Innovative Exploration Methods for

Minerals, Oil, Gas, and Groundwater for

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Innovative Exploration
Methods for Minerals, Oil,
Gas, and Groundwater for
Sustainable Development
Edited by

Ajoy Kumar Moitra

Formerly, Director, Geological Survey of India

Jayanta Bhattacharya
Professor, Department of Mining Engineering and School of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology, Kharagpur, India

J. R. Kayal
Formerly, Deputy Director General, Geological Survey of
India

Biplab Mukerji
Formerly, Deputy Director General, Geological Survey of
India, Kolkata, India

A. K. Das
Chief General Manager, Sharda Diesels Pvt. Ltd.
 



Innovative Exploration
Methods for Minerals, Oil,
Gas, and Groundwater for
Sustainable Development
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Contents

Dedication xxiii
Contributors xxv
Preface xxxiii
Acknowledgment xxxv

1 Energy resource (Coal, Shale Gas, Geothermal,

Oil, Gas) 1
1.1 Gasification of high ash Indian coals in fluidized bed
gasifier 5
P.D. Chavan, G. Sahu, A. Banerjee, V. Chauhan, N.K. Gupta,
S. Saha, S. Datta, P. Datta and P.K. Singh
Introduction 5
Experimental 5
Results and discussion 6
Conclusions 15
References 15

1.2 Exploration of mining method for coal extraction

in developed bord and pillar property by powered
support long wall equipment 17
M.P. Dikshit

Introduction 17
Shortwall mining 17
Advantages of the method over conventional B&P
mining 18
Selection of site for shortwall 18

v
vi Contents

Geo-mining parameters in an Indian mine 18

Physiomechanical properties of overlying roof rocks 19
Premining scientific studies and observations 19
Production, productivity, and profitability 21
Future scope on production and productivity 23
Induced caving 23
Strata control 26
Strata control, monitoring, and observations 27
Conclusions 27

1.3 Exploration of shale gas in India – Prospects and

challenges 29
Ajoy Kumar Moitra, Aranya Bhaduri, Gopal Chandra
Mukhopadhayay and Ajoy Kr. Das

Introduction 29
Shale gas exploration 31
Shale gas resource potential in India 33
Proterozoic basins – potential areas for closer look 35
Tackling shale gas challenges in India 36
Conclusion 37
References 38

1.4 Synergy through integrated geophysical acquisition

for geothermal and hydrocarbon exploration
and production 43
K. Strack

Introduction 43
System parameters 43
Processing and interpretation 47
Applications 47
Conclusions 52
 Contents vii

Acknowledgments 53
References 53

1.5 3D seismic expression of a paleo channel within

Barail Argillaceous and its hydrocarbon prospect:
Makum field 55
Adam Suting, Sanjiv Kalita, and P.K. Kakoty
Introduction 55
Methodology 56
Seismic signature 56
Discussion 60
Reference 60

1.6 A case study of reservoir parameter estimation in

Norne oil field, Norway by using Ensemble Kalman
Filter (EnKF) 61
Nasima Begum, Mohsen Dadashpour and Jon Kleppe

Introduction 61
Objectives 62
Tasks 62
Parameter estimation 62
Quantifying uncertainty in production forecasts 63
EnKF methodology 63
Managing the uncertainties 64
Advantages of EnKF 64
Sequential Gaussian simulation 64
Case study 65
Norne oil field 65
General geology of Norne field 65
Structure of the Norne field 67
Production history of the Norne field 67
viii Contents

Semisynthetic case: Norne 67

Discussion of the cases on the basis of EnKF 68
Discussion and result 71
Acknowledgments 75
References 76

1.7 Coal bed methane: Changing India’s gas market 79

Gurram Vishwanath Reddy, A.A. Khan and Vaibhav Sharma

Introduction 79
CBM as an energy source 79
CBM extraction technology 81
Challenges in CBM extraction 83
Environmental impact 83
Land acquisition difficulties 84
Hydrofracturing 84
Pricing and marketing of CBM in India 85
Future prospects of CBM 85
References 86

1.8 Identification of gas bearing sweet–spots within

complex reservoir by integrating modern
geophysical measurements – case studies from
upper Assam fields 87
Pradyut Bora, G.K. Duarah and P.K. Kakoty
Introduction 87
Wireline logging technologies, methodologies,
and case studies 88
Discussions 99
References 99
 Contents ix

