11 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Physical Education
and Health
Quarter 4 – Module 4a: (Weeks 1 &
2) Safety Practices and Sports Injury
Management

1
Physical Education and Health 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 4a: Safety Practices and Sports Injury Management
First Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

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Module Writer: Edwin M. Bernadas, Jr.
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According to Luig and Henke (2012), injury prevention in sports has a great benefit for individuals. Engaging
This module focuses on the safety practices in sports and exercise as well as sports injury management. Are y

LEARNING COMPETENCY:

Observes personal safety protocol to avoid dehydration, overexertion, hypo- and

hyperthermia during MVPA participation.

(PEH11FH-IIk-t-10).

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

Identify the causes of sports injuries;
Engages in moderate to vigorous physical activities; and,
Applies correct techniques to minimize risk of injuries.

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 What I Know

PRE-TEST
Direction: Choose the best answer from the given choices. Write your answers in your
activity notebook.

1. It is a twist, pull or tear of a muscle or tendon – a cord of tissue connecting muscle

to bone. It is an acute, non-contact injury that results from overstretching or over-
contraction.
A. Concussion B. Dislocation C. Fracture D. Strain

2. It is a stretch or tear of a ligament, the band of connective tissues that joins the end
of one bone with another.
A. Concussion B. Dislocation C. Fracture D. Sprain

3. When two bones that come together to form a joint become separated.
A. Concussion B. Dislocation C. Fracture D. Sprain

4. A break in the bone that can occur from after a quick, one-time injury to the bone
or from repeated stress to the bone over time.
A. Concussion B. Dislocation C. Fracture D. Sprain

5. It is a life-threatening injury because they disrupt the normal function of the brain.
A. Concussion B. Dislocation C. Fracture D. Sprain

6. Which of the following is NOT classified as chronic injuries?

A. Bursitis B. Osteoarthritis C. Sprain D. Stress Fracture

7. Which of the following is classified as acute injuries?

A. Bursitis B. Osteoarthritis C. Sprain D. Strain

8. It refers to damaged tissues or organs which occur when it encounters trauma

or physical force that is greater than what it can resist or absorb.
A. Acute Injuries C. Concussion
B. Chronic injuries D. Injuries

9. In the acronym PRICED, what does P stand for?

A. Perform B. Place C. Precise D. Protection

10. In the acronym HARM, what does H stand for?

A. Hands B. Heat C. Help D. Hot

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 What’s In

Task 1: Name Them!

Directions: Identify the type of injury shown in the pictures below. Choose the correct
answer among the choices inside the box.

Sprain Strain Fracture Dislocation Concussion

1.

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/images/ency/fullsize/17143.jpg

2.

https://services.epnet.com/getimage.aspx?imageiid=7321

3.

https://www.ehsdb.com/resources/First_aid_images/Bone_Fra
cture/Fracture-8.jpe?timestamp=1465143351373

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4.

_
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/
64/3D_Medical_Animation_Depicting_Strain-
Tendon.jpg/308px-3D_Medical_Animation_Depicting_Strain-
Tendon.jpg

5.

_
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1
b/Sprained_foot.jpg/300px-Sprained_foot.jpg

What’s New

Task 2: HEALTH SERVICES SURVEY

Identify the health services provided in your school and community in case of injury
or emergency. Fill in the information being asked in the survey table.

Questions School Community

1. What are the health services
provided?
2. Who are the health services
providers? What are their
roles/responsibilities?
3. Do you think the health services
are enough in case of
injury/emergency? Why?

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 What is It

Readings:

What are injuries? Why is my risk at getting injured higher now that I am more
active?
As cited in www.coursehero.com, individuals who engage in various types of physical
activities like sports and exercise, have a higher risk of getting injured as compared to those
who practice a sedentary lifestyle. However, the potential benefits of an active lifestyle
outweigh the risks of suffering an injury.

Most of the injuries are preventable and awareness of the risk factors will help in
reducing the risk. Furthermore, vigilance and safety measures can dramatically reduce the
occurrence of injuries.

Moreover, injuries are damaged tissues or organs which occur when it encounters
trauma or physical force that is greater than what it can resist or absorb. The tissues are able
to withstand varying degrees of stress and strain, but it will break down if it experiences an
impact that is stronger than what it can tolerate.

