➢ At the end of the lesson, you should be able

to:
➢ perform operations on complex numbers.
➢ write complex numbers in polar forms or
trigonometric form.
 Let us start with the importance of complex
numbers in Mathematics.

➢ Complex numbers are needed to find the solutions

of equations that cannot be solved using only the
set real numbers.
 Let us start with the importance of complex
numbers in Mathematics.

➢ Complex numbers are needed to find the solutions

of equations that cannot be solved using only the
set real numbers.

➢ The solutions of the first three equations are in R.

However, R does not contain the solutions of
x2 + 9 =0.
 The formula for solving quadratic equations was
introduced in Algebra. You know that not all
equations will lead to real solutions,

➢ Quadratic Equation without real solutions

➢ Equations without real solutions, such as

x 2 + 2x + 7 = 0
➢ and

x 2 − 10 x + 40 = 0
 The formula for solving quadratic equations was
introduced in Algebra. You know that not all
equations will lead to real solutions,

➢ Quadratic Equation without real solutions

➢ Equations without real solutions, such as

x 2 + 2x + 7 = 0
➢ and

x 2 − 10 x + 40 = 0
➢ where observed early in history and led to the
introduction of complex numbers.
You are familiar with the rectangular
representation of complex numbers.
 You are familiar with the rectangular
representation of complex numbers.

➢ A complex number is any number expressible in the

standard form
a + bi
 You are familiar with the rectangular
representation of complex numbers.

➢ A complex number is any number expressible in the

standard form
a + bi
➢ where
i = −1
 You are familiar with the rectangular
representation of complex numbers.

➢ A complex number is any number expressible in the

standard form
a + bi
➢ where
i = −1 i 2 = −1
 You are familiar with the rectangular
representation of complex numbers.

➢ A complex number is any number expressible in the

standard form
a + bi
➢ where
i = −1 i 2 = −1

➢ The following numbers are complex numbers

 You are familiar with the rectangular
representation of complex numbers.

➢ A complex number is any number expressible in the

standard form
a + bi
➢ where
i = −1 i 2 = −1

➢ The following numbers are complex numbers

2 + 3i
 You are familiar with the rectangular
representation of complex numbers.

➢ A complex number is any number expressible in the

standard form
a + bi
➢ where
i = −1 i 2 = −1

➢ The following numbers are complex numbers

2 + 3i
0.5 − 3.25i
 You are familiar with the rectangular
representation of complex numbers.

➢ A complex number is any number expressible in the

standard form
a + bi
➢ where
i = −1 i 2 = −1

➢ The following numbers are complex numbers

2 + 3i
0.5 − 3.25i
3 4
+ i
5 7
Complex numbers can be
represented graphically.
 Complex numbers can be
represented graphically.

➢ We choose two perpendicular coordinate axes, the

horizontal called the real axis, and the vertical,
called the imaginary axis.
 Complex numbers can be
represented graphically.

➢ We choose two perpendicular coordinate axes, the

horizontal called the real axis, and the vertical,
called the imaginary axis.
 Drawing a complex number is
the same as drawing a point in
the xy-plane.

➢ The complex number 4 – 3i is a point in the fourth

quadrant in the complex plane.
 Drawing a complex number is
the same as drawing a point in
the xy-plane.

➢ The complex number 4 – 3i is a point in the fourth

quadrant in the complex plane.
 Addition of complex
numbers can be also
visualized graphically.

➢ Addition of complex numbers

 Addition of complex
numbers can be also
visualized graphically.

➢ Addition of complex numbers

The diagonal of the

parallelogram represents
the sum of the complex
numbers,
 Addition of complex
numbers can be also
visualized graphically.

➢ Addition of complex numbers

The diagonal of the

parallelogram represents
the sum of the complex
numbers,

➢ Subtraction of complex numbers

 Addition of complex
numbers can be also
visualized graphically.

➢ Addition of complex numbers

The diagonal of the

parallelogram represents
the sum of the complex
numbers,

➢ Subtraction of complex numbers

 Addition of complex
numbers can be also
visualized graphically.

