries. However, the potential benefits of physical activities outweigh the risks of suffering
an injury.

Most of the injuries are preventable and awareness of the risk factors will help in
reducing the risk. Furthermore, proper warm-up and training, vigilance, and safety measures
can dramatically reduce the occurrence of injuries.

Moreover, injuries are damaged tissues or organs which occur when it encounters
trauma or physical force that is greater than what it can resist or absorb. The tissues are able
to withstand varying degrees of stress and strain, but it will break down if it experiences an
impact or force that is stronger than what it can tolerate.

Factors influencing the ability of our tissues or organs to effectively resist or absorb
forces include inherent abnormality, body position, age, technique, fitness level, equipment,
and environmental aspects.

Tissues and organs react to the impact and direction of the force. Tensile forces are
those that act away from the center of the structure, causing a pull or stretch. Compressive
forces impact the center causing it to bend or fold. Shear forces are opposing forces toward
the different ends of the structure causing it to twist. The mechanism of how the force was
applied is just as important as its impact. The bone is strong in resisting compressive strength
while muscle-tendon units are strong at resisting tensile forces. An individual who engages in
various types of strenuous activities will expose his/her body to the combination of these
forces which could result to an injury.

Aside from the knowledge of the forces that cause injury, it is important to understand
the ability of the structures to resist or absorb forces. Injuries in sports and fitness commonly
affect the musculoskeletal structures. The ligaments, tendons, muscles, and bones have
inherent strength that helps withstand strong forces. The strength properties of each
musculoskeletal structure vary according to the density of collagen, elastin fibers present and
the actual position of the body structure at the time it was exposed to these forces. Jumping
and landing on a fully extended leg can cause injury than when it is extended and flexed
gradually upon landing thereby absorbing the impact which could have caused an injury. Its
ability to withstand sudden or acute forces also depends on the tissues (i.e., fat) that soften the
impact on the structure.
In general, injuries including sports injuries can be classified into two: acute and
chronic/overuse. Acute injures have signs and symptoms (e.g., pain, swelling) that manifest
immediately after force application. On the other hand, the signs and symptoms of chronic or
overuse injuries occur after a long period of exposure to the force.
 Sprains, strains, fractures, dislocations, and wounds are examples of acute injuries. An
excessive stretching force can cause the fibers of the ligament, muscle, or tendon to break. An
overstretched ligament is called a sprain. A strain is also caused by excessive stretching that
causes tears in the muscle-tendon unit. Fractures are breaks in the continuity of the bone. It
usually occurs as a result of high impact forces that cause the bone to bend or twist.
Dislocations are bones that are pushed out from their joint capsule. Remember: ligament is
to sprain, muscle-tendon unit is to strain, fractures and dislocations is for bones.

COMMON SPORTS INJURIES

In www.polarisspine.com, participating in one or more sports is a vital part of a
healthy, active lifestyle which is good for the heart, good for the respiration, good for
building and maintaining muscular strength, etc. The risk of injury should obviously not deter
you from playing sports; but, by being aware of some of the most common sports injuries,
you can take steps to prevent them or at least reduce the risk of getting hurt.

The website determine the following most common acute injuries:

1. Strain
Strains are by far the most common of all sports-
related injuries simply because we use so many
muscles and tendons when we exercise or play.
These moving parts are all susceptible to
stretching farther than they should, or moving in
ways they shouldn’t move, leaving them torn,
damaged and in pain. Common muscle strains
include pulled hamstrings, pulled groin muscles https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/3
D_Medical_Animation_Depicting_Strain-Tendon.jpg/308px-
and strained quads. Most strains are minor and 3D_Medical_Animation_Depicting_Strain-Tendon.jpg
heal naturally with rest. The best way to reduce the risk of strained muscles and tendons is to
warm up and stretch before engaging in strenuous activity.