Factors influencing the ability of our tissues or organs to effectively resist or absorb
forces include inherent abnormality, age, technique, fitness level, equipment, and
environmental aspects.

Tissues and organs react to the impact and direction of the force. Tensile forces are
those that act away from the center of the structure, causing a pull or stretch. Compressive
forces impact the center causing it to bend or fold. Shear forces are opposing forces toward
the different ends of the structure causing it to twist. The mechanism of how the force was
applied is just as important as its impact. The bone is strong in resisting compressive strength
while muscle-tendon units are strong at resisting tensile forces. An individual who engages in
various types of strenuous activities will expose his/her body to these forces which could
result to an injury.

Aside from the knowledge of the forces that cause injury, it is important to understand
the ability of the structures to resist or absorb forces. Injuries in sports and fitness commonly
affect the musculoskeletal structures. The ligaments, tendons, muscles, and bones have
inherent strength that helps withstand strong forces. The strength properties of each
musculoskeletal structure vary according to the density of collagen and elastin fibers present.
Its ability to withstand sudden or acute forces also depends on the tissues (i.e., fat) that soften
the impact on the structure. In general, sports injuries can be classified into two: acute and
chronic/overuse. Acute injures have signs and symptoms (e.g., pain, swelling) that manifest
immediately after force application. On the other hand, the signs and symptoms of chronic or
overuse injuries occur after a long period of exposure to the force.
Sprains, strains, fractures, dislocations, and wounds are examples of acute injuries. An
excessive stretching force can cause the fibers of the ligament, muscle, or tendon to break. An
overstretched ligament is called a sprain. A strain is also caused by excessive stretching
that causes tears in the muscle-tendon unit. Fractures are

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breaks in the continuity of the bone. It usually occurs as a result of high impact forces that
cause the bone to bend or twist. Dislocations are bones that are pushed out from their joint
capsule.

COMMON SPORTS INJURIES

In www.polarisspine.com, participating in one or more sports is a vital part of a
healthy, active lifestyle which is good for the heart, good for the respiration, good for
building and maintaining muscular strength, etc. The risk of injury should obviously not deter
you from playing sports; but, by being aware of some of the most common sports injuries,
you can take steps to prevent them or at least reduce the risk of getting hurt.

The website determine the following most common acute injuries:

1. Strain
Strains are by far the most common of all sports-
related injuries simply because we use so many
muscles and tendons when we exercise or play.
These moving parts are all susceptible to
stretching farther than they should, or moving in
ways they shouldn’t move, leaving them torn,
damaged and in pain. Common muscle strains
include pulled hamstrings, pulled groin muscles
and strained quads. Most strains are minor and
heal naturally with rest. The best way to reduce the risk of strained muscles and tendons is to
warm up and stretch before engaging in strenuous activity.

2. Sprain
Sprains are to ligaments what strains are to
muscles. Ligaments are the tissues that connect
bone to bone. When these ligaments turn in a wrong
way, they can pull or tear. Ankle sprains are perhaps
the most frequent type of sprain among athletes,
followed closely by knee sprains, wrist and elbow
sprains, etc. Sprains can be painful, take longer to
heal than strains,
and sometimes require immobilization to protect against further injury. Pre-workout stretches
and warm-ups can help deter sprains, as well as practicing good technique in the sport you’re
playing. Sprains often leave the ligament weak and susceptible to future sprains, so if you
have a history of spraining a knee or ankle, for example, it would be good idea to support that
joint with a brace while playing.
3. Fracture
Impact and contact sports often lead to
fractures of the bone (mostly arms, legs and
feet), all of which can be painful, take weeks of
immobilization to heal and may sometimes
require surgery to correct. Fractures are an
inherent risk with most strenuous and/or
contact sports, but you can reduce the risk by
wearing the appropriate padding,