➢ Addition of complex numbers

The diagonal of the

parallelogram represents
the sum of the complex
numbers,

➢ Subtraction of complex numbers

The other diagonal of the

parallelogram represents the
difference of the complex
numbers,
 You learned from Algebra, how to add,
subtract, multiply, ad divide complex
Let us recall number.
multiplication.

➢ Example:
➢ Find the product of the complex numbers 2 + 3i
and 4 + 5i.
 You learned from Algebra, how to add,
subtract, multiply, ad divide complex
Let us recall number.
multiplication.

➢ Example:
➢ Find the product of the complex numbers 2 + 3i
and 4 + 5i.

➢ Solution:
 You learned from Algebra, how to add,
subtract, multiply, ad divide complex
Let us recall number.
multiplication.

➢ Example:
➢ Find the product of the complex numbers 2 + 3i
and 4 + 5i.

➢ Solution:
(2 + 3i )(4 + 5i ) = 8 + 10i + 12i + 15i 2
 You learned from Algebra, how to add,
subtract, multiply, ad divide complex
Let us recall number.
multiplication.

➢ Example:
➢ Find the product of the complex numbers 2 + 3i
and 4 + 5i.

➢ Solution:
(2 + 3i )(4 + 5i ) = 8 + 10i + 12i + 15i 2
Recall that i2 = - 1.
 You learned from Algebra, how to add,
subtract, multiply, ad divide complex
Let us recall number.
multiplication.

➢ Example:
➢ Find the product of the complex numbers 2 + 3i
and 4 + 5i.

➢ Solution:
(2 + 3i )(4 + 5i ) = 8 + 10i + 12i + 15i 2
Recall that i2 = - 1.

(2 + 3i )(4 + 5i ) = −7 + 22i
To divide complex numbers, we need
the concept of complex conjugate.
 To divide complex numbers, we need
the concept of complex conjugate.

➢ The complex conjugate of a complex number

z = x + yi is defined by
 To divide complex numbers, we need
the concept of complex conjugate.

➢ The complex conjugate of a complex number

z = x + yi is defined by

z = x − yi
 To divide complex numbers, we need
the concept of complex conjugate.

➢ The complex conjugate of a complex number

z = x + yi is defined by

z = x − yi
➢ It is obtained geometrically by reflecting the point
z in the real axis.
 To divide complex numbers, we need
the concept of complex conjugate.

➢ The complex conjugate of a complex number

z = x + yi is defined by

z = x − yi
➢ It is obtained geometrically by reflecting the point
z in the real axis.
➢ For z = 5 + 2i
 To divide complex numbers, we need
the concept of complex conjugate.

➢ The complex conjugate of a complex number

z = x + yi is defined by

z = x − yi
➢ It is obtained geometrically by reflecting the point
z in the real axis.
➢ For z = 5 + 2i
The complex conjugate is
important because it permits us
to switch from complex to real.
 The complex conjugate is
important because it permits us
to switch from complex to real.

➢ The product of a complex number and is conjugate

is a real number.
 The complex conjugate is
important because it permits us
to switch from complex to real.

➢ The product of a complex number and is conjugate

is a real number.
zz = (x + yi )(x − yi )
 The complex conjugate is
important because it permits us
to switch from complex to real.

➢ The product of a complex number and is conjugate

is a real number.
zz = (x + yi )(x − yi )
zz = x 2 + y 2
 The complex conjugate is
important because it permits us
to switch from complex to real.

➢ The product of a complex number and is conjugate

is a real number.
zz = (x + yi )(x − yi )
zz = x 2 + y 2
➢ To divide 2 + 3i by 4 + 5i.
 The complex conjugate is
important because it permits us
to switch from complex to real.

➢ The product of a complex number and is conjugate

is a real number.
zz = (x + yi )(x − yi )
zz = x 2 + y 2
➢ To divide 2 + 3i by 4 + 5i.
2 + 3i 2 + 3i 4 − 5i
= •
4 + 5i 4 + 5i 4 − 5i
 The complex conjugate is
important because it permits us
to switch from complex to real.