2. Sprain
Sprains are to ligaments what strains are to
muscles. Ligaments are the tissues that connect bone
to bone. When these ligaments turn in a wrong way,
they can pull or tear. Ankle sprains are perhaps the
most frequent type of sprain among athletes,
followed closely by knee sprains, wrist and elbow
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/
1b/Sprained_foot.jpg/300px-Sprained_foot.jpg
sprains, etc. Sprains can be painful, take longer to
heal than strains,
and sometimes require immobilization to protect against further injury. Pre-workout stretches
and warm-ups can help deter sprains, as well as practicing good technique in the sport you’re
playing. Sprains often leave the ligament weak and susceptible to future sprains, so if you
have a history of spraining a knee or ankle, for example, it would be good idea to support that
joint with a brace while playing.
3. Fracture
Impact and contact sports often lead to
fractures of the bone (mostly arms, legs and feet),
all of which can be painful, take weeks of
immobilization to heal and may sometimes
require surgery to correct. Fractures are an
inherent risk with most strenuous and/or
contact sports, but you can reduce the risk by
wearing the appropriate padding, warming up,
working out to keep muscles strong and flexible, https://www.ehsdb.com/resources/First_aid_images/Bon
practicing good technique, etc. Also, don’t “play e_Fracture/Fracture-8.jpe?timestamp=1465143351373
through the pain,” as sometimes
the pain is a sign of a strain or sprain that left untreated can make the bone vulnerable to
fracture.

4. Dislocation
In www.mayoclinic.org defines, “dislocation is an injury in which the ends of
your bones are forced from their normal
positions. The cause is usually trauma
resulting from a fall, an auto accident, or a
collision during contact or high-speed sports.
Dislocation usually involves the body's larger
joints. In adults, the most common site of the
injury is the shoulder. In children, it's the
elbow. Your thumb and fingers also are
vulnerable if forcibly bent the wrong way.
The injury will temporarily deform and
https://services.epnet.com/getimage.aspx?imageiid=7321 immobilize your joint and may result in sudden
and severe pain and swelling. A dislocation requires prompt medical attention to return your
bones to their proper positions”.

5. Concussion
In www.polarisspine.com defines,
concussion occurs when a sudden impact to the
head causes the brain to lurch inside the skull,
sometimes damaging the tissues holding it in
place. Concussions may be mild to severe, with
symptoms ranging from headache and dizziness
to sleepiness and temporary loss of
consciousness. Always seek a medical evaluation
from a spine-and- brain specialist with any blow https://medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/fullsize/17143.jpg
to the head, as
sometimes more serious symptoms may occur after the fact. Never continue to play sports if
symptoms of a concussion exist. Concussions usually heal naturally with rest within a week
to several weeks. The best way to reduce the risk of concussion is to wear appropriate
protective headgear when playing contact sports like hockey or football, or when biking or
skateboarding, etc.
 What are the most common chronic injuries?

Hong (2017) defines, “exercising and sports are good for you, but they sometimes
lead to injury. Some sports injuries result from accidents while others are due to poor training
practices, improper equipment or lacking of conditioning (training)”.

He added that chronic injury as the result of prolonged, repetitive motion that is
particularly common in endurance sports such as swimming, running and cycling. As such,
chronic injuries are often referred to as overuse injuries resulting from overusing one body
area while playing a sport or exercising over a long period.

1. Stress Fracture
According to Dr. Hilal Ahmad Rather (2018), a
stress fracture is a fatigue-induced bone fracture caused by
repeated stress over time. Instead of resulting from a single
severe impact, stress fractures are the result of accumulated
injury from repeated submaximal loading, such as running or
jumping. Because of this mechanism, stress fractures are
common overuse injuries in athletes.
This type of fracture does not require immobilization,
but the individual has to stop exercise for around four weeks to
give it time to heal.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/-/media/kcms/gbs/patient-
consumer/images/2013/08/26/10/56/ds00556_im03002_f
sm7_stressfractthu_jpg.jpg

2. Tendinopathy/Tendinitis
As cited in www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au,
“tendinopathy, also known
as tendinitis or tendonitis, is a type of
tendon disorder that results in pain, swelling, and
impaired function. The pain is typically worse with
movement. It most commonly occurs around the
commonly affects the shoulder, wrist, knee, shin and
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/8/80/Tendonitis_Tendon_rupture_--_Smart-
heel”. The type of injury in the figure (left) is common
Servier_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px- to tennis, badminton and pingpong players performing a
Tendonitis_Tendon_rupture_--_Smart-
backhand stroke.

