COMPLEX NUMBERS

DILKI IYONA RATHNAYAKE

Learning outcomes
• You will be able to articulate the definition of complex numbers and
understand that you consist of a real part and an imaginary part.
• You will be able to learn the mathematics operations based on
complex numbers.
• You will understand applications of complex numbers, such as
analyzing alternating current circuits and signal processing systems.
Complex Numbers
• A complex number ia an expression of the form z = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ,where "𝑥" is
the real part, "𝑦" is the imaginary part
𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑧
𝑦 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑧

• "i" represents the imaginary unit (√−1).

 Examples

a) b)

c)

d) e)
Example: Solving Quadratic Equations
Solve x = √-25
Take the square root on both sides.

The solution set is {±5i}.

Another Example
Solve: x2 + 54 = 0

The solution set is

Example: Products and Quotients
• Multiply:  Divide:
Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers

For complex numbers a + bi and c + di,

Examples
(4 − 6i) + (−3 + 7i) (10 − 4i) − (5 − 2i)
= [4 + (−3)] + [−6 + 7]i = (10 − 5) + [−4 − (−2)]i
=1+i = 5 − 2i
Multiplication of Complex Numbers
For complex numbers a + bi and c + di,

The product of two complex numbers is found by

multiplying as if the numbers were binomials and
using the fact that i2 = −1.
Examples: Multiplying
(2 − 4i)(3 + 5i) (7 + 3i)2
Powers of i
i1 = i i5 = i i9 = i

i2 = −1 i6 = −1 i10 = −1

i3 = −i i7 = −i i11 = −i

i4 = 1 i8 = 1 i12 = 1
and so on.
Simplifying Examples
i17 i−4

i4 = 1

i17 = (i4)4 • i
= 1•i
=i
Argand Plane
• Complex number can be represented by using an argand plane.
• Argand plane consisted with two axes : real axis and imaginary axis
• Real axis represented real numbers and Imaginary axis represented
imaginary numbers.
 Complex Conjugate

The complex conjugate of a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is

defined to be ,
𝑧ҧ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
Geometrically 𝑧ҧ is the reflection of z in the x axis.
Prove these Propositions
1. 𝑍1 + 𝑍2 = 𝑍1 + 𝑍2
2. 𝑍1 𝑍2 = 𝑍1 𝑍2
3. 𝑍Ӗ = 𝑍
𝑍1 𝑍1
4. 𝑍2
=
𝑍2
1
5. 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 =
2
𝑧 + 𝑧ҧ
1
6. 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 =
2𝑖
𝑧 − 𝑧ҧ
Modulus of a complex number
• The modulus of a complex number 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 is the length
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 of corresponding vector in the Euclidean plane.

• The modulus of 𝑧 and denoted by 𝑧 ,

𝑧 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
Relationships Among x, y, r, and θ
 Trigonometric (Polar) Form of a
Complex Number
The expression

is called the trigonometric form or (polar form) of the

complex number x + yi. The expression
cos θ + i sin θ is sometimes abbreviated cis θ.

Using this notation

Example
Express 2(cos 120° + i sin 120°) in rectangular form.

Notice that the real part is negative and the imaginary

part is positive, this is consistent with 120 degrees being a
quadrant II angle.
Converting from Rectangular Form to
Trigonometric Form
Step 1 Sketch a graph of the number x + yi in
the complex plane.

Step 2 Find r by using the equation

Step 3 Find θ by using the equation

choosing the quadrant
indicated in Step 1.
Example
Example: Find trigonometric notation for −1 − i.
•First, find r.

•Thus,
Product Theorem
• If are any two
complex numbers, then

• In compact form, this is written

TRIGONOMETRY FORMULAS
Example: Product
• Find the product of
Quotient Theorem
 If
are any two complex numbers, where then
Example: Quotient
• Find the quotient.
De Moivre’s Theorem
If is a complex number, and if n is any
real number, then

• In compact form, this is written

Example: Find (−1 − i)5 and express the result in rectangular form.

• First, find trigonometric notation for −1 − i

• Theorem
Polar Coordinate System
• The polar coordinate
system is based on a
point, called the pole, and
a ray, called the polar axis.
 Rectangular and Polar Coordinates

• If a point has rectangular coordinates (x, y) and polar

coordinates (r, θ), then these coordinates are related as follows.
Example
• Plot the point on a polar
coordinate system. Then
determine the rectangular
coordinates of the point.
• P(2, 30°)
• r = 2 and θ = 30°, so point
P is located 2 units from
the origin in the positive
direction making a 30°
angle with the polar axis.
Example continued
• Using the conversion formulas:

• The rectangular coordinates are

Example
 Convert (4, 2) to polar coordinates.
Exercises
Exercises
END