➢ The product of a complex number and is conjugate

is a real number.
zz = (x + yi )(x − yi )
zz = x 2 + y 2
➢ To divide 2 + 3i by 4 + 5i.
2 + 3i 2 + 3i 4 − 5i 2 + 3i 8 − 10i + 12i − 15i 2
= •
4 + 5i 4 + 5i 4 − 5i
 4 + 5i
=
16 + 25
 The complex conjugate is
important because it permits us
to switch from complex to real.

➢ The product of a complex number and is conjugate

is a real number.
zz = (x + yi )(x − yi )
zz = x 2 + y 2
➢ To divide 2 + 3i by 4 + 5i.
2 + 3i 2 + 3i 4 − 5i 2 + 3i 8 − 10i + 12i − 15i 2
= •
4 + 5i 4 + 5i 4 − 5i
 4 + 5i
=
16 + 25
2 + 3i 23 + 2i
 4 + 5i
=
41
 The complex conjugate is
important because it permits us
to switch from complex to real.

➢ The product of a complex number and is conjugate

is a real number.
zz = (x + yi )(x − yi )
zz = x 2 + y 2
➢ To divide 2 + 3i by 4 + 5i.
2 + 3i 2 + 3i 4 − 5i 2 + 3i 8 − 10i + 12i − 15i 2
= •
4 + 5i 4 + 5i 4 − 5i
 4 + 5i
=
16 + 25
2 + 3i 23 + 2i
 4 + 5i
=
41

 2 + 3i 23 2i
= +
4 + 5i 41 41
The complex plane gives further
insight into arithmetic operations
for complex numbers if beside the
xy-coordinates we also employ the
polar coordinates.
 The complex plane gives further
insight into arithmetic operations
for complex numbers if beside the
xy-coordinates we also employ the
polar coordinates.

➢ The complex number z = x + yi can be expressed in

polar form (trigonometric form) by using
 The complex plane gives further
insight into arithmetic operations
for complex numbers if beside the
xy-coordinates we also employ the
polar coordinates.

➢ The complex number z = x + yi can be expressed in

polar form (trigonometric form) by using
 The complex plane gives further
insight into arithmetic operations
for complex numbers if beside the
xy-coordinates we also employ the
polar coordinates.

➢ The complex number z = x + yi can be expressed in

polar form (trigonometric form) by using

x = r cos
 The complex plane gives further
insight into arithmetic operations
for complex numbers if beside the
xy-coordinates we also employ the
polar coordinates.

➢ The complex number z = x + yi can be expressed in

polar form (trigonometric form) by using

x = r cos

y = r sin
 The complex plane gives further
insight into arithmetic operations
for complex numbers if beside the
xy-coordinates we also employ the
polar coordinates.

➢ The complex number z = x + yi can be expressed in

polar form (trigonometric form) by using

x = r cos

y = r sin

➢ The polar form of the complex number is

 The complex plane gives further
insight into arithmetic operations
for complex numbers if beside the
xy-coordinates we also employ the
polar coordinates.

➢ The complex number z = x + yi can be expressed in

polar form (trigonometric form) by using

x = r cos

y = r sin

➢ The polar form of the complex number is

 The complex plane gives further
insight into arithmetic operations
for complex numbers if beside the
xy-coordinates we also employ the
polar coordinates.

➢ The complex number z = x + yi can be expressed in

polar form (trigonometric form) by using

x = r cos

y = r sin

➢ The polar form of the complex number is

z = r cos  + (r sin )i
 The complex plane gives further
insight into arithmetic operations
for complex numbers if beside the
xy-coordinates we also employ the
polar coordinates.

➢ The complex number z = x + yi can be expressed in

polar form (trigonometric form) by using

x = r cos

y = r sin

➢ The polar form of the complex number is

z = r cos  + (r sin )i
z = r (cos  + i sin )
 The complex plane gives further
insight into arithmetic operations
for complex numbers if beside the
xy-coordinates we also employ the
polar coordinates.

