Govt College Narela , Bhopal

Session 2023-24
Class – BCA First Year
Subject – Elective (Computational Mathematics)
CCE – II Submitted to - Dr. Teerath Prasad patel
Note- Attempt all Questions
Q.1 Explain Mean, median mode.
Q.2 Explain Tautology and contradiction with Example.
Q.3 Explain Negation , Conjuction and Disjunction with proof.
Q. 4.Write Power set with Example.
Q. 5 Explain quadratic equation .
Question:- 1.
Explain Mean, median mode.
Answer:- 1.
Mean, median and mode are some of the measures of central tendency. These
are three different properties of data sets that can give us useful, easy to
understand information about a data set to see the big picture and understand
what the data means about the world in which we live.

Mean
“Mean” and “average” are just two different terms for the same property of a data
set. It is also known as the arithmetic mean. The mean or average is beneficial to
property and one of the most significant, easy and most used calculations out of
all the three central tendencies. The mean is basically the summation of all the
values in the set of data after it is divided by the total number of values in the set
of the data.

There are three methods of taking out averages – or mean in this case – and
they are: direct method, assumed mean approach and step deviation method.

The above definition is of Arithmetic Mean, one of the many types of Mean. In
detail, the types of mean are explained although most of them are out of scope
for elementary Statistics

1. Arithmetic Mean
Arithmetic Mean is the average of all the observations. Generally, if the
mean is mentioned without any adjective, it is assumed to be Arithmetic
Mean.

Example- We have a set of observations-x=1,3,5,7,91,3,5,7,91,3,5,7,9.

The Arithmetic Mean is computed as (x/n) where n is the number of
 observations which is equal to 5 in this case. Thus x=25 in this case and
n=5 so the mean comes out to be 5

1. Weighted Mean
Weighted mean is almost the same as Arithmetic Mean, the difference
being that in weighted Mean, some values contribute more than the others.
2 Cases arise while calculating Weighted Mean. The weighted mean is
useful in situations when one observation is more important than others.

Case 1- When the sum of weights is 1- Simply multiply each weight by its
corresponding value and sum it all up.

Example- In the previous example, let us assume that w=0.2 for all the
observations, then the weighted mean is- W_mean=
(0.2*1)+(0.2*3)+(0.2*5)+(0.2*7)+(0.2*9)=5 which is the same as Arithmetic
Mean but if we change the weights then the mean also changes.

Case 2- When the sum of weights is not equal to 1- In this case it is

beneficial to make a table that shows each weight against each
observation. Then calculate the product of each observation and its
corresponding weight.

1. Harmonic Mean
Harmonic Mean is calculated by dividing the total number of observations
by the reciprocal of each observation. It is quite useful in Physics and has
many other applications

(example- average speed when the duration of several trips is known).

It is given by the formula-
H.M= n
(1/x1)+(1/x2)+(1/x3)+.....(1/xn)H.M=n(1/x1)+(1/x2)+(1/x3)+.....(1/xn)

1. Geometric Mean
The Geometric Mean indicates the central tendency using the product of
the observations rather than their sum(which is used in calculating
Arithmetic Mean). It is used in the field of finance and social sciences. In
finance, it is used to calculate the average growth rates. The Geometric
Mean is most useful when the observations are dependent on each other
or they have large fluctuations. It is given by(INSERT EQUATION)

Solved Example of Mean

1. Find the mean for the following frequency table:

x f

1 5

20 9

25 8

30 1

40 10

50 7
Solution :
fx
Arithmetic mean = ∑
N

x f fx
1 5 5
20 9 180
25 8 200
30 1 30
40 10 400
50 7 350

Σfx=116
N = 40 5

fx
Arithmetic mean = ∑ = 1165 / 40
N
= 29.125
Hence the required arithmetic mean for the given data is 29.125.

Median
As the name suggests, the median is nothing but the middle – or “mid” – of all the
values presented in the data set. This shows what the middle of the data is. For
example: in a data set of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 15 is the median.