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warming up, working out to keep muscles strong and flexible, practicing good technique, etc.
Also, don’t “play through the pain,” as sometimes the pain is a sign of a strain or sprain that
left untreated can make the bone vulnerable to fracture.
4. Dislocation
In www.mayoclinic.org defines, “dislocation is an injury in which the ends of
your bones are forced from their normal
positions. The cause is usually trauma
resulting from a fall, an auto accident, or a
collision during contact or high-speed sports.
Dislocation usually involves the body's larger
joints. In adults, the most common site of the
injury is the shoulder. In children, it's the elbow.
Your thumb and fingers also are vulnerable if
forcibly bent the wrong way.
The injury will temporarily deform and
immobilize your joint and may result in sudden
and severe pain and swelling. A dislocation requires prompt medical attention to return your
bones to their proper positions”.
5. Concussion
In www.polarisspine.com defines,
concussion occurs when a sudden impact to the
head causes the brain to lurch inside the skull,
sometimes damaging the tissues holding it in
place. Concussions may be mild to severe, with
symptoms ranging from headache and dizziness
to sleepiness and temporary loss of
consciousness. Always seek a medical evaluation
from a spine-and- brain specialist with any blow
to the head, as
sometimes more serious symptoms may occur after the fact. Never continue to play sports if
symptoms of a concussion exist. Concussions usually heal naturally with rest within a week
to several weeks. The best way to reduce the risk of concussion is to wear appropriate
protective headgear when playing contact sports like hockey or football, or when biking or
skateboarding, etc.

What are the most common chronic injuries?

Hong (2017) defines, “exercising and sports are good for you, but they sometimes
lead to injury. Some sports injuries result from accidents while others are due to poor training
practices, improper equipment or lacking of conditioning”.

He added that chronic injury as the result of prolonged, repetitive motion that is
particularly common in endurance sports such as swimming, running and cycling. As such,
chronic injuries are often referred to as overuse injuries resulting from overusing one body
area while playing a sport or exercising over a long period.

1. Stress Fracture
According to Dr. Hilal Ahmad Rather (2018), a stress fracture is a fatigue- induced
bone fracture caused by repeated stress over time. Instead of resulting from a single severe
impact, stress fractures are the result of accumulated injury from

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repeated submaximal loading, such as running or jumping.
Because of this mechanism, stress fractures are common
overuse injuries in athletes.
This type of fracture does not require immobilization,
but the individual has to stop exercise for around four weeks to
give it time to heal.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/-/media/kcms/gbs/patient-
consumer/images/2013/08/26/10/56/ds00556_im03002_fs
m7_stressfractthu_jpg.jpg

2. Tendinopathy/Tendinitis
As cited in www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au, “tendinopathy,
also known
as tendinitis or tendonitis, is a type of
tendon disorder that results in pain, swelling, and
impaired function. The pain is typically worse with
movement. It most commonly occurs around the
commonly affects the shoulder, wrist, knee, shin and
heel”.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/th
umb/8/80/Tendonitis_Tendon_rupture_--_Smart-
Servier_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-
Tendonitis_Tendon_rupture_--_Smart-

3. Osteoarthritis
In www.hopkinsmedicine.org,
“osteoarthritis is the most common form of
arthritis. It is a chronic degenerative joint
disease that affects mostly middle-aged and
older adults. Osteoarthritis causes the
breakdown of joint cartilage. It can occur in
any joint, but it most often affects the hands,
knees, hips, or spine”.

https://www.versusarthritis.org/media/22625/oa-affected-
joint-500x381.jpg?width=500&height=381
4. Bursitis
Tyler Wheeler (2019) defines, bursitis as an
inflammation or irritation of a bursa sac. You
have these sacs all over your body. They’re
filled with fluid that helps ease rubbing and
friction between tissues like bone, muscle,
tendons, and skin. Bursitis is common around
major joints like your shoulder, elbow, hip, or
knee.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Br
sitis_Elbow_WC.JPG

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 HEAT-RELATED ILLNESSES
In www.hopkinsmedicine.org, “exposure to abnormal or prolonged amounts of heat
and humidity without relief or adequate fluid intake can cause various types of heat-related
illness. Children and teens adjust more slowly than adults do to changes in environmental
heat. They also produce more heat with activity than adults and sweat less. Sweating is one of
the body's normal cooling mechanisms. Children and teens often do not think to rest when
having fun and may not drink enough fluids when playing, exercising, or participating in
sports”.

The website introduces 3 types of heat-related illnesses:

1. Heat cramps- are the mildest form of heat illness and consist of painful muscle
cramps and spasms that occur during or after intense exercise and sweating in high
heat.
2. Heat exhaustion- is more severe than heat cramps and results from a loss of water
and salt in the body. It occurs in conditions of extreme heat and excessive sweating
without adequate fluid and salt replacement. Heat exhaustion occurs when the body is
unable to cool itself properly and, if left untreated, can progress to heat stroke.
3. Heat stroke- the most severe form of heat illness, occurs when the body's heat-
regulating system is overwhelmed by excessive heat. It is a life-threatening
emergency and requires immediate medical attention.