➢ The complex number z = x + yi can be expressed in

polar form (trigonometric form) by using

x = r cos

y = r sin

➢ The polar form of the complex number

z = r cos  + (r sin )i
z = r (cos  + i sin )
➢ where
z =r= x2 + y2
 The complex plane gives further
insight into arithmetic operations
for complex numbers if beside the
xy-coordinates we also employ the
polar coordinates.

➢ The complex number z = x + yi can be expressed in

polar form (trigonometric form) by using

x = r cos

y = r sin

➢ The polar form of the complex number

z = r cos  + (r sin )i
z = r (cos  + i sin )
➢ where
z =r= x2 + y2  = arctan y 
 x
We can multiply
complex numbers
in polar form.
 We can multiply
complex numbers
in polar form.

➢ Given two complex numbers

 We can multiply
complex numbers
in polar form.

➢ Given two complex numbers

z1 = r1 (cos1 + i sin1 )
 We can multiply
complex numbers
in polar form.

➢ Given two complex numbers

z1 = r1 (cos1 + i sin1 ) z2 = r2 (cos  2 + i sin 2 )
 We can multiply
complex numbers
in polar form.

➢ Given two complex numbers

z1 = r1 (cos1 + i sin1 ) z2 = r2 (cos  2 + i sin 2 )

➢ The product is given by

 We can multiply
complex numbers
in polar form.

➢ Given two complex numbers

z1 = r1 (cos1 + i sin1 ) z2 = r2 (cos  2 + i sin 2 )

➢ The product is given by

z1 z2 = r1r2 cos(1 +  2 )+ i sin(1 +  2 )
 We can multiply
complex numbers
in polar form.

➢ Given two complex numbers

z1 = r1 (cos1 + i sin1 ) z2 = r2 (cos  2 + i sin 2 )

➢ The product is given by

z1 z2 = r1r2 cos(1 +  2 )+ i sin(1 +  2 )

➢ In simpler notation
 We can multiply
complex numbers
in polar form.

➢ Given two complex numbers

z1 = r1 (cos1 + i sin1 ) z2 = r2 (cos  2 + i sin 2 )

➢ The product is given by

z1 z2 = r1r2 cos(1 +  2 )+ i sin(1 +  2 )

➢ In simpler notation

z1 = r11
and
z2 = r22
 We can multiply
complex numbers
in polar form.

➢ Given two complex numbers

z1 = r1 (cos1 + i sin1 ) z2 = r2 (cos  2 + i sin 2 )

➢ The product is given by

z1 z2 = r1r2 cos(1 +  2 )+ i sin(1 +  2 )

➢ In simpler notation

z1 = r11
and  z1 z2 = r1r2(1 +  2 )

z2 = r22
To divide complex numbers we
simply divide the magnitudes
and subtract the angles.
 To divide complex numbers we
simply divide the magnitudes
and subtract the angles.

➢ Given two complex numbers

z1 = r1 (cos1 + i sin1 ) z2 = r2 (cos  2 + i sin 2 )
 To divide complex numbers we
simply divide the magnitudes
and subtract the angles.

➢ Given two complex numbers

z1 = r1 (cos1 + i sin1 ) z2 = r2 (cos  2 + i sin 2 )

➢ The quotient is given by

 To divide complex numbers we
simply divide the magnitudes
and subtract the angles.

➢ Given two complex numbers

z1 = r1 (cos1 + i sin1 ) z2 = r2 (cos  2 + i sin 2 )

➢ The quotient is given by

 (1 −  2 )
z1 r1
=
z2 r2
 To divide complex numbers we
simply divide the magnitudes
and subtract the angles.

➢ Given two complex numbers

z1 = r1 (cos1 + i sin1 ) z2 = r2 (cos  2 + i sin 2 )

➢ The quotient is given by

 (1 −  2 )
z1 r1
=
z2 r2
➢ So given three complex numbers
 To divide complex numbers we
simply divide the magnitudes
and subtract the angles.