There are two different methods of finding out the mean. They are the odd
number of values and even numbers of values.
Solved Example of Median
1. Find the median for the following frequency table:

x f
1 5
20 9
25 8
30 1
40 10
50 7

Solution:

Cumulative
x f
Frequency
1 5
20 9 5
25 8 5+9=14
30 1 14 + 8 = 22
40 10 22 + 1 = 23
50 7 23 + 10 = 33
33 + 7 = 40

Here, the total frequency, N = Σf = 40

N/2 = 40 / 2 = 20
The median is (N/2) value = 20 value.
th th

Now, the 20th value happens in the cumulative frequency 22, whose
corresponding x value is 25.

Hence, the median = 25.

Mode
is defined as the value that is found mostly in a data set. When the frequencies in
the data keep repeating, the mode takes place. This is mainly used for taking out
most of the averages. For example, if you want to calculate the average of how
many students scored the most, you might want to use the mode.
Solved Example of Mode
1. Find the mode for the following frequency table:
x f

1 5

20 9

25 8

30 1

40 10

50 7

By observing the given data set, the number 40 occurs more often. That is 10
times.
Hence the mode is 40.
Mean = 29.125
Mode = 25 and
Mode = 40.
Question:- 2.
Explain Tautology and contradiction with Example.

Answer:- 2.
Tautology:

In logic and mathematics, a tautology is a statement or formula that is always true,

regardless of the truth values of its individual components. In other words, a
tautology is a statement that is true under every possible interpretation of its
components, and there is no circumstance under which it could be false.

Example of a Tautology:
Consider the logical statement: P lor lnot P)

This statement is a tautology because it is always true, regardless of the truth value
of P . The statement says "either P is true, or P is not true." Since P
can only be true or false, one of the two options in the disjunction lor ) must
always be true, making the entire statement a tautology.

Contradiction:

On the other hand, a contradiction is a statement or formula that is always false,

regardless of the truth values of its components. A contradictory statement cannot
be true under any circumstances.

Example of a Contradiction:
Consider the logical statement: P land lnot P)

This statement is a contradiction because it is always false, regardless of the truth

value of P . The statement says "both P is true and P is not true." Since
P cannot be both true and false simultaneously, the conjunction land ) of these
two contradictory conditions is always false.

In summary:
- Tautology: A statement that is always true under any interpretation of its
components.
- Contradiction: A statement that is always false under any interpretation of its
components.

These concepts are fundamental in logic and are used to analyze the properties and
relationships of logical statements.
 Question:- 3.
Explain Negation , Conjuction and Disjunction with proof.
Answer:- 3.

Sure, let's discuss negation, conjunction, and disjunction in logic:

1. Negation (¬):
 Definition: The negation of a statement P is denoted by ¬¬P, and it is
true when P is false, and false when P is true.
 Proof: The proof is straightforward. Let's consider the following truth
table:
¬TrueFalseFalseTruePTrueFalse¬PFalseTrue
2. The truth table shows that ¬¬P is the opposite of P.
3. Conjunction (∧):
 Definition: The conjunction of two statements P and Q is denoted by
∧P∧Q, and it is true only when both P and Q are true.
 Proof: The proof is given by the following truth table:
∧TrueTrueTrueTrueFalseFalseFalseTrueFalseFalseFalseFalsePT
rueTrueFalseFalseQTrueFalseTrueFalse
P∧QTrueFalseFalseFalse
4. The conjunction ∧P∧Q is true only when both P and Q are true.
5. Disjunction (∨):
 Definition: The disjunction of two statements P and Q is denoted by
∨P∨Q, and it is true when at least one of P or Q is true.
 Proof: The proof is given by the following truth table:
∨TrueTrueTrueTrueFalseTrueFalseTrueTrueFalseFalseFalsePTr
ueTrueFalseFalseQTrueFalseTrueFalseP∨QTrueTrueTrueFalse
6. The disjunction ∨P∨Q is true if at least one of P or Q is true.

In summary:

 Negation (¬): ¬¬P is true when P is false, and vice versa.

 Conjunction (∧): ∧P∧Q is true only when both P and Q are true.
 Disjunction (∨): ∨P∨Q is true if at least one of P or Q is true.