3. Osteoarthritis
In www.hopkinsmedicine.org,
“osteoarthritis is the most common form of
arthritis. It is a chronic degenerative joint
disease that affects mostly middle-aged and
older adults. Osteoarthritis causes the
breakdown of joint cartilage. It can occur in
any joint, but it most often affects the hands,
knees, hips, or spine”.
https://www.versusarthritis.org/media/22625/oa-
affected-joint-500x381.jpg?width=500&height=381
4. Bursitis
Tyler Wheeler (2019) defines, bursitis as
an inflammation or irritation of a bursa sac. You
have these sacs all over your body. They’re
filled with fluid that helps ease rubbing and
friction between tissues like bone, muscle,
tendons, and skin. Bursitis is common around
major joints like your shoulder, elbow, hip, or
knee.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Brsitis_E
lbow_WC.JPG

HEAT-RELATED ILLNESSES
In www.hopkinsmedicine.org, “exposure to abnormal or prolonged amounts of heat
and humidity without relief or adequate fluid intake can cause various types of heat-related
illness. Children and teens adjust more slowly than adults do to changes in environmental
heat. They also produce more heat with activity than adults and sweat less. Sweating is one of
the body's normal cooling mechanisms. Children and teens often do not think to rest when
having fun and may not drink enough fluids when playing, exercising, or participating in
sports”.

The website introduces 3 types of heat-related illnesses:

1. Heat cramps- are the mildest form of heat illness and consist of painful muscle
cramps and spasms that occur during or after intense exercise and sweating in high
heat.
2. Heat exhaustion- is more severe than heat cramps and results from a loss of water
and salt in the body. It occurs in conditions of extreme heat and excessive sweating
without adequate fluid and salt replacement. Heat exhaustion occurs when the body is
unable to cool itself properly and, if left untreated, can progress to heat stroke.
3. Heat stroke- the most severe form of heat illness, occurs when the body's heat-
regulating system is overwhelmed by excessive heat. It is a life-threatening
emergency and requires immediate medical attention.

SPORTS INJURY PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT

According to Elizabeth Quinn (2019), “whether you play sports for competition or
fitness, you don't want to be sidelined with an injury. Time away from the game or in forced
inactivity is something we all want to avoid. While it is impossible to prevent every injury,
the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons says research suggests that injury rates could
be reduced by 25% if athletes took appropriate preventative action”.
 Quinn suggested to use these general rules for injury prevention no matter what sport
you play.
1. Be in Proper Physical Condition to Play a Sport
Keep in mind the weekend warrior, a person who participates in an activity only in
their spare time, has a high rate of injury. If you play any sports, you should adequately train
for that sport. It is a mistake to expect the sport itself to get you into shape. Many injuries can
be prevented by following a regular conditioning program of exercises designed specifically
for your sport.

2. Know and Abide by the Rules of the Sport

The rules are designed, in part, to keep things safe. This is extremely important for
anyone who participates in a contact sport. You need to learn them and to play by the rules of
conduct. Respect the rules on illegal procedures and insist on enforcement by referees,
umpires, and judges.
3. Wear Appropriate Protective Gear and Equipment
Protective pads, mouth guards, helmets, gloves, and other equipment are not for those
you consider weak; they are for everyone. Protective equipment that fits you well can save
your knees, hands, teeth, eyes, and head. Never play without your safety gear.
4. Rest
Athletes with a high number of consecutive days of training, have more injuries.
While many athletes think the more they train, the better they'll play, this is a misconception.
Rest is a critical component of proper training. Rest can make you stronger and prevent
injuries of overuse, fatigue and poor judgment.
5. Always Warm-Up Before Playing
Warm muscles are less susceptible to injuries. The proper warm-up is essential for injury
prevention. Make sure your warm-up suits your sport. You may simply start your sport
slowly, or practice specific stretching or mental rehearsal depending upon your activity.
6. Avoid Playing When Very Tired or in Pain
This is a set-up for a careless injury. Pain indicates a problem. You need to pay attention to
warning signs your body provides.