➢ Given two complex numbers

z1 = r1 (cos1 + i sin1 ) z2 = r2 (cos  2 + i sin 2 )

➢ The quotient is given by

 (1 −  2 )
z1 r1
=
z2 r2
➢ So given three complex numbers

z1 = r11 , z 2 = r2 2 ,
and z3 = r33
 To divide complex numbers we
simply divide the magnitudes
and subtract the angles.

➢ Given two complex numbers

z1 = r1 (cos1 + i sin1 ) z2 = r2 (cos  2 + i sin 2 )

➢ The quotient is given by

 (1 −  2 )
z1 r1
=
z2 r2
➢ So given three complex numbers

z1 = r11 , z 2 = r2 2 , z1 z 2
=
r1r2
 (1 +  2 −  3 )
and z3 = r33  z3 r3
Let us have an example.
 Let us have an example.

➢ Example:
➢ Find the product of the complex numbers 4 + 3i
and 5 + 12i using polar form.
 First, transform the
➢ Solution: complex numbers in polar
form.
 First, transform the
➢ Solution: complex numbers in polar
form.

z1 = 4 + 3i
 First, transform the
➢ Solution: complex numbers in polar
form.

z1 = 4 + 3i  z1 = 536.87
 First, transform the
➢ Solution: complex numbers in polar
form.

z1 = 4 + 3i  z1 = 536.87

z2 = 5 + 12i
 First, transform the
➢ Solution: complex numbers in polar
form.

z1 = 4 + 3i  z1 = 536.87

z2 = 5 + 12i  z2 = 1367.38
 First, transform the
➢ Solution: complex numbers in polar
form.

z1 = 4 + 3i  z1 = 536.87

z2 = 5 + 12i  z2 = 1367.38

Multiply.
 First, transform the
➢ Solution: complex numbers in polar
form.

z1 = 4 + 3i  z1 = 536.87

z2 = 5 + 12i  z2 = 1367.38

Multiply.

z1 z2 = r1r2(1 +  2 )
 First, transform the
➢ Solution: complex numbers in polar
form.

z1 = 4 + 3i  z1 = 536.87

z2 = 5 + 12i  z2 = 1367.38

Multiply.

z1 z2 = r1r2(1 +  2 )  z1z2 = 65104.25

 First, transform the
➢ Solution: complex numbers in polar
form.

z1 = 4 + 3i  z1 = 536.87

z2 = 5 + 12i  z2 = 1367.38

Multiply.

z1 z2 = r1r2(1 +  2 )  z1z2 = 65104.25

Convert to rectangular
form
 First, transform the
➢ Solution: complex numbers in polar
form.

z1 = 4 + 3i  z1 = 536.87

z2 = 5 + 12i  z2 = 1367.38

Multiply.

z1 z2 = r1r2(1 +  2 )  z1z2 = 65104.25

Convert to rectangular
form

z1 z2 = 65(cos104.25 + i sin104.25 )
 First, transform the
➢ Solution: complex numbers in polar
form.

z1 = 4 + 3i  z1 = 536.87

z2 = 5 + 12i  z2 = 1367.38

Multiply.

z1 z2 = r1r2(1 +  2 )  z1z2 = 65104.25

Convert to rectangular
form

z1 z2 = 65(cos104.25 + i sin104.25 )
z1 z2 = −16 + 63i
We can use the product formula
in polar form to expand powers of
complex numbers
 We can use the product formula
in polar form to expand powers of
complex numbers

➢ Given two complex numbers

z1 = r11 and z2 = r22

 We can use the product formula
in polar form to expand powers of
complex numbers

➢ Given two complex numbers

z1 = r11 and z2 = r22  z1 z2 = r1r2(1 +  2 )

 We can use the product formula
in polar form to expand powers of
complex numbers

➢ Given two complex numbers

z1 = r11 and z2 = r22  z1 z2 = r1r2(1 +  2 )