These logical operations are fundamental in constructing complex logical

statements and are used extensively in various branches of mathematics and
computer science.
What is a Power Set?
In set theory, the power set (or power set) of a Set A is defined as the set of all
subsets of the Set A including the Set itself and the null or empty set. It is denoted
by P(A). Basically, this set is the combination of all subsets including null set, of a
given set.

How is Power set Calculated?

If the given set has n elements, then its Power Set will contain 2n elements. It also
represents the cardinality of the power set.

Example of Power Set

Let us say Set A = { a, b, c }

Number of elements: 3

Therefore, the subsets of the set are:

{ } which is the null or the empty set

{a}
{b}
{c}
{ a, b }
{ b, c }
{ c, a }
{ a, b, c }
The power set P(A) = { { } , { a }, { b }, { c }, { a, b }, { b, c }, { c, a }, { a, b,
c}}
Now, the Power Set has 23 = 8 elements.

Cardinality of Power Set

Cardinality represents the total number of elements present in a set. In case of
power set, the cardinality will be the list of number of subsets of a set. The number
of elements of a power set is written as |P (A)|, where A is any set. If A has ‘n’
elements then the formula to find the number of subsets of a set in a power set is
given by:

|P(A)| = 2n

For example, set A = {1, 2, 3}

n = number of elements of A = 3

So, the number of subsets in a power set of A will be:

Subsets of A = {}, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {2,3}, {1,3}, {1,2,3,}

P|A| = 23 = 8

Hence, P(A) is {{}, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {2,3}, {1,3}, {1,2,3, hmm}}
5x² – 2x – 6 = 0
3x² + 4x + 8 = 0
-x² +6x + 12 = 0
Examples of a quadratic equation with the absence of a ‘ C ‘- a constant term.

-x² – 9x = 0
x² + 2x = 0
-6x² – 3x = 0
-5x² + x = 0
-12x² + 13x = 0
11x² – 27x = 0
adratics can be defined as a polynomial equation of a second degree, which
implies that it comprises a minimum of one term that is squared. It is also called
quadratic equations. The general form of the quadratic equation is:

ax² + bx + c = 0

where x is an unknown variable and a, b, c are numerical coefficients. For

example, x2 + 2x +1 is a quadratic or quadratic equation. Here, a ≠ 0 because if it
equals zero then the equation will not remain quadratic anymore and it will
become a linear equation, such as:

bx+c=0

Thus, this equation cannot be called a quadratic equation.

The terms a, b and c are also called quadratic coefficients.

The solutions to the quadratic equation are the values of the unknown variable x,
which satisfy the equation. These solutions are called roots or zeros of quadratic
equations. The roots of any polynomial are the solutions for the given equation.

What is Quadratic Equation?

The polynomial equation whose highest degree is two is called a quadratic
equation or sometimes just quadratics. It is expressed in the form of:

ax² + bx + c = 0

where x is the unknown variable and a, b and c are the constant terms.

Standard Form of Quadratic Equation

Standard Form of Quadratic Equation

Since the quadratic includes only one unknown term or variable, thus it is called
univariate. The power of variable x is always non-negative integers. Hence the
equation is a polynomial equation with the highest power as 2.

The solution for this equation is the values of x, which are also called zeros. Zeros
of the polynomial are the solution for which the equation is satisfied. In the case
of quadratics, there are two roots or zeros of the equation. And if we put the
values of roots or x on the left-hand side of the equation, it will equal to zero.
Therefore, they are called zeros.
Quadratics Formula
The formula for a quadratic equation is used to find the roots of the equation.
Since quadratics have a degree equal to two, therefore there will be two solutions
for the equation. Suppose ax² + bx + c = 0 is the quadratic equation, then the
formula to find the roots of this equation will be:

x = [-b±√(b2-4ac)]/2a

The sign of plus/minus indicates there will be two solutions for x. Learn in detail
the quadratic formula here.

Examples of Quadratics
Beneath are the illustrations of quadratic equations of the form (ax² + bx + c = 0)

x² –x – 9 = 0
5x² – 2x – 6 = 0
3x² + 4x + 8 = 0
-x² +6x + 12 = 0
Examples of a quadratic equation with the absence of a ‘ C ‘- a constant term.