1.9 Evolution and future prospects for coalbed methane

and coal mine methane in India: Approaches for
addressing mine safety, climate change, and energy
security 101
Ajay Kumar Singh
Introduction 101
Genesis, storage, and transport of methane in coal 102
Coal and lignite deposits in India 104
Coal mining India 106
Mine safety issues and gassiness of coal seams
in India 107
Climate change interlinkages 110
Coalbed methane and coal mine methane as
mitigating measures 112
Coalbed methane development in India 113
Conclusion 123
Acknowledgment 124
References 124

2 Environment (Environment, Assessment and

Control) 127
2.1 Human health risks from potentially toxic elements
in soils of coal mining area 129
R.E. Masto, J. George, V.A. Selvi, R.C. Tripathi and N.K. Srivastava
Introduction 129
Materials and methods 131
Results and discussion 134
Summary 136
References 136
x Contents

2.2 Health risk of exposure to noise in coal preparation

and mineral processing plants 139
Bibhuti B. Mandal, Sumantra Bhattacharya, Veena D. Manwar and
Syed Aftab Hussain

Introduction 139
Noise as an occupational hazard 141
Adverse health effects of noise exposure 142
Field studies 144
Discussion 145
Noise abatement and mitigation measures 147
Conclusion 154
References 155

2.3 Ecological restoration of waste dump generated

from an integrated steel plant: A case study 157
Subodh Kumar Maiti

Introduction 157
Materials and methods 158
Result and discussion 161
Conclusions 169
Acknowledgment 169
References 170

2.4 Environmental sustainability of drilling fluids 171

R.C.S. Siddharth and P.V.S. Eswar

Introduction 171
Drilling fluid and its additives 171
Environmental effects 172
Viable alternatives 172
Drill waste analysis 172
Toxic nature 173
 Contents xi

Reduction of the drilling waste 173

Methods for disposal and treatment techniques 174
Conclusion 174
References 174

2.5 Estimation of CB ratio for opencast mine in

forestry clearance process 177
Manoj Kumar, Praveen K. Singh and R. Nawaz
Introduction 177
Purpose for cost benefit analysis 180
Methodology 180
Box-equations 181
Administration of model 185
Conclusion 185
Acknowledgment 187
References 187

3 Groundwater (Prospecting, Contamination) 189

3.1 Self-potential: A low-cost geophysical method in
investigating groundwater and contaminant
plume 193
Indrajit G. Roy

Introduction 193
Brief phenomenological account of self-potential 194
Techniques of self-potential measurement 199
Processing self-potential data 202
Modeling and interpretation of self-potential data 204
Conclusions 208
Acknowledgment 208
References 208
xii Contents

3.2 Fresh water bearing zone identification using VES

at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
Campus, Sylhet, Bangladesh 213
Md. Shofiqul Islam, Md. Ibrahim, A.K.M. Chowdhury,
Emranul Hoque, Hasan Rafin, Md. Hasan Khalid,
Md. Zahidul Islam, Karim Ehsanul, Athay Reashed Kamal,
Asir Awosaf Chowdhury Mohammed and Md. Ashraf Hussain

Introduction 213
Study area and geologic setting 214
Materials and methods 214
Result and discussion 218
Conclusion 224
Acknowledgment 224
References 224

3.3 Integrated geophysical survey for delineating

aquifer zones in Sagar area, South 24 Parganas,
West Bengal 227
D.C. Naskar, R.L. Regar, Dinesh Gupta, P.C. Das and
Manish Chopra
Introduction 227
Geology 228
Hydrogeology 228
Data acquisition & instrument used 229
Data processing 229
Discussion of results 230
Limitations of both methods 237
Conclusions 237
Acknowledgment 238
References 238
 Contents xiii

3.4 Augmentation of arsenic free drinking water supply

in West Bengal through innovative groundwater
exploration technique: A case study 241
Amlanjyoti Kar, D.G. Dastidar, S.K. Adhikari, A.K. Sinha,
T. Talukdar, A.N. Chowdhury, Prachi Gupta, Ankita Bhattacharya and
Sonam

Introduction 241
Infestation of arsenic in West Bengal and its
remediation 243
Case study 243
Way forward 246
Acknowledgment 246
References 247

3.5 Geogenic sulfate-rich wastewater: Sources,

characteristics, effects and treatment technologies 249
Jayanta Bhattacharya, Bidus Das and Shubhabrata Dev
Introduction 249
Sources of sulfate-rich wastewater 250
Characteristic of sulfate-rich wastewater 252
Effect of sulfate-rich wastewater 254
Treatment technologies 255
Microbial sulfate reduction 257
Conclusion 265
References 266