➢ The square of z is given by

 We can use the product formula
in polar form to expand powers of
complex numbers

➢ Given two complex numbers

z1 = r11 and z2 = r22  z1 z2 = r1r2(1 +  2 )

➢ The square of z is given by

z = r
 We can use the product formula
in polar form to expand powers of
complex numbers

➢ Given two complex numbers

z1 = r11 and z2 = r22  z1 z2 = r1r2(1 +  2 )

➢ The square of z is given by

z = r  z 2 = rr ( +  )
 We can use the product formula
in polar form to expand powers of
complex numbers

➢ Given two complex numbers

z1 = r11 and z2 = r22  z1 z2 = r1r2(1 +  2 )

➢ The square of z is given by

z = r  z 2 = rr ( +  )
z 2 = r 2(2 )
 We can use the product formula
in polar form to expand powers of
complex numbers

➢ Given two complex numbers

z1 = r11 and z2 = r22  z1 z2 = r1r2(1 +  2 )

➢ The square of z is given by

z = r  z 2 = rr ( +  )
z 2 = r 2(2 )
➢ In general, the nth power of z is given by
 We can use the product formula
in polar form to expand powers of
complex numbers

➢ Given two complex numbers

z1 = r11 and z2 = r22  z1 z2 = r1r2(1 +  2 )

➢ The square of z is given by

z = r  z 2 = rr ( +  )
z 2 = r 2(2 )
➢ In general, the nth power of z is given by

z n = rn(n)
From the power formula, we can
derive the root formula.
 From the power formula, we can
derive the root formula.

➢ From the nth power of z given by

z n = rn(n)
 From the power formula, we can
derive the root formula.

➢ From the nth power of z given by

z n = rn(n)

➢ The nth root of z is given by

 From the power formula, we can
derive the root formula.

➢ From the nth power of z given by

z n = rn(n)

➢ The nth root of z is given by

1
n z = zn
 From the power formula, we can
derive the root formula.

➢ From the nth power of z given by

z n = rn(n)

➢ The nth root of z is given by

1 1 1
n z = zn  n z = z n = r n  1  
n 
 From the power formula, we can
derive the root formula.

➢ From the nth power of z given by

z n = rn(n)

➢ The nth root of z is given by

1 1 1
n z = zn  n z = z n = r n  1  
n 

 n z = n r  
 
 n
Let us have an example.
 Let us have an example.

➢ Example:
➢ Express the given expression below in the form
a + bi.
(6 + 8i )5
 First, transform the
complex number in polar
➢ Solution: form.
 First, transform the
complex number in polar
➢ Solution: form.

z = 6 + 8i  z = 1053.13
 First, transform the
complex number in polar
➢ Solution: form.

z = 6 + 8i  z = 1053.13
Use the power formula.

z n = rn(n)
 First, transform the
complex number in polar
➢ Solution: form.

z = 6 + 8i  z = 1053.13
Use the power formula.

z n = rn(n)

z = 1053.13
 First, transform the
complex number in polar
➢ Solution: form.

z = 6 + 8i  z = 1053.13
Use the power formula.

z n = rn(n)

z = 1053.13  z 5 = 105 5(53.13 )

 First, transform the
complex number in polar
➢ Solution: form.

z = 6 + 8i  z = 1053.13
Use the power formula.

z n = rn(n)

z = 1053.13  z 5 = 105 5(53.13 )

z 5 = 100000265.65
 First, transform the
complex numbersin polar
➢ Solution: form.

z = 6 + 8i  z = 1053.13
Use the power formula.

z n = rn(n)

z = 1053.13  z 5 = 105 5(53.13 )

z 5 = 100000265.65
Convert to rectangular
form
 First, transform the
complex numbers in polar
➢ Solution: form.

z = 6 + 8i  z = 1053.13
Use the power formula.

z n = rn(n)

z = 1053.13  z 5 = 105 5(53.13 )

z 5 = 100000265.65
Convert to rectangular
form

z 5 = 100000(cos 265.65 + i sin 265.65 )