-x² – 9x = 0
x² + 2x = 0
-6x² – 3x = 0
-5x² + x = 0
-12x² + 13x = 0
11x² – 27x = 0
Following are the examples of a quadratic equation in factored form

(x – 6)(x + 1) = 0 [ result obtained after solving is x² – 5x – 6 = 0]

–3(x – 4)(2x + 3) = 0 [result obtained after solving is -6x² + 15x + 36 = 0]
(x − 5)(x + 3) = 0 [result obtained after solving is x² − 2x − 15 = 0]
(x – 5)(x + 2) = 0 [ result obtained after solving is x² – 3x – 10 = 0]
(x – 4)(x + 2) = 0 [result obtained after solving is x² – 2x – 8 = 0]
(2x+3)(3x – 2) = 0 [result obtained after solving is 6x² + 5x – 6]
Below are the examples of a quadratic equation with an absence of linear co –
efficient ‘ bx’

2x² – 64 = 0
x² – 16 = 0
9x² + 49 = 0
-2x² – 4 = 0
4x² + 81 = 0
-x² – 9 = 0
How to Solve Quadratic Equations?
There are basically four methods of solving quadratic equations. They are:

Factoring
Completing the square
Using Quadratic Formula
Taking the square root
Factoring of Quadratics
Begin with a equation of the form ax² + bx + c = 0
Ensure that it is set to adequate zero.
Factor the left-hand side of the equation by assuming zero on the right-hand side
of the equation.
Assign each factor equal to zero.
Now solve the equation in order to determine the values of x.
Suppose if the main coefficient is not equal to one then deliberately, you have to
follow a methodology in the arrangement of the factors.

Example:

2x²-x-6=0

(2x+3)(x-2)=0

2x+3=0

x=-3/2

x=2

Learn more about the factorization of quadratic equations here.

Completing the Square Method

Let us learn this method with example.
Example: Solve 2x2 – x – 1 = 0.

First, move the constant term to the other side of the equation.

2x2 – x = 1

Dividing both sides by 2.

x2 – x/2 = ½

Add the square of half of the coefficient of x, (b/2a)2, on both the sides, i.e., 1/16

x2 – x/2 + 1/16 = ½ + 1/16

Now we can factor the right side,

(x-¼)2 = 9/16 = (¾)2

Taking root on both sides;

X – ¼ = ±3/4

Add ¼ on both sides

X=¼±¾

Therefore,

X = ¼ + ¾ = 4/4 = 1

X = ¼ – ¾ = -2/4 = -½

To learn more about completing the square method, click here.

Using Quadratic Formula

For the given Quadratic equation of the form, ax² + bx + c = 0

Therefore the roots of the given equation can be found by:

\(\begin{array}{l}x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^{2}-4ac}}{2a}\end{array} \)

where ± (one plus and one minus) represent two distinct roots of the given
equation.

Taking the Square Root

We can use this method for the equations such as:

x2 + a2 = 0
Example: Solve x2 – 50 = 0.

x2 – 50 = 0

x2 = 50

Taking the roots both sides

√x2 = ±√50

x = ±√(2 x 5 x 5)

x = ±5√2

Thus, we got the required solution.

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Zeros Of polynomial
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Range of Quadratic Equations
19,348
Solved Problems on Quadratic Equations
Lets Work Out:
Example 1:

\(\begin{array}{l}3x^{2} – 5x + 2 = 0\end{array} \)
Solution:

\(\begin{array}{l}3x^{2} – 5x + 2 = 0\end{array} \)
Solving the quadratic equation using the above method:

\(\begin{array}{l}x= \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^{2}-4ac}}{2a}\end{array} \)

\(\begin{array}{l}x = \frac{-(-5)\pm \sqrt{(-5)^{2} -4 \times 3 \times 2}}{2 \times

3}\end{array} \)

\(\begin{array}{l}x = \frac{5 \pm 1}{6}\end{array} \)

\(\begin{array}{l}x = \frac{6}{6} \;\; or \;\; \frac{4}{6}\end{array} \)

or,

\(\begin{array}{l}x = 1 \;\; or \;\; \frac{2}{3}\end{array} \)

Example 2: Solve x2 – 6 x = 16.
Solution: x2 – 6 x = 16.

x2 – 6 x – 16 = 0

By factorisation method,

( x – 8)( x + 2) = 0

Therefore,

x = 8 and x = -2

Example 3: Solve x2 – 16 = 0. And check if the solution is correct.

