1.

Question 1
a. What is a transgenic organism? An animal containing genes from different species.
2. Question 2
a. What is a vector? usually a bacterial plasmid or a virus
b. Why are plasmids and viruses useful in a vector?. They take up pieces of DNA and then insert this
recombinant DNA into other cells. Viruses transfer DNA into human cells or bacteria. Plasmids - transfer
DNA into bacteria or yeast.When the bacteria reproduce the plasmids are copied as well and so a
recombinant plasmid can quickly be spread as the bacteria multiply and they will then all express the
gene and make the human protein.
3. Question 3
a. What are restriction enzymes? Restriction enzymes are used to isolate the required gene, leaving it with
‘sticky ends’ (a short section of unpaired bases)
b. Why are they useful? Restriction enzymes have proved to be invaluable for the physical mapping of
DNA. They offer unparalleled opportunities for diagnosing DNA sequence content and are used in fields
as disparate as criminal forensics and basic research
4. Question 4
a. What are ligase enzymes? used to attach the sticky ends of the insulin gene and the vector DNA. This
results in the two pieces of DNA joining together to produce recombinant DNA.
b. Why are they useful? The recombinant DNA is inserted into bacterial cells producing genetically
modified bacteria
5. Question 5
a. What is a recombinant DNA? DNA created from joining the genetic material of two or more different
organisms
b. Why are they useful? a recombinant DNA molecule is inserted into a host organism to produce new
genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry.

How can plants be genetically modified and examples

The process of creating a GMO plant is complex, but it follows these basic steps:
1. Researchers identify the genes in a plant that cause specific traits, such as resistance to insects.
2. They then make copies of these insect resistance genes in a lab.
3. Scientists next insert the gene copies into the DNA of another plant's cells.
4. These modified cells are then used to grow new, insect-resistant plants that will go through various reviews and tests
before they are sold to farmers.
Advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified crops
● Advantages; GMOs are designed to be extra healthy, extra fast-growing, and extra resistant to weather or pests
because scientists can select the most ideal traits to include in GMO crops,there are many advantages of
modified foods, including
○ Many GMO crops have been altered to be less vulnerable to insects and other pests. Certain genes cause
the corn to produce a protein that kills many pests and insects, helping to protect the corn from damage.
Instead of having to be sprayed with a complex pesticide, these crops come with an innate 'pesticide'
○ GMO crops are bred to grow efficiently – this means that farmers can produce the same amount of food
using less land, less water, and fewer pesticides than conventional crops.Because they can save on
resources, food producers can also charge lower prices for GMO foods
○ Certain GMO crops are designed to provide more nutrients like vitamins or minerals. For example,
researchers have been able to create a modified form of African corn that contains: 2 times as much folate
when compared to traditional crops, 6 times as much vitamin C when compared to traditional crops, 169
times more beta-carotene than traditional crops
● Disadvantages
○ Because GMO foods contain DNA from other organisms, it's possible that the new DNA can trigger
allergies in people who wouldn't normally be allergic to the food
○ When GMO scientists insert new DNA into plant cells, they will often add in an additional gene that
makes the modified cells resistant to antibiotics. They can then use an antibiotic to kill off any plant cells
that didn't successfully take in the new DNA. However, researchers are finding that these
antibiotic-resistant genes don't always go away once you digest GMO foods, but can actually be passed
through your faeces into sewage systems. Some experts worry that these genes may be absorbed into
harmful bacteria found in sewers or your gut that can cause serious illnesses like staph infections. This
means that the usual antibiotic treatments would be powerless against these new super-bacteria.

1. Why use yeast in bread making? In bread making, the carbon dioxide produced by the yeast during
respiration is trapped in the dough, causing it to rise.
2. What happens when yeast respire anaerobically? The yeast respires anaerobically (this is fermentation).
It produces the alcohol called ethanol, making the drink alcoholic, and carbon dioxide, making it fizzy
3. How are anaerobic conditions created in practical work?