SPORTS INJURY PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT

According to Elizabeth Quinn (2019), “whether you play sports for competition or
fitness, you don't want to be sidelined with an injury. Time away from the game or in forced
inactivity is something we all want to avoid. While it is impossible to prevent every injury,
the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons says research suggests that injury rates could
be reduced by 25% if athletes took appropriate preventative action”.
Quinn suggested to use these general rules for injury prevention no matter what sport
you play.
1. Be in Proper Physical Condition to Play a Sport
Keep in mind the weekend warrior has a high rate of injury. If you play any sports,
you should adequately train for that sport. It is a mistake to expect the sport itself to get you
into shape. Many injuries can be prevented by following a regular conditioning program of
exercises designed specifically for your sport.

2. Know and Abide by the Rules of the Sport

The rules are designed, in part, to keep things safe. This is extremely important for
anyone who participates in a contact sport. You need to learn them and to play by the rules of
conduct. Respect the rules on illegal procedures and insist on enforcement by referees,
umpires, and judges.
3. Wear Appropriate Protective Gear and Equipment

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 Protective pads, mouth guards, helmets, gloves, and other equipment are not for those
you consider weak; they are for everyone. Protective equipment that fits you well can save
your knees, hands, teeth, eyes, and head. Never play without your safety gear.
4. Rest
Athletes with a high number of consecutive days of training, have more injuries.
While many athletes think the more they train, the better they'll play, this is a misconception.
Rest is a critical component of proper training. Rest can make you stronger and prevent
injuries of overuse, fatigue and poor judgment.
5. Always Warm-Up Before Playing
Warm muscles are less susceptible to injuries. The proper warm-up is essential for injury
prevention. Make sure your warm-up suits your sport. You may simply start your sport
slowly, or practice specific stretching or mental rehearsal depending upon your activity.
6. Avoid Playing When Very Tired or in Pain
This is a set-up for a careless injury. Pain indicates a problem. You need to pay attention to
warning signs your body provides.

What’s More

SPORTS INJURY MANAGEMENT

In www.podiatrymed.co.nz/ defines, “Sports Injury Management is the management

of a specific injury to allow an individual to return or continue their chosen sport without
damaging or compromising their body. Managing a sports injury correctly is important and
can help to minimize damage to a muscle, tendon, ligament, and joint, hence, increasing the
chance of a full recovery”.

First Aid Techniques to Injuries

In https://pivotalmotion.physio/, explains that, “the first 24-48 hours after sustaining a
soft tissue injury is crucial in ensuring the best outcome for healing. As a general rule,
management for most acute soft tissue injuries is as simple as remembering two simple
acronyms – RICER and HARM” .

The website suggest to follow the RICER procedure:

Initially, the objective for healing any soft tissue injury is to

minimize swelling and bleeding. Reducing movement, and
REST in some cases immobilizing the injured area, is one of the
simplest methods to reduce further
injury and promote healing

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 Cooling the injured area serves to slow down tissue
metabolism. It may cause contraction of blood vessels
which will slow down blood flow and assist with reducing
ICE swelling. Ice can also provide a temporary numbing effect
to assist with short term pain relief as well. Ensure that
intense cooling is not applied directly
to the skin to minimize the potential for skin burns.
Compressing an injured area can have a direct effect on
swelling. Applying a bandage to the area can help to limit
the amount of bleeding that occurs in an isolated area.
COMPRESSION
Caution needs to be taken to ensure that any compressive
bandage is firm, however does not reduce
the normal circulation to the area
Elevating the injured area will also serve to reduce the
collection of fluid to the area by limiting the effect of
ELEVATION gravity. For foot or leg injuries, lying with the injured area
elevated above the level of the pelvis with the use
of pillows is an easy start.
While RICER helps promote healing in the early stages
REFER of injury to get the right diagnosis you need to see an
appropriate health professional

In the first few days of an injury, remember to avoid HARM:

Heat will cause blood vessels to dilate which in turn will
HEAT increase the flow of blood to the area. Avoid hot baths,
showers, saunas, heat packs, and heat rubs.
Alcohol can increase swelling, resulting to longer recovery.
Similar to heat, alcohol has an effect of dilating blood
vessels, which in turn will increase the flow of blood to the
ALCOHOL area. Alcohol can also mask pain and the severity of the
injury, which may put you at greater risk for re-injury.
Avoid drinking alcohol in the
initial stages of healing any injury.
RUNNING OR OTHER An increase in heart rate increases the flow of blood
EXCESSIVE around the body. This will cause blood to accumulate in the
EXERCISE area faster. Take the opportunity to rest.
Massaging the area, once again, will stimulate the flow of
MASSAGE blood to the area. Avoid massage in the initial stages
of injury.