3.6 Pyritic sulphur—Its distribution, origin in coal seams

and production of acid water in mines 273
S.G. Chaudhuri
Introduction 273
Distribution of pyritic sulphur in coals 274
Distribution in coal seams 275
xiv Contents

Microscopic studies of pyrite 279

Mode of occurrence of pyrite 279
Diagenetic changes of pyrite 281
The origin of pyritic sulphur in coal 283
Production of acid water in mines 284
Acid water formation 285
Removal of sulphur from coal 286
Results of investigation 286
Summary and conclusion 289
References 291

4 Mineral Exploration 293

4.1 Modern techniques for identifying mineralization
in virgin area 297
Biplab Mukerji

Introduction 297
Techniques of mineral targetting 297
Data interpretation 299
Statistical methods 300
Conclusion 307
References 307

4.2 Integrated geophysical studies of Precambrian

mobile belts to constrain evolutionary and
mineragenic crustal models (experience from
Fennoscandian Shield) 309
Sokolova Elena Yu, V.A. Kulikov, Mints Michael V.,
Pushkarev Pavel Yu and G. Yakovlev Andrey

Introduction 309
Seismic-based geotectonic model of central
Svecofennian accretionary orogen 311
 Contents xv

Geoelecric-based model of southeastern part of

Svecofennian orogen 312
Mineragenic inferences (Korja, 2002) from the
geoelectric and tectonic models constructed 315
Case study of integrated geophysical prospecting in
the area of highly conductive near surface structures 317
Concluding remarks 318
References 320

4.3 Gravity field: A potent tool in understanding the

tectonic fabric and potential mineralization over
a part of the Bastar Craton, India 323
L.K. Das, Arbind Kumar, Ajay K. Singh and B.N.P. Agarwal
Introduction 323
Geology 323
Gravity anomaly map 325
Results and discussions 326
Conclusions 333
Acknowledgment 333
References 333

4.4 Satellite gravity anomalies: Defining basement

structure of the Northern Bay of Bengal 335
S.K. Dey

Introduction 335
Data source 336
Data analysis and qualitative interpretation 337
Study of selected gravity profiles 341
Conclusions 345
xvi Contents

Acknowledgment 349
References 350

4.5 Essential elements of geostatistics in mineral

Industry 351
B.C. Sarkar

Introduction 351
Necessity of using geostatistics 351
Essential dimensions 352
Geological domaining 352
Semivariography with respect to geological domains 352
Critical decisions on block 353
Essential spotlights 353
Need for additional exploration and risk 354
Concluding remarks 354
References 354

5 Mineral processing 355

5.1 Advanced process control for mineral processing
operations 357
Ashish Rajoria
Introduction 357
Model-based predictive controller BrainWave design
and development 358
Implementation of BrainWave in mineral processing
operations 359
Mineral processing applications 360
Conclusion 366
References 368
 Contents xvii

5.2 Processing of port dredged sand in offshore set-up

for value addition—Approach and constraints 369
Pratik Moon, Ajit Singh Choudhury and Kunal Mukherjee
Introduction 369
Background of port sand dredging 370
Dredger 371
Proposed approach 372
Conclusion 383
References 384

5.3 Utilization of archival exploratory data in coal

washery design 385
Sanchit Agarwal, Ajit Singh Choudhury and Ajoy Kumar Moitra

Introduction 385
Impact of inefficient coal testing 386
Effect and need of proper coal sampling strategy 388
Coal sampling rules and its approach 389
Testing procedures and their approach 390
Sink–float test—use of organic reagents 390
Conclusion 392
References 392

6 Modern appliances and techniques 393

6.1 Wellbore stability modeling for prediction of
mud weight in Krishna–Godavari Basin, India 395
Baisakhi Das and Rima Chatterjee

Introduction 395
Study area 396
Rock failure criteria 396
Wellbore stability analysis 398
xviii Contents

Results and discussion 402

Conclusion 402
References 402

6.2 Impact of modern exploration techniques in oil

& gas reserves to production ratio 405
P. Gopalakrishnan

Introduction 405
Methodology 405
Terms used in petroleum evaluation 406
Evolution of exploration techniques 408
Methods used in petroleum exploration 410
Analysis of production statistics 412
Conclusions 419
References 420

6.3 Effective attenuation of coherent and random

noises in seismic data: A case study from Upper
Assam Basin 421
Kartik Sharma, D.S. Manral and G.V.J. Rao
Introduction 421
Theory 421
Results 424
Conclusion 424
Acknowledgment 428
References 428

6.4 Digitalization in petroleum exploration &

production: The new game changer 429
Shivaji N. Dasgupta

Introduction 429
Digital transformation or revolution 429
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