What’s More

SPORTS INJURY MANAGEMENT

In www.podiatrymed.co.nz/ defines, “Sports Injury Management is the management

of a specific injury to allow an individual to return or continue their chosen sport without
damaging or compromising their body. Managing a sports injury correctly is important and
can help to minimize damage to a muscle, tendon, ligament, and joint, hence, increasing the
chance of a full recovery”.
First Aid Techniques to Injuries
In https://pivotalmotion.physio/, explains that, “the first 24-48 hours after sustaining a
soft tissue injury is crucial in ensuring the best outcome for healing. As a general rule,
management for most acute soft tissue injuries is as simple as remembering two simple
acronyms – RICER and HARM” .

The website suggest to follow the RICER procedure:

Initially, the objective for healing any soft tissue injury is to

minimize swelling and bleeding. Reducing movement, and
REST (Restrict
in some cases immobilizing the injured area, is one of the
Movement/Immobilize)
simplest methods to reduce further
injury and promote healing
Cooling the injured area serves to slow down tissue
metabolism. It may cause contraction of blood vessels
which will slow down blood flow and assist with reducing
swelling and inflammation. It is crucial that ice or cooling
therapy should be applied as soon as possible to the injured
ICE
area. Ice can also provide a temporary numbing effect to
assist with short term pain relief as well. Ensure that intense
cooling is not applied directly to the skin to minimize the
potential for skin
burns.
Compressing an injured area can have a direct effect on
swelling. Applying a bandage to the area can help to limit
the amount of bleeding that occurs in an isolated area.
COMPRESSION
Caution needs to be taken to ensure that any compressive
bandage is firm, however does not reduce
the normal circulation to the area.
Elevating the injured area will also serve to reduce the
collection of fluid to the area by limiting the effect of
ELEVATION gravity. For foot or leg injuries, lying with the injured area
elevated above the level of the pelvis with the use
of pillows is an easy start.
While RICER helps promote healing in the early stages of
injury to get the right assessment, diagnosis, and treatment
REFER
you need to see an appropriate health
professional.

In the first few days of an injury, remember to avoid HARM:

Heat will cause blood vessels to dilate which in turn will
increase the flow of blood to the area. Avoid hot baths,
HEAT
showers, saunas, heat packs, and heat rubs. Use the
ice principle and treatment instead.
Alcohol can increase swelling, resulting to longer
ALCOHOL
recovery. Like heat, alcohol has an effect of dilating
 blood vessels, which in turn will increase the flow of blood
to the area. Alcohol can also mask pain and the severity of
the injury, which may put you at greater risk for re-injury.
Avoid drinking alcohol in the initial stages of healing any
injury. Hydrate with water and real fruit
juices instead.
An increase in heart rate increases the flow of blood around
the body. This will cause blood to accumulate in the area
RUNNING OR OTHER
faster. Take the opportunity to rest. As a rule of the thumb,
EXCESSIVE EXERCISE
mobilize or exercise only the uninjured part and always
follow the advice of the health care
professional for the exercise of the injured part.
Massaging the area, once again, will stimulate the flow of
blood to the area. Avoid massage in the initial stages of
MASSAGE
injury. Improper massage may exacerbate injury or
may lead to other injury.

What I Have Learned

For the last time, share your final insights by completing the following sentence
prompts.
1. I will protect myself…

2. I will follow…

3. I will make sure before engaging in any physical activity/sports…

4. I will be aware…

5. I will prevent myself from sports injuries by…

 What I Can Do

Task 3: Let’s Make a Table Flipchart

Make a flipchart on Safety Practices and Sports Injury Management. Ask your teacher
to check your draft. Print the chart and place in a folder. Include pictures to make your
flipchart more attractive. Your flipchart will be graded according to the following rubric.

RUBRIC ON TABLE FLIPCHART MAKING

Criteria Advance Proficient Approaching Developing Beginning

(5 pts.) (4 pts.) Proficiency (2 pts.) (1 pt.)
(3 pts.)
Accuracy All Almost all Much of the Not much of Information
of Content information information information is the is not true
is true and is true and true and information and correct.
correct. correct. correct. is true and
correct.
Visual Format and Format and Format and lay- Format and Format and
attractiven lay-out are lay-out are out are organized. lay-out lacks lay-out are
ess very attractive. organization. disorganized
attractive. .
Graphics Graphics and Graphics and Graphics and Graphics and No graphics
and pictures go pictures are pictures are pictures do and pictures
picture well with the good but are good but are too not go well are used in
content and too many few that texts with the text the making
information. that they dominate the making the of the
dominate the material. material material.
material. disorganized
.