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 What I Have Learned

For the last time, share your final insights by completing the following sentence
prompts.
1. I will protect myself…
_
_
2. I will follow…
_
_
3. I will make sure before engaging in any physical activity/sports…
_
_
4. I will be aware…
_
_
5. I will prevent myself from sports injuries by…
_
_ _

What I Can Do

Task 3: Let’s Make a Table Flipchart

Make a flipchart on Safety Practices and Sports Injury Management. Ask your teacher
to check your draft. Print the chart and place in a folder. Include pictures to make your
flipchart more attractive. Your flipchart will be graded according to the following rubric.

RUBRIC ON TABLE FLIPCHART MAKING

Criteria Advance Proficient Approachin Developing Beginnin

(5 pts.) (4 pts.) g (2 pts.) g
Proficiency (1 pt.)
(3 pts.)
Accuracy of All Almost all Much of the Not much of Informatio
Content information information information the n is not
information

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 is true and is true and is true and is true and true and
correct. correct. correct. correct. correct.
Visual Format and Format and Format and Format and Format
attractivene lay-out are lay-out are lay-out are lay-out and lay-
ss very attractive. organized. lacks out are
attractive. organizatio disorganiz
n. ed.
Graphics Graphics Graphics Graphics and Graphics and No
and picture and pictures and pictures are pictures do graphics
go well pictures are good but are not go well and
with the good but too few that with the text pictures
content and are too texts making the are used
information many that dominate the material in the
. they material. disorganize making of
dominate d. the
the material.
material.
Grammar No 1-3 4-6 7-9 10 or more
and spelling grammatic grammatic grammatical grammatical grammatic
al errors al errors errors and errors and al errors
and /or and /or /or /or and /or
misspelled misspelled misspelled misspelled misspelled
words. words. words. words. words.
Total Score: / 20

Assessment

TRUE OR FALSE
Direction: Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false. Write your answers in your
activity notebook.
_1. Inflammation is the first step of the healing process, which
increases blood flow to the injured area.
_2. Exercising can cause further damage to the injured part.
_3. Massage increases swelling and bleeding into the tissue,
prolonging recovery time.
_4. Injury evaluation is NOT the same as diagnosis.
_5. Proper warm-up is essential for injury prevention.
_6. Concussion is a life-threatening injury because it disrupts the
normal function of the brain.

MULTILPLE CHOICE
Direction: Choose the best answer from the given choices. Write your answers in your
activity notebook.
7. Which of the following is classified as acute injuries?
A. Bursitis B. Osteoarthritis C. Stress Fracture D. Strain

1
8. These are damaged tissues or organs which occur when it encounters trauma or physical
force that is greater than what it can resist or absorb.
A. Acute InjuriesB. Chronic injuries C. Concussion D. Injuries
9. In the acronym PRICED, what does P stands for?
A. Perform B. Place C. Precise D. Protection
10. In the acronym HARM, what does H stands for?
A. Hands B. Heat C. Help D. Hot

Task 4: What’s Going On?

Directions: Read and analyze carefully the situations below. Then, answer the
questions that follow.

While watching a basketball game, you see your friend go for a lay-up. Another
player tried to block his shot and bumped your friend in mid-air.
Your friend lost his balance and fell on his back and his head hits the floor. It
took several minutes before your friend was able to get up. You saw him
limp as he walks toward the bench.

1. Write two injuries that your friend could have suffered from the fall.
_
_

2. Are these injuries acute or chronic? Why or why not?

_
_
_

3. Should your friend be examined by a doctor? Why or why not?

_
_
_

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 Answer Key

References
Department of Education (2015). Physical Education & Health Learner’s Material 10. Pasig City:
Department of Education.

