FORENSIC BALLISTIC
 At first, the bullet is forced outward to make firm
BALLISTIC – can be used as evidence in the court. It is
single evidence that can be alone, kahit walang i-witness.
BULLET – primarily evidence since ito yung naiiwan sa
crime scene. (Investigation will establish kung sino/kanino
yung gun).
Ballistics – originated from the Greek word BALLETIN
which means TO THROW and from the Roman word
BALLISTA which is a MACHINE TO HURL A STONE Or a
ROMAN WAR MACHINE
BRANCHES OF BALLISTIC
1. INTERIOR BALLISTIC
 Isang area ng ballistic na ang pinag-aaralan ay bala or
what takes place inside the gun.
 It is that branch of science that has something to do
with the properties or motions of projectiles while
still inside the firearm.
 (From the time the Firer squeezes the trigger). This
extends from, the breech to the muzzle of the gun.
Interior ballistics is so short.
 Firing pin to the muzzle only about 0.01 sec.
 A blow from the firing pin of a small- arms weapon
on the center of the primer cap compresses the
primer composition violently between the cap and
the anvil (parts of the primer), thus, causing the
composition to explode, releasing the very hot gases
and hot particles.
Rimfire- malilit, di makikita yung primer. Yung primer
nakalagay lang sa gilid ang tumatama ay hindi firing pin
kundi hammer.
Centerfire- ang primer ay nasa gitna/ center part.
contact with the barrel so that the gas would be
confined within the chamber of the firearm. As the
bullet moves down the barrel, the available
combustion space is increased.
 The powder burns progressively at first, increasing
its burning rate faster that the space increases. As
long as this condition continues, the pressure
continues to rise. The maximum pressure is soon
reached, when the two rates are momentarily equal.
Thereafter, the pressure drops tilt the bullet leaves
the muzzle.
 When the bullet charge is ignited, the pressure in the
chamber begins to rise rapidly and soon reaches a
value high enough to move the projectile. The
principal resistance to the motion of the projectile at
this stage is the force required to deform the
rotating band to fit the rifling of the barrel. As the
projectile moves, the propellant gas expands into
the space behind it, the rate of the pressure is
reduced and the temperature of the gas begins to
decrease.
 With increasing projectile velocity, the expansion
becomes rapid enough to cause the pressure to
begin to drop. When the burning of the charge is
complete, and the evolution of the gas ceases, which
usually occurs when the projectile is from one third
(1/3) on the way out of the barrel, the pressure
drop becomes more rapid. When the projectile
leaves the bore with its full velocity, a few
hundredths of a second after ignition, the remaining
pressure directs the propellant gas to the
atmosphere.
 Since the gun, as compared with a rocket, almost
burns its propellant in a very short time and large
surface area is therefore required, a gun charge
characteristically consists of a large number of
identical solid grains. Each of the grains is considered
as burning simultaneously with the others and in
accordance with the laws of burning described
above.

 In addition to the laws of burning, a complete
system of Interior ballistic equations for the gun
includes three (3) other major members. The
equation of state of the propellant gas relates to
PRESSURE, VOLUME, and TEMPERATURE OF GAS.
The law on conservation of energy is formulated to
express the balance between the thermal energy of
the gas and the kinetic energy of the projectile and
gas.
 A subject associated with the interior ballistics is
that on BORE EROSION and FOULING of various
kinds. Erosion is caused by the combination of
temperature and velocity, while Fouling, refers to
the accumulated deposit within the bore of a firearm
caused by the solid by- products remaining after a
cartridge was discharged.
REACTIONS/ATTRIBUTES THAT TAKES
PLACE WHILE THE BULLET IS STILL INSIDE
THE GUN ARE THE FOLLOWING:
1. Firing pin hitting the primer
2. Ignition of the priming mixture
3. Combustion of the gunpowder
4. Expansion of the heated gas
5. Pressure developed
6. Energy developed
7. Recoil of the gun
8. Velocity of bullet inside the barrel
9. Rotation of bullet inside the bore
10. Engravings of the cylindrical surface of the bullet
Process of interior ballistics (from trigger to
muzzle)
1. Squeeze/press/pull the trigger (gatilyo);
2. the hammer will be activate hitting the firing pin
(Papaluin ng hammer o matatamaan ng hammer
yung firing pin);
3. firing pin will strike primer;
4. it will create ignition;
5. after that, it will burn the gun powder;
6. it will be combustion and gas expansion and
pressure;
7. bullet be will cartridge;
8. it will pass to the bore;
9. it will rotate through the rifling;
10. bullet exit sa muzzle
Magnum – meaning extra power. Medyo mahaba at ang
content medyo madami. (ex. Magnum 357)
Muzzle - bukana ng baril/ nguso
Breech- unahan ng muzzle, kung saan nalapat yung bala.
Breech loading firearm- yung baril na napuputol tas
susuksukan ng bala.
Breech block – tawag sa nagsasara ng gas, para yung
tapon ng gas di sisingaw sa likod.
Recoil- yung pwersang isa at pwersang paataras ay equal.
Primer – ang ginagawa nito ay gumagawa ng spark. Burn
the gun power. It is very sensitive unlike gun powder
Bore – dito dumadaan ang bala.
Barrel – ang kabuuang dadaanan kapag pinagsama sama
yung muzzle,breech. Ito ay yung natatanggal na major
components ng baril.
Lands- dito sumasayad ang bala ( nasa loob ng bore)
Grooves – (nasa loob ng bore) ang tawag sa lands and
grooves ay Rifling of the firearm.
Rifling – ang purpose nito ay paikutin ang bala/accuracy.
( ito ang may kinalaman sa pag-ikot ng bala) (ito ay nasa bore,
yung lands and grooves)
Yung motion forward (gas expansion ang may kinalaman
dito) and rotational (rifling ang responsible dito)
Question : bakit kalangan may rifling ang pistol at raffle?
Answer : to maintain the accuracy. Kapag ang bala ay naikot
di masyadong tatablan ng hangin.
Mabilis nasunog/ma burn yung mga powder na gamit sa
bomba unlike sab aril slow burning para di ma damage yung
baril.
Bullet Cannelure – nakaukit sa bullet para di matanggal
yung bullet basta-basta.

Taper crimp – part ng cartridge. Para ang bullet ay hndi

lumubog.

Velocity – bilis ng bala.

Propellant – another term in gun powder