Grammar No 1-3 4-6 grammatical 7-9 10 or more

and grammatical grammatical errors and /or grammatical grammatical
spelling errors and errors and misspelled words. errors and errors and
/or /or /or /or
misspelled misspelled misspelled misspelled
words. words. words. words.
Total Score: / 20
 Assessment

TRUE OR FALSE
Direction: Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false. Write your answers in your
activity notebook.
1. Inflammation is the first step of the healing process, which increases blood
flow to the injured area.
2. Exercising can cause further damage to the injured part.
3. Massage increases swelling and bleeding into the tissue, prolonging
recovery time.
4. Injury evaluation is NOT the same as diagnosis.
5. Proper warm-up is essential for injury prevention.
6. Concussion is a life-threatening injury because it disrupts the normal
function of the brain.

MULTILPLE CHOICE
Direction: Choose the best answer from the given choices. Write your answers in your
activity notebook.
7. Which of the following is classified as acute injuries?
A. Bursitis C. Stress Fracture
B. Osteoarthritis D. Strain
8. These are damaged tissues or organs which occur when it encounters trauma
or physical force that is greater than what it can resist or absorb.
A. Acute Injuries C. Concussion
B. Chronic injuries D. Injuries
9. What does P stands for in the acronym PRICED?
A. Perform C. Precise
B. Place D. Protection
10. In the acronym HARM, what does H stands for?
A. Hands B. Heat C. Help D. Hot

Task 4: What’s Going On?

Directions: Read and carefully analyze the situations below. Then, answer the questions
that follow.
Note: This activity is optional. Please refer to your weekly home learning plan or seek
guidance from your subject teacher.
While watching a basketball game, you see your friend go for a lay-up. Another
player tried to block his shot and bumped your friend in mid-air.
Your friend lost his balance and fell on his back and his head hits the floor. It
took several minutes before your friend was able to get up. You saw him
limp as he walks toward the bench.
1. Write two injuries that your friend could have suffered from the fall.

2. Are these injuries acute or chronic? Why or why not?

3. Should your friend be examined by a doctor? Why or why not?

References

2020. June 3. Accessed January 15, 2021. https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-

dislocation/basics/art-20056693.

n.d.

2020. Back To Health Physiotherapy. August 19. Accessed January 15, 2021.
https://backtohealthphysio.com.au/sports-injuries/.

Center, Polaris Spine & Neurosurgery. n.d. Polaris Spine & Neurosurgery Center. Accessed January
15, 2021. https://www.polarisspine.com/blog/8-most-common-sports-injuries.

Education, Department of. 2015. Physical Education & Health Learner’s Material 10. Pasig City:
Department of Education.

2020. FamilyDoctor.Org. May 26. Accessed January 15, 2021. https://familydoctor.org/common-

sports-injuries/.

2017. HealthyChildren.org. March 20. Accessed January 15, 2021.

https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/injuries-emergencies/sports-
injuries/Pages/Sports-Injuries-Treatment.aspx.

Luig, P., & Henke, T. 2012. "Research Gate." https://www.researchgate.net/. February. Accessed
January 15, 2021.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262891278_Safety_in_Sports_-
_General_Guidelines_for_the_Development_and_Implementation_of_Sustainable_Safety_
Management_Schemes_in_High_Risk_Sports_in_the_EU_Countries.

Quinn, Elizabeth. 2019. Verywell Fit. November 27. Accessed January 15, 2021.
https://www.verywellfit.com/how-to-prevent-sports-injuries-3119270.

Straus, Lindsay Barton. 2014. MomsTeam.com. October 1. Accessed January 16, 2021.
https://www.momsteam.com/health-safety/general-safety/first-aid/P.R.I.C.E.-protection-
rest-ice-compression-and-elevation-rice-first-aid-sports-injury.
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