Luig, P., & Henke, T. (2012, February). Safety in Sports - General Guidelines for the Development and
Implementation of Sustainable Safety Management Schemes in High Risk Sports in the EU Countries.
Retrieved January 15, 2021, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262891278_Safety_in_Sports_-
_General_Guidelines_for_the_Development_and_Implementation_of_Sustainable_Safety_Man
agement_Schemes_in_High_Risk_Sports_in_the_EU_Countries

8 Most Common Sports Injuries. (n.d.). Retrieved January 15, 2021, from
https://www.polarisspine.com/blog/8-most-common-sports-injuries

Staff, F., & Jswords. (2020, May 26). Common Sports Injuries - Acute and Chronic. Retrieved January 15,
2021, from https://familydoctor.org/common-sports-injuries/

Sports Injuries - Chronic injuries are caused by overusing the same muscle groups or joints. (2020, August
19). Retrieved January 15, 2021, from https://www.backtohealthphysio.com.au/sports-injuries/

Dislocation: First aid. (2020, June 03). Retrieved January 15, 2021, from
https://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-dislocation/basics/art-20056693

1
Stress fracture. (2021, January 10). Retrieved January 15, 2021, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_fracture

Quinn, E. (n.d.). 6 Top Tips for Staying Safe When Playing Sports. Retrieved January 16, 2021, from
https://www.verywellfit.com/how-to-prevent-sports-injuries-3119270

Sports Injury Prevention Tips. (n.d.). Retrieved January 16, 2021, from
https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/injuries-emergencies/sports-
injuries/Pages/Sports-Injuries-Treatment.aspx

Lindsey Barton Straus, J. (n.d.). P.R.I.C.E. Is Right First Aid For Muscle and Joint Sports Injuries.
Retrieved January 16, 2021, from https://www.momsteam.com/health-safety/general-safety/first-
aid/P.R.I.C.E.-protection-rest-ice-compression-and-elevation-rice-first-aid-sports- injury#:~:text=The
%20five%2Dstep%20process%20for,%2C%20Compression%2C%20and%2 0Elevation).

https://www.polarisspine.com/blog/8-most-common-sports- injuries#:~:text=Strains,torn%2C%20damaged%20and%20in
%20pain. Accessed April 15, 2021

https://www.coursehero.com/file/78588297/PE-week-1-and-2-Q3docx/. Accessed April 15, 2021

https://www.coursehero.com/file/53393715/Sports-injuriespptx/. Accessed April 15, 2021

Rather, Hilal Ahmad (n.d.). Physical Education Base and Basics: Part 2. Notion Press. 2018. Accessed
April 15, 2021. https://books.google.com.ph/books?
id=bRhgDwAAQBAJ&dq=a+stress+fracture+is+a+fatigue-
induced+bone+fracture+caused+by+repeated+stress+over+time.+Instead+of+resulting+from+a+sing
le+severe+impact,+stress+fractures+are+the+result+of+accumulated+injury+from+repeated+subma
ximal+loading,+such+as+running+or+jumping.+Because+of+this+mechanism,+stress+fractures+are+
common+overuse+injuries+in+athletes.&source=gbs_navlinks_s

Hong, Tan Chyn. 2017. Telling Them Apart: Chronic and Acute Sports Injuries. Health Plus by Mount
Elizabeth Hospitals. Accessed April 27, 2021.
https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/healthplus/article/telling-them-apart-chronic-and-acute-
sports- injuries#:~:text=1%20Stress%20fractures%202%20Tennis%20elbow%203%20Shin,Ankle
%20sprain% 207%20Groin%20pull%208%20Hamstring%20strain

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/arthritis/osteoarthritis. Accessed
April 27, 2021

Wheeler, Tyler. 2019. Bursitis. WebMD. Accessed April 27, 2021. https://www.webmd.com/pain-
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https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/heatrelated-illnesses-heat-
cramps-heat-exhaustion-heat-stroke. Accessed April 27, 2021

http://podiatrymed.co.nz/services/sports-injury- management/#:~:text=Sports%20Injury%20Management%20is
%20the,damaging%20or%20compro mising%20their%20body. Accessed April 27, 2021

https://pivotalmotion.physio/managing-acute-soft-tissue- injuries/#:~:text=HARM%20stands%20for
%20Heat%2C%20Alcohol,to%20maximise%20healing%20a nd%20recovery. Accessed April 27, 2021

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