Solution: x2 – 16 = 0.

x2 – 42 = 0 [By algebraic identities]

(x-4) (x+4) = 0

x = 4 and x = -4

Check:
Putting the values of x in the LHS of the given quadratic equation

If x = 4

X2 – 16 = (4)2 – 16 = 16 – 16 = 0

If x = -4,

X2 – 16 = (-4)2 – 16 = 16 – 16 = 0

Example 4: Solve for y: y2 = –2y + 2.

Solution: Given,

y2 = –2y + 2

Rewriting the given equation;

y2 + 2 y – 2 = 0

Using quadratic formula,

\(\begin{array}{l}y=\frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^{2}-4 a c}}{2 a}\end{array} \)

\(\begin{array}{l}y=\frac{-(2) \pm \sqrt{(2)^{2}-4(1)(-2)}}{2(1)}\end{array} \)

\(\begin{array}{l}y=\frac{-2 \pm \sqrt{4+8}}{2}\end{array} \)

\(\begin{array}{l}y=\frac{-2 \pm \sqrt{12}}{2}\end{array} \)

Therefore,

y = -1 + √3 or y = -1 – √3

Applications of Quadratic Equations

Many real-life word problems can be solved using quadratic equations. While
solving word problems, some common quadratic equation applications include
speed problems and Geometry area problems.

Solving the problems related to finding the area of quadrilateral such as rectangle,
parallelogram and so on
Solving Word Problems involving Distance, speed, and time, etc.,
Example: Find the width of a rectangle of area 336 cm2 if its length is equal to the
4 more than twice its width.
Solution:
Let x cm be the width of the rectangle.
Length = (2x + 4) cm
We know that
Area of rectangle = Length x Width
x(2x + 4) = 336
2x2 + 4x – 336 = 0
x2 + 2x – 168 = 0
x2 + 14x – 12x – 168 = 0
x(x + 14) – 12(x + 14) = 0
(x + 14)(x – 12) = 0
x = -14, x = 12
Measurement cannot be negative.
Therefore, Width of the rectangle = x = 12 cm

Practice Questions
Solve x2 + 2 x + 1 = 0.
Solve 5x2 + 6x + 1 = 0
Solve 2x2 + 3 x + 2 = 0.
Solve x2 − 4x + 6.25 = 0
Frequently Asked Questions on Quadratics
Q1
What is a quadratic equation?
The polynomial equation whose highest degree is two is called a quadratic
equation. The equation is given by ax² + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0.
Q2
What are the methods to solve a quadratic equation?
There are majorly four methods of solving quadratic equations. They are:
Factorisation
Using Square roots
Completing the square
Using quadratic formula
Q3
Is x2 – 1 a quadratic equation?
Since the degree of the polynomial is 2, therefore, given equation is a quadratic
equation.
Q4
What is the solution of x2 + 4 = 0?
The solution of quadratic equation x2 – 4 is x = 2 or x = -2.
Q5
Write the quadratic equation in the form of sum and product of roots.
If α and β are the roots of a quadratic equation, then;
Sum of the roots = α+β
Product of the roots = αβ
Therefore, the required equation is:
x2 – (α+β)x + (αβ) = 0
MATHS Related Links
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Squares Upto 30
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Post My Comment

Anjana Brijesh
September 14, 2020 at 2:38 pm
Thanks a lot ,This was very useful for me

Reply

lavanya
December 28, 2020 at 10:13 am
x=√9
Squaring both the sides,
x^2 = 9
x^2 – 9 = 0
It is a quadratic equation.

Reply
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